EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The subsequent report on the research philosophies and principles is reviewed on the articles selected. In this report, four peer journals are selected to refer research philosophies and its principles adopted. The report has been made by referring various academic journals and books which helped to understand the theory and the basics in the subject. The topic of the four articles was in the area of background in the mentioned theory. This also helped to understand the concerning influe nce of these principles in this research. The concerned paper was formatted in the non scientific report basis. The report always looked into relevant theories to identify which types of the research approaches have been adopted. The articles have different purposes and literature review of the topic is also discussed in this report. The base of the report includes the fundamentals of the principles of tourism research. When the report formation was needed the academic reading came useful and was utilised t o the maximum. The report has given many statements in the preferred and chosen theory. The reading the background of the journals will help in finding the needed points in the report domain. The bibliography used in the finishing parts of these non- scientific reports.

INTRODUCTION
The report is literally based on the research philosophies and principles of the four articles selected according to the research basis .These peer four articles is completely based on the tourism fundamentals and the tourism management. The entire study will reveal the different research paradigms which entirely conquers the research domains. The research philosophies are based on the basis of ontological, epistemological and methodological. There are different researches such as quantitative and qualitative. The research has different theoretical paradigms which enables us to identify the right kind of flavours. The report is entirely based on the different research approaches entitled in the four peer journals. The first article reviews the topic Urban ecotourism, defining and assessing dimensions using fuzzy number construction. This article researches about the ecotourism adopted in the tourism industry. The second article reviews the topic Has Ryanairs pricing strategy changed over time?An empirical analysis of its 2006 -

Page 1

2007 flights .Ryanair is the existing revolutionary low budget flights which is one of the growths of tourism in that area. The third article has the domain as Performance of French destinations: Tourism attraction perspectives. This tourism research is on the tourism perspective of France. The last article mentioned in report is the Vacationers and e WOM: Who Posts, and Why, Where and what? The above mentioned articles provide the res earch approaches needed to be analysed. These articles are under the scanner for different research theories adopted by the authors. Many anthropological approaches have been taken into account for the raised reviews.

REVIEW ON THE THEORIES

Tourism across the globe is having booming age in the current economic scenarios. So the tourism research has been centre of attraction in the preceding years. This has interestingly reached the heights of different researches. There are two types of has taken up the research criteria for some particular years. From the early 19th century, the researchers started to do with traditional formats. The researches across the globe are been in and around the tourism subject. According to Denzin and Lincolns, there was a so called moments of research. They divided and categorised the moments into five a) Traditional (1900 ) b) Modernist (1950) c) Blurred genres (1970) d) Crisis in representations (1986 ) e) Fifth moment (1990) (Denzin and Lincolns) According to the worldviews and their perspective, they were also classified on ontological basis, epistemological basis and methodological basis. The theoretical underpinnings establishes that that there is also four different types of paradigms which is known as the Interpretive social sciences paradigm, Critical theory paradigm, Feminist perspectives paradigm and Postmodern paradigm (Phillimore, J. and Goodson, L. 2004). Throughout the report the articles are reviewed based on

Page 2

these research philosophies and theories. When it comes to touri sm research is done on the review on the social, economicpolitical and gender wise analyses. The articles itself explains and illustrates qualitative and quantitative approaches for different analysis. The main context of the articles is on the different r esearch paradigms undergone. The research undergone through all these process will have a descriptive point of analysis (J.R Brent Ritchie and Charles R. Goeldner ) When we consider the purposes of the articles, the first article prescribed helps in illustrating the Urban Ecotourism which researches increasing and revolutionary study of the innovative Tourism sector. In this article the author has examined with the help of different methodologies in the mentioned article. According to the author, the approach used in this article was pretty advantages and useful. In the second article, this reviews the pricing strategy of Ryanair over a certain period of time. The review or the study also wanted to the particular years between 2006 and 2007. The results showed contrasting implications of advance booking. In this article or research also showed merits in its approaches. In the third article the authors try to understand the French destinations and their performances. This is done on the tourist perspective of attraction. These results have to be yielded in different formats as the competitiveness of France is measured. The fourth and the final article refer to the traditional interpersonal information sources. The article reviews on the subject eWOM which is the comments of certain individuals in the internet. These articles will be the leverage to ensure the transparency and reliability of the concerned researches. (J.R Brent Ritchie and Charles R. Goeldner )

RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES

According to many research theories, philosophies and principles is to do something with individuals responses. This part is very important when we consider the overall designing of the research. Tourism research has been taken up as huge challenges by different countries for the improvement and advancement of this sector. Tourism research had much literature in the preceding years. Like mentioned in the above sections of the report, according to the worldviews and their perspective, they were also classified on ontological basis, epistemological basis and methodological basis.
Page 3

The theoretical underpinnings establishes that that there is also four different types of paradigms which is known as the Interpretive social sciences paradigm, Critical theory paradigm, Feminist perspectives paradigm and Postmodern paradigm (Phillimore, J. and Goodson, L. 2004 ). The selected four articles by the authors have their way of research approaches. Some of the authors have chosen different ones according to the research doma in. When the four articles are taken into considerations, the authors have chosen different approaches with various research processes. The research in the articles is based on these approaches.
y

Paradigms The paradigms can be simply defines as the set of beliefs. In the first article, they have come across the critical paradigms which think and explain about the sociological thinking and modernity approach. In this article, the author explains the nature o f urban tourism which enables the current tourism scenarios. In this tourism research they have called upon two different approaches to come across these modern and social thinking. In the second article, they have come across the fact that they have Inter pretivist paradigm. Interpretative approach places much emphasis on subjective research rather than objective research. This is based on the belief that the real world, phenomena and events that occur in this world are created by the subjective thoughts, actions and interactions of people who inhabit it ( Brotherton). In this article have subjective in nature and the article focus on the pricing strategy which is intended to produce results for the future research. The third article is also an Interpretivist paradigm which has a subjective approach rather than the objective. In this they research about the performance level of the France in the tourism sector when looked from the viewpoint of tourist attractions. This is a subjective approach. In the final article, the author has used the critical paradigm which shows that the author has given the liberty of sociological and modern approach have been in the revelation researches. The eWOM which is a critical part of the analysis gives the description of the place and the performance of the place in a tourist perspective.

Page 4

Methodology Basis The methodology is categorised into the quantitative, quantitative and mixed method.The methodology is determined by levying the methods used to make outcomes of the research. In the first article, the author has used the quantitative method because of the numerically based evaluation of the research methods. In the quantitative methods, the author has come across the facts that they should be the positivist paradigm, n umerically-based, deductive, outsider perspectiveand surveys. In the second article, the authors have used the quantitative methods to research the main topic. The author has made use of the empirical analysis in the research which helps to use wider individuals and for a wider study. When the third article is also considered, the eWOM theory or analysis has made use of the qualitative approaches of the methodology. The author h as used objective approach with in the methodology. In this article the eWOM theory is pretty dealt with the human behaviour. In the last and final article, the methodology used is the quantitative. The methods and the results are all based on the numerica l data and the theoretical framework. The major methods used in this article are the estimation of efficiency scores, regression analysis and according numerical data collected.

Ontological basis According to the theory, ontology is defined as the study of being, and raises questions about the nature of reality while referring to the claims or assumptions that a particular approach to social inquiry makes abo ut the nature of social reality (Denzin and Lincoln 1998). Ontology sees the nature of reality in a research approach. In the selected articles in this report, they are categorized on the ontological basis. In the first article that research on the urban tourism has used the historical ontology which adopts that it is a reality created and shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic and gender -based forces that have been reified or crystallized over time into social structures that are taken to be natural or real. In this particular article they come across the fact that the

Page 5

urban tourism has to use the historical ontology. In the second article they have used the relativist ontology which undertakes that reality as we know it is constructed inter-subjectively through the meanings and understandings developed socially and experientially . The article itself talks about the Ryanairs pricing strategy which complements them into the category of the relativist ontology. They come across the data and information which is socially experimented which can bring positive and negative inputs. In t he third article, the performance of French destinations is a historical ontology. In this type the research looks into the total apprehension which is done on the basis of social, economic, cultural and ethnic types. The ontology helps to apprehend its result outcome. In the final article they have come across the fact that a historical ontology is used in this particular one. The research is on the eWOM which really looks into the social and cultural data to pass on the information. This is the traditiona l way of information sources.

Epistemology Used

Epistemology is defined as the It is theory of knowledge, and is interested in the origins and the nature of knowing and construction of knowledge, and the claims and assumptions that are made about what the nature of knowledge is (Longino 1990; Dalmiya and Alcoff 1993) . In the first article of the selected or chosen, the epistemology used is the subjectivist epistemology. Subjectivist epistemology undertakes that we cannot separate ourselves from what we know. The investigator and the object of investigation are linked such that who we are and how we understand the world is a central part of how we understand ourselves, others and the world. The research domain of the first article explains the ur ban ecotourism which is a subjective epistemology. In the article we cannot separate the subject of urban tourism and the researchers data. Even in the second article the epistemology used is the subjective one through which it is found out that they spea k about the Ryanair pricing strategy which shows the link between the object and investigator. The same is with the last two articles one which analysis the performances of the French destinations and the last one analyses the

Page 6

eWOMof the vacationers. They all are used epistemology which incurs a relationship between the objective and researchers. These research philosophies and principles help the investigators of the study to categorise their work according to different aspects.

CONCLUSION
The topic of the four articles was in the area of background in the mentioned theory. This also helped to understand the concerning influence of these principles in this research. The concerned paper was formatted in the non -scientific report basis. The report always looked into relevant theories to identify which types of the research approaches have been adopted . This report has been done on the prior basis of understanding the theories of the research philosophies and their principles. The academic readings have enabled to widen the horizon the research approaches. In the selected articles, the research has been in the moments of research .The tourism researches should be on the contemporary methods which would really help the growth of this sector. Many countries have been in the hunt of tourism research. The tourism management across the world have given access to different types of researches. The above mentioned articles provide the research approaches needed to be analysed. These articles are under the scanner for different research theories adopted by the authors. Many anthropological approaches have been taken into account for the raised reviews. The contemporary use of this research has enabled to bring positive researches in this sector. The article reviewed was based on the tourism possibilities and the existing behaviour of it towards. The tourism growth in the following years has traditionally put more and more inputs regarding the entire research.The topic of the four articles was in the area of backgrou nd in the mentioned theory. This also helped to understand the concerning influence of these principles in this research. The concerned paper was formatted in the non -scientific report basis. The report always looked into relevant theories to identify whic h types of the research approaches have been adopted. The articles have different purposes and literature review of the topic is also discussed in this report. The articles selected are the core referencing and analysing part. The research has to look into the fact

Page 7

that many researches dont have any future recommendations of the results and often the outcome is biased enough for inaccurate one. The advantages and disadvantages of the research itself will compromise the whole scenario.

Page 8

REFERENCES
J.R Brent Ritchie and Charles R. Goeldner, Travel, tourism, and hospitality

research second editon. Bryman, A. (1988) Quantity and Quality in Social Research. Unwin Hyman. Creswell, J. (2003) Research Design - Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. 2nd edn. London: Sage. Collis J. & Hussey R. (2003) Business Research - A Practical Guide for

Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Delanty, G. (2005) Social Science: Philosophical and Metho dological

Foundations. 2ndedn. Open University Press. Gilbert, N. (2008) Researching Social Life. 3rd edn. London: Sage May, T. (2001) Social Research: issues, methods and process. Buckingham

Open University Press Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R. (1994) Beginning Qualitative Research - A

Philosophic and Practical Guide, The Falmer Press. Brotherton, B. (2008) Researching Hospitality and Tourism: A Student

Guide. London: Sage. Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. Jennings, G. (2001) Tourism Research. Milton: John Wiley and Sons. Phillimore, J. and Goodson, L. (eds) (2004). Qualitative Research in Tourism:

Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies. London: Routledge. http://www.trrworld.org/editorial30(2).pdf

Page 9

http://ebookee.org/dl/Qualitative -Research-in-Tourism-Ontologies-

Epistemologies-and-Methodologies-Routledge-Contemporary-Geographies-ofLeisure-Tourism-and-Mobility/ http://prism.talis.com/derby-ac/items/864967

Page 10