ASSIGNMENT 03 LONG TERM EVOLUTION

NAME: M.B.MURSHID REG. NO. : ET/07/6587

Long Term Evolution LTE is a 4G (4th Generation ) wireless technology. 4G mobile technologies are perceived to provide fast and high data rate or bandwidth, and offer packetized data communications. A key feature of 4G is likely to be the availability of significantly higher data rates than for third-generation (3G) systems.4G mobile broadband technologies will allow wireless carriers to take advantage of greater download and upload speeds to increase the amount and types of content made available through mobile devices. 4G networks are comprehensive IP solutions that deliver voice, data, and multimedia content to mobile users anytime and almost anywhere. 4G technology standards offer greatly improved data rates over previous generations of wireless technology. Faster wireless broadband connections enable wireless carriers to support higher-level data services, including business applications, streamed audio and video, video messaging, video telephony, mobile TV, and gaming. The LTE standard is tightly integrated with GPRS/UMTS networks and represents an evolution of radio access technologies and networks for UMTS. 4G is described as MAGIC: Mobile multimedia, Any-time anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized personal service

Benefits expected from LTE technology: 1. High peak speeds: 100 Mbps downlink (20 MHz, 2x2 MIMO)both indoors and outdoors 50 Mbps uplink (20 MHz, 1x2) 2. At least 200 active voice users in every 5 MHz (i.e., can support up to 200 active phone calls) 3. Low latency: 5 ms user plane latency for small IP packets (user equipment to radio access network [RAN] edge) 100 ms camped to active 50 ms dormant to active 4. Scalable bandwidth: The 4G channel offers four times more bandwidth than current 3G systems and is scalable. So, while 20 MHz channels may not be available everywhere, 4G systems will offer channel sizes down to 5 MHz, in increments of 1.5 MHz. 5. Improved spectrum efficiency: Spectrum efficiency refers to how limited bandwidth is used by the access layer of a wireless network. Improved spectrum efficiency allows more information to be transmitted in a given bandwidth, while increasing the number of users and services the network can support. Two to four times more information can be transmitted versus the previous benchmark, HSPA Release 6 6. Improved cell edge data rates:

Not only does spectral efficiency improve near cell towers, it also improves at the coverage area or cell edge. Data rates improve two to three times at the cell edge over the previous benchmark, HSPA Release 6. 7. Packet domain only 8. Enhanced support for end-to-end quality of service: Reducing handover latency and packet loss is key to delivering a quality service. This reduction is considerably more challenging with mobile broadband than with fixed-line broadband. The time variability and unpredictability of the channel become more acute. Additional complications arise from the need to hand over sessions from one cell to another as users cross coverage boundaries. These handover sessions require seamless coordination of radio resources across multiple cells.

LTE Supporting Technologies 1. MIMO (antenna arrays are used) Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially enhance the air interface. It uses space-time coding of the same data stream mapped onto multiple transmit antennas. This offers a substantial improvement over traditional reception diversity schemes where only a single transmit antenna is deployed to extend the coverage of the cell. MIMO processing also uses spatial multiplexing, allowing different data streams to be transmitted simultaneously from different transmitter antennae. Spatial multiplexing increases the end-user data rate and cell capacity. In addition, when knowledge of the radio channel is available at the transmitter, such as through feedback information from the receiver, MIMO can implement beam-forming to further increase available data rates and spectrum efficiency. Multiple antennas are also used to transmit the same data stream, thus providing redundancy and improved coverage, especially close to cell edge.

2. OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA is the form of multiple access schemes that is being considered for the fourth generation cellular technologies along with the evolutions for the third generation cellular systems (LTE for UMTS / W-CDMA and UMB for CDMA2000). As the name implies, OFDMA is based around OFDM. This is a technology that utilizes a large number of close spaced carriers. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a form of transmission that uses a large number of close spaced carriers that are modulated with low rate data. Normally these signals would be expected to interfere with each other, but by making the signals orthogonal to each another there is no mutual interference. This is achieved by having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period. This means that when the signals are demodulated they will have a whole

number of cycles in the symbol period and their contribution will sum to zero - in other words there is no interference contribution. The data to be transmitted is split across all the carriers and this means that by using error correction techniques, if some of the carriers are lost due to multi-path effects, then the data can be reconstructed. Additionally having data carried at a low rate across all the carriers means that the effects of reflections and inter-symbol interference can be overcome. It also means that single frequency networks, where all transmitters can transmit on the same channel can be implemented. To utilize OFDM as a multiple access scheme for cellular technology, two different methods are used, one for the uplink and one for the downlink. In the downlink, the mobile receives the whole signal transmitted by the base station and extracts the data destined for the particular mobile. In the uplink, one or more carriers are allocated to each handset dependent upon the data to be transmitted, etc. In this way the cellular network is able to control how the data is to be sent and received.

3. SC-FDMA Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) was chosen to reduce Peak to Average Ratio (PAR), which has been identified as a critical issue for use of OFDMA in the uplink where power-efficient amplifiers are required in mobile devices. Another important requirement was to maximize the coverage. For each time interval, the base station scheduler assigns a unique time-frequency interval to a terminal for the transmission of user data, thereby ensuring intracell orthogonality. Slow power control, for compensating path loss and shadow fading, is sufficient as no near-far problem is present due to the orthogonal uplink transmissions. Transmission parameters, coding, and modulation are similar to the downlink transmission. The chosen SC-FDMA solution is based on using a cyclic prefix to allow high-performance and low-complexity receiver implementation in the eNodeB. As such, the receiver requirements are more complex than in the case of OFDMA for similar link performance, but this is not considered to be a problem in the base station. The terminal is only assigned with contiguous spectrum blocks in the frequency domain to maintain the single-carrier properties and thereby ensure power-efficient transmission. This approach is often referred to as blocked or localized SC-FDMA.

Cellular Provider System Upgrades

SWOT ANALYSIS 4G Strengths in 4G: - 4G visions take into account installed base and past investments - Strong position of telecommunications vendors expected in the marketplace. - Faster data transmission and higher bit rate and bandwidth, allow more business applications and commercialization - Has advantage for personalized multimedia communication tools Weakness in 4G: - No large user community for advanced mobile data applications yet - Growing divergence between telecommunications vendors and operators - Not possible to offer full internet experience due to limited speed and bandwidth - Comparatively higher cost to use and deploy infrastructure compared fast mobile generation Opportunities in 4G: - Evolutionary approach may yield opportunities for the 4G - Emphasis on heterogeneous networks capitalizes on past investments - Strategic alliance and coalition opportunities with traditional non telecommunication industries - Sophisticated and mature commercialization of 4G technology would encourage more applications of e-commerce and m-commerce - Worldwide economy recover stimulates consumption and consumer confidence; therefore bring in opportunities for telecommunication sections - It is expected and predicted that consumers will continue to replace handsets with newer technology at a fast rate. - Desirable higher data capacity rates, the growth opportunity for 4G is very bright and hopeful.

Threats in 4G: - Faster rate of growth and developments in other region - Since 3G mobile is still in the market, it squeezes the market competition in the mobile industry.

As we come up with the SWOT analysis out of this 4G technology, it is inevitable that 4G would completely replace 3G in a long run. Nevertheless, 4G and 3G tend to keep a co-competitive relationship in a short run. In order for 4G to grow in the future market, it is unavoidable to compete with 3G and acquire 3Gs customers