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= a (x x1)(x x 2 )

 

x1 

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b
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b +
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a
a
x

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4( 05 K2

+( + :1  0;

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 b a L//$=(#+
(a + b )2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
(a b )2 = a 2 2ab + b 2
a 2 b 2 = (a b )(a + b )
(a + b )3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3
(a b )3 = a 3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b 3
a 3 b 3 = (a b )(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
a 3 + b 3 = (a + b )(a 2 ab + b 2 )

W+( 4< (8 :1  0;


L( #$Q P =
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 WD WU! x D//$KV(# (f

Df = 

f (x ) = (x )
(x )
Q (x )

D f = {x  /Q (x ) 0}

f (x ) =

D f = {x  / (x ) 0}

f (x ) = (x )

D f = {x  /Q (x ) > 0}

f (x ) =

(x )
Q (x )

f (x ) =

(x )
Q (x )

f (x ) =

(x )
Q (x )

  Df = {x  / (x ) 0  Q (x ) > 0}

  Df = x  /

(x )
0 Q (x ) 0}
Q (x )

4( 05 K2

(>
?1) =
W=18 7  x  x  (n  *)x  x n 4= (

lim x = 0

lim x n = 0

x 0
>

lim

x +

lim

x +

x 0

1
n = 0
x x
1
lim n = 0
x + x

x = +

lim

1
=0
x

 WOTU (!U(# n O 8S&

 WOTU  X(# n O 8S&


lim x n = +

lim x n = +

x +

x +

lim x n = +

lim x =

1
n = +
x 0 x

1
n = +
x 0 x

1
lim n =
x 0 x

1
n = +
x 0 x

lim

lim

>

>

lim

<

<

W ( A + ( ?@ 4  (+(, 4= (


 # P + #Z" (

   # P + #( #$ "

 (Y8" #$[ \ " D.

 (Y8 .#$ " D.


W# 4= (

1 cos x
1
=
x 0
x
2
lim

tan x
=1
x 0 x
lim

sin x
=1
x 0 x
lim

x  u (x ) W!   4= (
lim
x x0

lim u (x )

u (x )

x x0

l0

l
+

  # P + # P  ^x 0 # PL, ^x 0 # >^/<-  "]Z.
6

WB1C= 

u (x ) f (x ) V (x )

lim u (x ) = l
lim f (x ) = l
x x 0
x x 0

lim V (x ) = l

x x 0

f (x ) l V (x )

lim f (x ) = l
(
)
lim V x = 0 x x 0

x x 0

lim f (x ) =
lim V (x ) = x x 0

x x 0

lim f (x ) = +
lim u (x ) = +
x x 0

x x 0

u (x ) V (x )

u (x ) f (x )

  # P + # P  ^x 0 # PL, ^x 0 # >^/<-  "]Z.
W= D 0
WE+ ! 0; =
lim f (x )

lim g (x )

l'

lim [g (x ) + f (x )]

l + l'

+   ` _

x x 0
x x 0
x x 0

WE+ F= (
lim f (x )

lim g (x )

l'

lim [g (x ) f (x )]

l l'

x x 0
x x 0
x x 0

l<0

l>0

+ `_

WE+ GH =


lim f (x )

x x 0

lim g (x ) l' 0

x x 0

g (x )
x x 0 f (x )
lim

l
l'

l<0

0+

l>0

0+

0+

0+

+ + + +

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# P + # P  ^x 0 # PL, ^x 0 # >^/<-  "]Z.
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W:1

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x x 0

W D 41J E0 D 41J


x 0 aL,^4 f lim f (x ) = f (x 0 )
x x0
>

  x 0 a ^4 f lim f (x ) = f (x 0 )

x x0
<

  x 0 a4 f x 0 a  ^L,^4 f

W4; D 41J


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W# 4 (D 0

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I 3 d^4 kf  f g f + g 3 #
f

  I 3 d^L4  L#OTU I ^#-5 g c 8S&

 ^4( #$(+8

"!-,2^4Z(+8

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+ ^4 x  x #
^O 4 x  cos x  x  sin x O #

 

{2 + k / k } "!-,2^4 x  tan x #

WE+ B
 41
  f (I ) J WMf J 3 2^4 g  I 3 2^4 (f c 8S&
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W (8 4; * N


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 3 2D.4# 3 2 >

I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f =WNH J)


f (I ) 3 d<hiAD 3 #;
8

  f (I ) 3 d
  I ^ 0g4g - f
[ f (b ); f (a )]

  I ^ 0g#- f
[ f (a ); f (b )]

lim f (x ) ; f (a )
x b

f (b ); lim+ f (x )
x a

f (a ) ; lim f (x )

x b

lim+ f (x ) ; f (b )
x a

lim f (x ) ; lim+ f (x )
x b

x a

lim f (x ) ; f (a )
x +

lim+ f (x ) ; lim f (x )
x a

x b

f (a ) ; lim f (x )
x +

lim f (x ) ; lim+ f (x )
x +

x a
( )

f a ; lim f (x )
x

lim f (x ) ; lim f (x )
x
x a

lim f (x ) ; lim f (x )
x +

lim+ f (x ) ; lim f (x )
x a
x +

lim f (x ) ; f (a )
x

lim f (x ) ; lim f (x )
x a
x

lim f (x ) ; lim f (x )
x

x +

  I 3 d
[a, b ]
[a, b[
]a, b ]
]a, b[
[a, +[
]a, +[
],a ]
],a[


W9  O7 6P

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  f () = WMf [a,b ] 3 d = D//$(#+g^#

  f (a ) f (b ) < 0  [a,b ] 3 2^4 f c 8S&

W

  [a,b ] 3 dk&D, *$+g^+</- f (x ) = 0 ( OTU

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 WQM &! 7R
  f (a ) f (b ) < 0 WMf [a,b ] 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f =
[a, b ] 3 da f (x ) = 0 ( ,#$+  = 
a + b
a + b
 
< 0 WO 8S&
< 0 WO 8S&
  f (b ) f
  f (a ) f

2
2
b a
a +b
b a
a +b
 
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j@KhlZ. a < <
WOTU
2
2
2
2
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a +b
34n
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34n a;
3 d^/!0]Z. ( &=m
2

2
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  (#6(PKhl-^

"UF?!j@ (#Khl-^34 oOPk&/!0]Z. ( &=m( Z. WI).


9

4( 05 K2

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W+( K S7J 8T

 " lim

x x 0

f (x ) f (x 0 )
x x0

W "c 8S& x 0 (#a6 /%* g f (O&3/

  f ' (x 0 ) W! j!  x 0 a f #ep(#^,- "]Z.

W+ D%# 0#& W ( J+ D%# U0# 4+


  x 0 a6 /%* g (f =
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 x 0 u f #t!/-D.  x 0  C4UPr0/a f #^n@ ,s#^,-

W E0 D S7J 8T JE0 D S7J 8T


 " lim

x x0
>

f (x ) f (x 0 )
 "c 8S& x 0 aL,^6 /%* g f
x x0

(O&3/

  f 'd (x 0 ) W! j! x 0 aL, ^f #ep(#^,- "]Z.


 " lim

x x0
<

f (x ) f (x 0 )
x x0

W "c 8S& x 0 a  ^6 /%* g f (O&3/

  f 'g (x 0 ) W! j! x 0 a  ^f #ep(#^,- "]Z.


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W41J  S7J
  x 0 a4O- f OTU x 0 (#a6 /%* g f (c 8S&

W+J 4< (8 7X 4(


f (x )

f (x )

(k  )

(r  * {1})

x
1
x
xr

1
1
x
rx r 1

sin x
cos x

1
2 x
cos x
sin x

tan x

1 + tan2 x =

10

1
cos2 x

W?@ + 7X JE+ B


 7X -7X# 4 (D 0
(k  )

(ku ) = k (u )

u v ) = u v

(u

(un ) = nu .u n 1

+ v ) = u + v

uv ) = u v + uv

()

1 v
=
v
v

u u v uv
=
v
v
u
( u ) =
2 u

()

(u v )

= u v v

W+ >Y1  S7J


  I 3 2^6 /%* g (f =
I

3 d^#- f x I

f (x ) 0

3 d^4g - f

x I

f ' (x ) 0

  I 3 d ) ^f

x I

f ' (x ) = 0

WQ(Z /[  S7J


 W+</ (C f ) ^n,D@#C+ l
a .jj  A (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) 0/a @ J
  A (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) 0/a /UP @ J
  A (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) 0/aL,^q J14
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 L,^v(,q J14

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 L,^v(,q J14

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 A (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) 0/a ^q J14
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 a ^v(,q J14

 ^wj A (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) 0/
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+@wj A (x 0 ; f (x 0 )) 0/a

 [ @
a6 /%* g f
 x0

  "
  lim

x x 0

f (x ) f (x 0 )
= a
x x0
(a 0)

  lim

x x 0

6 /%* g f
  x 0 Lm^
 gK? f
 6 /%*
  x 0 Lm^
 6 /%* g f
  x 0  ^
 gK? f
 6 /%*
  x 0  ^
11

f (x ) f (x 0 )
=0
x x0

f (x ) f (x 0 )
= a
x x0
x x 0
(a 0)

  lim +

f (x ) f (x 0 )
=0
x x0
x x 0

  lim +

f (x ) f (x 0 )
=
x x0
x x 0

  lim +

f (x ) f (x 0 )
= +
x x0
x x 0

  lim +

f (x ) f (x 0 )
= a
x x 0
x x0
(a 0)

  lim

f (x ) f (x 0 )
=0
x x 0
x x0

  lim

f (x ) f (x 0 )
=
x x 0
x x0

  lim

f (x ) f (x 0 )
= +
x x 0
x x0

  lim

/-0 
\ /-0  5
4( 05 K2

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  (C f ) ^n,+) x7 x = a j( vZo/O


 WO  O h!pe/yS&
x D f

  x D f

(2a x ) Df

f (2a x ) = f (x )

W/-0
\
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x D f

  x D f

(2a x ) D f

f (2a x ) + f (x ) = 2b

W]9J 97 - ^(% 7


 #O 8S&3 2^!/^(nO
 3 dZ.^j- @ JHzcy
  x I
 

f (x ) 0 WO 8S&

  I 3 d!^/O (C f ) ^nWOTU
 #O 8S&3 2^ #7^(nO
 3 dZ.^j- @ JHz6U
 x I

f (x ) 0 WO 8S&

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 ^nZ.!/-KV
   %{KV-H x 0 a#- f c 8S&
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   %{KV-O ( x 0 a#- f c 8S&
  x 0  C4UP9 00/+</ (C f ) ^nOTU
12

lim f (x ) =

lim f (x ) = a

lim [ f (x ) (ax + b )] = 0

4( 05 K2

M=.&!

f (x )
= a
(a 0)
x x
lim

lim [ f (x ) ax ] = b

 

 W+</ (C f )

 

 W+</ (C f )
*   /

 /UP  /
 Wj( 
 

y =a

  u

lim f (x ) =

 Wj( 
y = ax + b
  u
 

x a

f (x )
=
x x
lim

f (x )
=0
x x
lim

lim [ f (x ) ax ] =

 W+</ (C f )
 ,|% !U
o/j. }
 j( vZ
y = ax
  u
 

13

 

 

 W+</ (C f )

 W+</ (C f )

 ,|% !U

 ,|% !U

 j. }

 j. }

 t-7
  u

+> U7
  u

 

 W+</ (C f )
 (,  /
 Wj( 
 x

=a

4( 05 K2

(

  I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f c 8S&

WNH

  I 3 dw f (I ) 3 d=U!(+</- f OTU

f 1 W!  C!
f 1 (y ) = x

f (x ) = y

I
y f (I )

x I
( f 1 f )(x ) = x
y f (I )

WLM

( f f 1 )(y ) = y

W ( YN ((_


  I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f =
  I 3 d!=4 y   f (I ) 3 d!=4 x =
  f 1 (x ) = y f (y ) = x WD ~U   @5
  f (I ) = x !4+ f 1 (x ) V> x 5#  y ##n 
W ( 41
  I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f c 8S&
  f (I ) 3 d^4 f 1 #OTU
W ( S7
  I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f =
  y0 = f (x 0 )   f (I ) 3 d!=4 x 0 =
  f ' (x 0 ) 0   x 0 a6 /%* g f c 8S&
  y 0 a6 /%* g f 1 #OTU
'

  ( f 1 ) (y 0 ) =

1
 
f ' (x 0 )

W #

  I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f =


  I 3 d^#-5 f /p  (" I 3 d+6 /%* g f c 8S&
  f (I ) 3 d^6 /%* g f 1 #OTU
  x f (I )

'

( f 1 ) (x ) = f ' f 11 (x )

14

W #

W ( 81


  I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f =
  f #KV-^nG C f 1 #
W ( Q # /0
  I 3 2^ 0g<- 4 (f =
oJ# oa f 1   f L#O  <O*E,
 o,3 14,< O*) ,

W6 I).

  C f 1 ^n

  A ' (b, a ) C f 1

 

  /UP  /+</
  y = a Wj( 
  (,  /+</
  x = b Wj( 
1
a

b
a

( )

  C f ^n
 
 
 

  y = x + Wj( *   /+</


Wg* =g*0 (##yo
  x = ay + b
 Eq J14 PF @ J+</
  /UP
 Eq J14 PF @ J+</
  (,

 

 
 

15

  A (a,b ) (C f )
  (,  /+</
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  /UP  /+</
  y = b Wj( 
 *   /+</
  y = ax + b Wj( 
 Eq J14 PF @ J+</
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 Eq J14 PF @ J+</
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(n  *)n  1 @?  +


4( 05 K2

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W:1 NH
  n <-!=Z;^(,-(+</-  + ^U! x  x n W#
 

:  + +
n

x  x

  (x ; y ) 2+



W!  C!

x = y x = yn

WNH J)
x = 2x

x 3tZ;^, 3 x W(#

( )

(x ; y )  2+
n

(m; n ) *

(x ; y )  2+

x n y = n x y

(n x )m = n x m
x
x
=n
ny
y
=

n  *

xn = x

(n x )n = x

nmx

WNH

(y 0)

nm x

x =ny x =y

x >ny x >y

W6 I).
3

x y
3
x + 3 x 3 y + 3 y

x 3y =

x y =

x y
x+ y

W:  0;
 WD. f #1!-,2

 WD ,8U! f #

D f = [0; +[

f (x ) = n x

D f = {x  / x Du  u (x ) 0}

f (x ) = n u (x )

W=
lim
x x0

lim u (x )

n u (x )

x x0

l0
+

l
+

  # P + # P  ^x 0 # PL, ^x 0 # >^/<-  "]Z.
16



W41J
   + ^4 x  n x #

  I 3 2^U! (u =


  I 3 d^4 x  n u (x ) #OTU I 3 2^4 < (u c 8S&

WS7J
  I 3 2^U! (u =

  ]0;+[ 3 d^6 /%* g x  n x #

  I 3 2^6 /%* g  0g< (u c 8S&


  I 3 d^6 /%* g x  n u (x ) #OTU
x I

u (x )

) =

u (x )
n n [u (x )]n 1

 W #

(n x ) =

x ]0; +[

 W #

1
n

n x

(a  ) x 
 D X(# n

n 1

x n = a W+# /)

 v(!U(# n

S = {n a ; n a }
S = {0}

S = {n a }
S = {0}

S =

S = {n a }

a >0
a=0
a <0

W9T B  Q77) +( ?@ ` 7


  q *  p * WM$#K? Z(# r =

p
=
q

  x ]0, +[

x = xq = xp

WI).
1
xn

 (r  *)

nx =
  x ]0; +[
WD ,8U! x D//$KV f (#(1!-,2

f (x ) = [u (x )]r

  Df = {x  / x Du  u (x ) > 0} WD.

(n u (x ) ) = (u (x ))n

1
1
u ' (x ) [u (x )]n 1
n

   * = r  r =!4+ *+ = y x =!4+


  x r x r ' = x r +r '
  (x y ) = x y
r

  x

= x r r
x r

r'

  (x r ) = x rr '

  x = x r
y
y

 

17

1
x

r'

= x r '

4( 05 K2

+( #

W(Z # 8, #


 @#. 

  $ 

  un +1 = q un

  un +1 = un + r

 q @. q
  un = u p q n p

 

 q @. r
  un = u p + (n p )r

  (p n )

 1!  #

  (p n )

q n p +1 1

u p + ... + un = u p
n p +1 1 ( #$:,2
q 1   u + ... + u = u q

p
n
p
q 1   

  (q

1)

 c  b  a
( #$)*)

  2b = a + c

 b = a c

  

:* Y# # * # #


 (#  (un )n I =
M (#  < (un )n I n I

un M

m (#  V4 (un )n I n I

un m

  ( #7 (un )n I  V4  < (un )n I

W+(  81


 (#  (un )n I =
4g - (un )n I n I

un +1 un

#- (un )n I n I

un +1 un

  ) (un )n I n I

un +1

18

= un

W =
W  * Wa) (n ) #=

<0

>0

lim n = 0

lim n = +

n +

n +

Wq  Wa) (q n ) (Z #=


q 1

  (q n )  
  " CG

1 < q < 1

  lim q n = 0
n +

q =1

q >1

  lim q n = 1   lim q n = +
n +

n +

W^7 b+
  / D. < #- +8

  / D. V4 4g - +8

vn un wn

lim vn = l lim un = l
n
n +
lim vn = l
n +

un l vn
lim u = l
lim vn = 0 n n
n +

un vn

un vn

lim u = +
lim vn = + n + n

n +

lim u =
lim vn = n + n

n +

W un +1 = f (un ) !  
 WD ,8U!( un )  Y

u0 = a
 
un +1 = f (un )

  I =!4 a  f (I ) I Mf I 3 2^4 (f M$

  f (x ) = x W( ,+$ l  " " OTU  / (un ) c 8S&


 

19

4( 05 K2

Nc 4(

W4; D   (Nc 4(


W:1

  I 3 2^U!(# (f =


  I 3 d ^f #>P(D. F OP3/
 WO  O h!pe/yS&
I 3 d^6 /%* g F

x I

F ' (x ) = f (x )

WNH

 3 dZ.^>P(+</-3 2^4(+8
  I 3 2^U!(# (f =
 WOTU I 3 d ^f #>P (F c 8S&
 WD W I ^U! f #>3 #Hz
x  F (x ) + k

(k  )

  I 3 2^>P(+</-(# (f =


  =!4 y0  I =!4 x 0 =
I 3 d ^f # F  #$ >P(#-

  F (x 0 ) = y0 WD#<!pe/y
WQ77) +(  + F @(-E+ ! 0d WNc 4(
WNH

  //$(# k  I 3 2^LU!L(#L (g   f =


 WOTUD ^I 3 d ^g   f L#L>PL(G   F c 8S&
I 3 d ^f + g #>P (F + G

I 3 d ^kf #>P (kF

20

W+J 4  < (Nc 4 (4(


f (x )

F (x )

a

ax + k
1
x + k
2
1
+k
x

x
1
x
1
x

(r * {-1})

2 x +k
x r +1
+k
r +1

sin x

cos x + k

cos x

sin x + k

1 + tan x =

1
cos x

tan x + k

1
x

ln x + k

ex

ex + k

(k  )

WNc 4< (8 ((% S7J eN 40

(r * {-1})

f (x )

F (x )

u ' (x )
u (x )

2 u (x ) + k

v ' (x )
[v (x )]

1
+k
v (x )

u ' (x ) [u (x )]

[u (x )] r +1

r +1

u ' (x )
u (x )

+k

ln u (x ) + k
( )

u ' (x ) eu x

eu x + k

(a 0)

cos (ax + b )

(a 0)

sin (ax + b )

1
sin (ax + b ) + k
a
1
cos (ax + b ) + k
a

( )

21

(k  )

4( 05 K2 Q^ ,

W9T D  + /1


I 3 d ^f #>P (F  I 3 2^4 (f = W:1

  I 3 d!==4b a

WD// (#.b k& a = f #+ b


f (x ) dx = [F (x )]ba = F (b ) F (a )
a

WNH
 W9f
a

  f (x ) dx = 0

  f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx

a
b
b
b
b
b
  [ f (x ) + g (x )]dx = f (x )dx + g (x )dx  (k  ) kf (x ) dx = k f (x ) dx
a
a
a
a
a
W4 T.
b
c
b
(x ) dx =
(x ) dx +
f
f
a
a
c f (x ) dx
b

WB1C  /
  x [a,b ]

f (x ) g (x ) WO 8S&
b
b
  f (x ) dx g (x ) dx WOTU
a
a

  x [a,b ]

f (x ) 0 WO 8S&

  f (x ) dx 0 WOTU
a

W9 # 07


  [a,b ]3 2^4 (f =
 

b
1
f (x ) dx WD// (#D.3 d^#0@,/
b a a

WF \c8 #
I 3 d^L4 v u L#Mf I 3 2^6 /%*L gL (v u =
I 3 d!==4b a
b
b
  u (x )v (x )dx = [u (x ) v (x )]ba u (x )v (x )dx
a
a

\) )



  (o, i, j ) # ok& =

 

  j  i L"|  o 0/ (#+0$ D. u.A $  #$




 

  1.u . A = i j
22

  [a,b ]3 2^L4L (g  f = 

  [a,b ]3 2^4 (f =

7 C g  C f LnL 4 $ 

+> U7 C f ^nL 4 $ 

W ,. ( =ZL,/ +> U

 W ,. ( =ZL,/

 WD. x = b x = a

 x = b x = a

(x ) g (x ) dx
f
.u.A
a

 

  f (x ) dx .u.A

WD.

WD.

 WNH J)
 WD.o@!aD|< $ 

  $*

  f (x ) dx .u.A

 < f

  [a,b ]3 d^

 < @ f

  [a,b ]3 d^

  f (x ) dx .u.A

 DnA- o@

 

 

< f 
c

[a, c ] 3 d^

  f (x ) dx + f (x ) dx .u.A

< @ f 
  [c,b ] 3 d^

  ( f (x ) g (x )) dx .u.A
a

  (C g ) 6U# (C f )

 

  [a,b ]3 d^


 
(C g ) 6U (C f )

b
( f (x ) g (x )) dx + (g (x ) f (x ))dx .u.A
c
a

  [a, c ] 3 d^

(C f ) 6U (C g )

 

  [c,b ] 3 d^

 

:O) ^)

73$ (C f ) ^nO # #odo|$


  [a;b ]3 2a 8  (+> U
b

V = ( f (x ))dx u.v 
a

W.

 | #$ W uv 

23

4( 05 K2 0g  4(


>  0g (


W:1
]0; +[ 3 d ^x 

1
x

#>#D.vK<o ?(
  ln W!  C! 1a#-r
WNH  

x ]0; +[

y ]0; +[

ln 1 = 0

ln (xy ) = ln x + ln y

ln e = 1

x ]0; +[
y ]0; +[
ln x = ln y x = y
ln x > ln y x > y

(r ) ln (x r ) = r ln x
1
ln = ln x
x
x
ln = ln x ln y
y

x ]0; +[

y 

ln x = y x = e y

  x  * ln (x n ) = n ln x WOTU   X(# n O 8S&


W:  0;

 WD. f #1!-,2
D f = {x  / x Du u (x ) > 0}
D f = {x  / x Du

 WD ,8U! f #


f (x ) = ln [u (x )]
f (x ) = ln (u (x ))2

u (x ) 0}

  f (x ) = ln u (x )

WA =

ln x
n =0
x + x
lim

( n *)

lim (x n ln x ) = 0

x 0
>

ln (x + 1)
=1
x 0
x
lim

lim (ln x ) = +

x +

lim (ln x ) =

x 0
>

ln x
=1
x 1 x 1
lim

W41J

  ]0; +[ 3 d^4 x

 ln x #

  I 3 2^U! (u =

  I 3 d^4 x

 ln [u (x )] #OTU I 3 2^4  0g< u c 8S&


24

WS7J
  I 3 2^U! (u =

  I 3 2^6 /%* g  0g< (u c 8S&


  I 3 d^6 /%* g x
x I

'
)]

 ln [u (x )] #WOTU

(ln [u (x ) =

u ' (x )
u (x )

W #

  ]0; +[ ^6 /%* g x

: #

1
x ]0; +[ (ln x ) =
x

W ln *'

ln x

WQ # /0

0 1 +

 ln x #

a *+ {1} Wa) a Uh Og (

  loga W!  C!r#D.a q @o ?# W:1


x ]0; +[
x ]0; +[

loga (x ) =

y ]0; +[

loga (xy ) = loga x + logay

(r  )

ln x
WM$
ln a
WNH  
loga 1 = 0

logaa = 1

loga (x r ) = r loga x

x ]0; +[

1
loga = loga x
x

l oga x = l oga y x = y

x
loga = loga x logay
y

y ]0; +[

r 

l oga x = r x = a r

:1&  =
0 <a <1
loga x < logay x < y
lim loga x =

a >1
loga x > logay x > y
lim loga x = +

x +

x +

lim loga x = +

lim loga x =

x 0+

x 0+

W7X#
x ]0, +[

( loga x ) ' =
25

1
x ln a

 

4( 05 K2 c 4(


>  0g (


W:1

K<, ?##D.K<@#
  exp W!  C! 
exp (x ) = e x   = x +HB
WNH   
x 

x  e x > 0
x  ln ( e x ) = x

y 

e x ey = e x +y

x 

1
x
x =e
e
ex
x y
y =e
e

 

y ]0; +[

e x = y x = ln y
(x ; y ) 
e x = ey x = y
e x > ey x > y
W:  0;

 WD. f #1!-,2
 

e ln x = x

x ]0, +[

r
(e x ) = erx

(r )

 WD ,8U! f #

Df = 

 

D f = {x  / x Du }

 

f (x ) = e

f (x ) = e

u (x )

WA =
lim e x = +

x +

lim e x = 0

( n *)

x
x

lim n = +
x + x
lim (x ne x ) = 0
x

ex 1
lim
=1
x 0
x

W41J

   ^4 x

e

#

  I 3 2^U! (u =

  I 3 d^4 x

e

u (x )

#OTU I 3 d^4 u c 8S&


26

WS7J

(ex ) = ex W #   ^6 /%*  g x

  x 

e

#

  I 3 2^U! (u =

  I 3 d^6 /%* g x

e

u (x )

#WOTU I 3 d^ 6 /%* g u c 8S&


'

(eu x )
( )

x I

u (x )
= u (x ) e


W # 

W ln  (Q # /0

a  + {1} Wa) a Uh c(

  expa W!  C!  a q @@#^,- loga ##

W:1

expa (x ) = a x   = x +HB


WNH  
(x ; y )  2
a x a y = a x +y
r
(a x ) = a r x
1
x
x =a
a
ax
x y
y =a
a

(r )

a x = e x ln a
loga (a x ) = x

x 

x ]0; +[
(x ; y )  2

loga (x )

=a

a x = ay x = y

x 
y ]0; +[
x
a = y x = loga (y )
W1&  =

0 <a <1
a < ay x < y

a >1
a > ay x > y

lim a x = 0

lim a x = +

x +

x +

lim a x = 0

lim a = +

x
x

a 1
= ln a
x 0
x

lim

(a x ) = (ln a ) a x
27

W 7X#

4( 05 K2

(7 +(c
   = {z = a + ib / (a;b )    i = 1} WD.#/(#,2

Wi(7 +( P@ 8


  (a;b )  WM$ #/(# z = a + ib =
z v#/(#Y;^ ,- a + ib

Re (z ) W! j!  z (#D// ^;, a (#

  Im (z ) W! j!  z (#D^;, b (#


D//$(#. z OTU Im (z ) = 0 WO 8S& WjNH j)
  U!> (#^, z OTU Im (z ) 0  Re (z ) = 0 WO 8S&

WE(7 +( i1


 L#/=(# z z =
  z = z Re (z ) = Re (z )  Im (z ) = Im (z )

Wi(7 +( Q # /0


 

(o,e1,e2 ) oJ# ok& v#/=


 

  (a;b )  WM$ #/(# z = a + ib =


  M (a, b ) 0/  z v#/(#! 
M (z ) Wt  z (#^> ,- M 0/ M 0/e ^, z (#
 

  z = Aff (OM ) POM (z ) Wt OM "|e Z8^, z (#

Wi(7 +( bk


  (a;b )  WM$ #/(# z = a + ib =

z = a ib Wv#/(#. z (#eU!

 D// n,< O*) , M (z )  M (z )

 

 D//$(# z z = z

 9!>D(# z z = z
  z + z = 2 Re (z )
  z z = 2i Im (z )
  zz = [Re (z )] + [ Im (z )]

 z + z ' = z + z '
 z z ' = z z '
  (n  *)  z n = z n
1

  = 
z ' z '

z z
  (z ' 0)  =
z '

z'

Wi(7 +( 


  (a;b )  WM$ #/(# z = a + ib =
  z = zz = a + b WtD// (#. z v#/(# 
28

z z = z z

zn = z n

z = z

z = z

1
1
=
z
z

z
z
=
z
z

(n * )
(z ' 0)

W( >g i(7 +( c 8  Q# /X


  M j->#K? #/(# z =

 (e
1, OM ) W" @  g#$P . z v#/(# #,
 

  arg z W! j!


  arg z = [2 ] Wt

 
WNH J)

 #K? #/(# z =

 #K? a D//$(#EE 
a <0
a >0

  arg z = [2 ]  r = z HB

 

 

W. z v#/(#DEE+p

 

a = [a, ]

a = [a, 0 ]

ai = a,
2

ai = a, +
2

 

z = r (cos + i sin ) = [r , ]

  z = rei WD. z v#/(#@  


 

rei r ' ei ' = rr ' ei ( + ') [r , ] [r ', '] = [rr '; + ']
[r , ] = [r, ]
rei = rei
[r, ] = [r, + ]
rei = re i( + )
n
[r , ]n = r n ; n
rei = r nein
1
1

1
1 i '
= ; '
=
e

[r '; '] r '

r'
r ' ei '

( )

re

r 'e

i '

[r ; ]
=
[r '; ']

r i ( ')
e

r'

arg (zz ') (arg z + arg z ') [2 ]

arg z arg z [2 ]
arg z ( + arg z )[2 ]

arg

; '
r '


z arg z = k

( k )

arg z n n arg z [2 ]
1
arg arg z [2 ]
z


  z arg z =

+ k
2

z
(arg z arg z ') [2 ]
z'

k 

[r, + 2k ] = [r, ]

W>A YN


(
(

Wk  YN

)
)

1 i
e + e i   n 
2
1 i
(cos + i sin n )n = cos (n ) + i sin (n )
sin =
e ei
2i
cos =

W (a  ) a) z  z = a +# /)
 W( 3$,2

 W( 

S = { a ; a }
S = {0}
S = {i a ; i a }

a>0
a=0
a <0

29

z  z = a

(a 0) 77) +(Ac  b  a Wa) z 


 W( 3$,2
b b +
S =
;

2a

2a
b
S=
2a
b i b + i
S =
;

2a
2a

{ }

az + bz + c = 0 W+# /)
 W( 

>0
z 
=0

az 2 + bz + c = 0

( = b2 4ac )

<0

W(7 +(c %9  (6 O6&


 #/g*

 D@#C"

AB = z B z A
z + zB
zI = A
2
 
z z A
[2 ]
AB; AC arg c
z B z A
zC z A

zB zA
z z
z z
z z
z z
  D A D C   P D A B C 
z B z A z B zC
z B z A z D zC

  AB U 

 D@#C"

  [A; B ] 0/14 I


 

  AB
; AC  q g

 ,//C B A
   #/ D  C B A
 #/g*

AM = r
  r " % A  .8!r! #k&D,- M

z zA = r
(r > 0)

AM = BM
  [AB ] @ k&D,- M

z zA = z zB

  A a o gME ABC


  A aLg v ME ABC
  A a o g Lg v ME ABC
 :*Av ME ABC

zC z A

= r ;

zB zA
2
zC z A
= [1; ]
zB zA
zC z A

= 1;

zB zA
2

zC z A

= 1;

zB zA
3

W+J . %(  < 7 .l


 W.v#/jEx

 +n

  u "|e  b M$ z = z + b

  u "|S t $X{

  0/e M$ z = k (z )

  k j< ]8!vZ h D8 n

  0/e M$ z = ei (z )

  j X ]8!vZ r O #

30

y (x ) = eax

(  )

 WA  (, +


  y (x ) = er1x + er2x
(, )  WM$
  y (x ) = (x + )erx
  (, )  WM$

 WA  (

b
a

y ' = ay + b
(a 0)

 W+</- , (


 L//$L$
  r2   r1 L
  r #$  //$*$

 W , (" 

>0
=0

  r1 = p iq
 

r + ar + b = 0

( = a 4b )

 WL/UQL#/L$
  y (x ) = ( cos qx + sin qx )e px
  (, )  WM$

 WA  (

<0

  r2 = p + iq

31

y ''+ ay '+ by = 0

4( 05 K2 "& J+#

 WA  (, +

4( 05 K2

Mm&( Z

  

  (o, i , j , k ) !% <oJ# ok&  B=Z.6 @a


 Q=# F @(J= OI JQ0 F @(W4 % Y


  3 =L"| v (a ',b ', c ')   u (a,b, c ) =


u .v = aa '+ bb '+ cc ' 

 


u = a + b + c 




i a a'
b b'  a a'  a a' 

 u v = j b b ' =
i
j +
k
c
c
'
c
c
'
b
b
'

k c c'

Wk#
WD. B   A L0/L U 
AB = (x B x A ) + (yB yA ) + (z B z A )

WD. ax + by + cz + d = 0 j(  (P ) = M 0/U 


  d (M , ()) =
 
AM u
  d (A, ()) =

u

ax M + byM + cz M + d
a + b + c

WD. (A, u ) o/= M 0/U 


W`  +


  (P ) ^,"| n (a,b, c ) () : ax + by + cz + d = 0




  (ABC ) ^,"| AB AC OTU,/K?/ C B A c 8S&


WD ~U   @5 (ABC )  (##y=m
 



  M (ABC ) AM .(AB AC ) = 0

Wk +

WD. R  " %  (a,b, c )  .8!U( 


  (x a ) + (y b ) + (z c ) = R

32

 @5  .##y=m [AB ]  . 0gP#$P (S ) U( 


 

 

 

 
M (S ) AM . BM = 0  WD ~U 

AB
 " % [AB ] 14  .8! (S ) W$*
2

() : ax + by + cz + d = 0 `   S (, R) k nR71


  ()  ^ 8!,v(,/ H =
d = H = d (; ()) WHB

 

  (S ) H0/ (P )  

 

 

  (C ) !(eU
  H W .8!

  (S ) q J (P ) 

  (S ) ( P ) 

  H 0/a

 O h /5

  r = R2 d 2 W " %

 

 

W () O7  S (, R) k nR71


  () o/ ^ 8!,v(,/ H =
d = H = d (; ()) WHB

 

  (S ) H0/ () o/

   (S ) q J () o/

    (S )  )( o/

 LL0/a

  H 0/a

 O h /5

33

4( 05 K2 +(

W 0; QM
W:1

 CardE W! j!  E ,d( >!#. E ",2D


Card = 0

WNH )

WNH
 O "O ,2 B A
Card (A B ) = CardA + CardB Card (A B )

W 0; O0
W:1

  E ",2= A =


  A W!  C!r,dD. E ,|,< A o,
  A = {x E / x A} M$
WI).
AA =
AA = E
cardA = cardE cardA

W+ (Qc A( #
  (p  *)

\ p "| t0- !}Y

 8 n1 Fo3 \ 5O 8S&


 8 n2 FoD E\ 5O 8
.........................................
 8 n p Fo p  \5O 8
  n1 n2 n3 ... n p

W#;.,( #OTU
W8 j(8  1C - 8  1C
W8  1C

  (p n ) * ==!4 p n =
  n p W.!4 n L =!4 p 3<  !-Q(#
34

W8 j(8  1C

  (p n ) * ==!4 p n =
 W.!4 n L =!4 p 3!-O #  <-Q(#
  Anp = n (n 1) (n 2) ... (n p + 1)

 

 + =p 


WNH )

 !4 n 3#<-Z8^,-!4 n L =!4 n 3!-O # <-!-+8


  n ! = n (n 1) (n 2) ... 2 1 W .(#
W&[
  n  .!> (#",2 E =
  (p n )  p ]!> (# E = A +8
 !4 n L =!4 p 3l-^,
 C np =

Anp
 W. l]Z.(#
p!

C np  Anp  n ! W+(c
n 

n ! = n (n 1) (n 2) ... 2 1
0! = 1
n!
n!
Anp =
C np =
p ! (n p ) !
(n p ) !
n 1
0
1
C nn = 1
Cn = n
Cn = 1
Cn = n
C np = C nn p
C np1 + C np = C np+1

WB% ! A <8
  (p n ) !4 n L =!4 p tn 
 WD 3 #;a  
 t-Q

 W.,< n(#

 Wtn:

 o"K?

 C np

 D

 o"

 np
  Anp

 3*$T  H 

 o"

35

 3*$&O #  H 

4( 05 K2 J0)J

%9
 W] 

 WD ,$5i04

 |=!E8P+</- !}+8

 p !}

 p !|,{  ,2D.

   {O8

    {O8= A

A #$

 #$ !4=,B#$+8

 D# #$

 #$ Oa B   A O )# e/yS&

  A B # e/y

   ,. P B  P A e/yS&

  A B # e/y

  (A A = A A = )  A # .

  A #n( B#

AB =

 L,|K?O )#$ B A

Wo() 40) J o() 7


 p !}  &O8 = W:1

  pi W. {i } # 3 ,$OP3/ pi j,ga {i } D# #$3 ,$!/ #


  P ({i }) = pi Wt
# Z.O-r# 55 ,$5:,2.#$3 ,$
 W. A # 3 ,$OTU = )#$ A = {1; 2 ; 3 ;...; n } O 8S&vP
p (A) = p (1 ) + p (2 ) + p (3 ) + ... + p (n )
 p !}  &O8 =

WNH

p () = 1   p () = 0
= A #$+ 0 p (A) 1

WL)#$( y3 ,$


  = B  A L)#$+
  p (A B ) = p (A) + p (B ) p (A B )
 L,|K? B   A O 8S& p (A B ) = p (A) + p (B )
W( B# 3 ,$

p (A) = 1 p (A)

W = A #$+

WJ0)J i1 "k


   " &O8p !}a3 ,$5 # 5#$Hzc 8S&
cardA
p (A) =

W. = A #$+83 ,$OTU
card
36

W:1

WE-() .7 JQRX 40)J


  p (A) 0 WMfp|! G L0<-!L)#$ B   A = W:1
p (A B )
p (B ) = p (B A) =
W(#.e/7 A # OP , B #$3 ,$
p
A
(
)
A
  p (A) p (B ) 0 WMfp|! G L0<-! B   A L)#$+
p (A B ) = p (A) p (B A) = p (B ) p (A B ) W #

W

W:1

 p|! G L0<-! B   A L)#$+


O*/O )#$ B  A p (A B ) = p (A) p (B )

  3 } 2   1  p !}  &O8 =

WNH

  (1 2 =  1 2 = )

( )

( )

  p (A) = p (1 ) p A + p (2 ) p A W = A #$+


1
2

W*# HJ
  p j ,$p !}a )#$ A =
 W.<B  ! k , A # e/y3 ,$O U ! n  !|]Z.#PS&
C nk (p )k (1 p )n k

  (k n )

WQM X >Y 40) j T


 p !}  &O8 ^ pKV=
 WL L$!H< X DpKV3 ,$O g##n
X KV .Z\lro/,2W X () = {x1; x 2; x 3 ;...; x n } ##y

  {1;2;...;n } ,d =i + p (X = x i ) 3 ,$5tw

WQM X >Y# ip9] qJ J*Y# JQ" /c


 j g pKV X =

  xi

  x1   x 2   x 3   ...   x n
  p (X = x i )  p1   p2   p3   ...   pn

 WD 3 #; 9!

  E (X ) = x1 p1 + x 2 p2 + x 3 p3 + ... + x n pn  W X KV,DA !+


 V (X ) = E (X ) [E (X )]

 W X KV, ! V

  (X ) = V (X )

 W X KV,vX!09!w5

W:1

WQ(, j 7
  ! n  !|]Z.#{p !}a A #$3 ,$ p =
  p  n ] 0@  #$ X-^, A # " Ue/nr(!# |+8 !vZ X DpKV
  k {0;1;2;...; n }
 V (X ) = np (1 p ) 

p (X = k ) = C nk p k (1 p )n k



E (X ) = n p 

#

 

37

4( 05 K2 (>
?1) Q#^ ,

W#* M  (+J O7 4(

sin x

cosx

tan x

6
1
2
3
2
3
3

4
2
2
2
2

3
3
2
1
2

W# B E8 T.

cos (x + 2k ) = cos x
sin (x + 2k ) = sin x
tan (x + k ) = tan x

x +x

+x

sin

- sin x

sin x

- sin x

cos x

cos x

cos

cos x

- cos x

- cos x

sin x

sin x

tan x =

sin x
cos x

1
1 + tan x =
cos x

-1 cos x 1
-1 sin x 1
cos x + sin x = 1

WA  J+


cos x = cos a x = a + 2k  P x = -a + 2k
sin x = sin a x = a + 2k P x = ( - a ) + 2k
tan x = tan a x = a + k
( k )
38

W! 0; / _ eN
cos (a - b ) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b

cos (a + b ) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b

sin (a - b ) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b

sin (a + b ) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b

tan (a - b ) =

tan a - tan b
1 + tan a tan b

tan (a + b ) =

tan a + tan b
1 - tan a tan b

WLM
t = tan

cos 2a = cos a - sin a

a
WHA
2

= 2 cos a - 1

2t
1 + t
1 - t
cos a =
1 + t
2t
tan a =
1 - t

= 1 - 2 sin a

sin a =

sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a


2 tan a
1 - tan a
1 + cos 2a
cos a =
2
1 - cos 2a
sin a =
2

tan 2a =

W F (r' ! 0; / _ W ! 0; r' F (/ _


p + q
p q
cos p + cos q = 2 cos
cos

2
2
p + q p q
cos p cos q = 2 sin
sin
2 2
p + q
p q
sin p + sin q = 2 sin
cos

2
2
p + q p q
sin p sin q = 2 cos
sin
2 2

1
[ cos (a + b ) + cos (a - b )]
2
1
sin a sin b = [ cos (a + b ) cos (a b )]
2
1
sin a cos b = [ sin (a + b ) sin (a b )]
2
1
cos a sin b = [ sin (a + b ) - sin (a b )]
2
cos a cos b =

(a,b ) (0,0) a cos x + b sin x W/ _

a
b
a cos x + b sin x = a + b
cos x +
sin x
a + b

a + b
= a + b cos (x )

 We/D//$(# M$
cos =

a
b
  sin =
a + b
a + b
39

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