1. A student prepared some hydrated copper (II) sulfate crystals using the following stages: Step 1: 10.

0g of copper (II) carbonate were added in small portions to 30.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 dilute sulfuric acid in beaker, with stirring Step 2: The reaction mixture from step 1 was filtered. Step 3: The filtrate from step 2 was heated and then allowed to cool to room temperature slowly. Step 4: The crystals obtained after cooling was filtered out. Step 5: The crystals were then dried by pressing between sheets of filter paper. (a) (i) Give two observations you would see in Step 1 (ii)Write a balanced equation to show the reaction that occurred in step 1. (b) Calculate the number of moles of (i) dilute sulfuric acid, (ii) copper (II) carbonate used. Hence determine which reagent was used in excess. (c) Explain why one of the reagents was used in excess. (d) What was the colour of the crystals obtained in Step 4? (e) If calcium carbonate was used instead of copper (II) carbonate, can a pure sample of calcium sulfate be produced? Give a reason for your answer.

2. Salts are best prepared by various methods depending on the chemical nature of the salts. The following two salts are to be produced. Write down the formulae of the salts that are best prepared by the methods stated and write balanced equations for the reactions that help prepare the salt. (a) Method: Titration (b) Method: Precipitation (c) You are then given copper (II) sulfate solution and asked to prepare copper (II) chloride crystals. In order to obtain a good yield of copper (II) chloride, you are advised to convert copper (II) sulfate into an insoluble compound first. With the help of two equations, explain how it can be done. (d) Describe the procedure to prepare a sample of pure, dry zinc sulfate crystals.

3. Hard water is water which has passed over rocks such as limestone. It contains certain dissolved substances. (a) What is the chemical name for limestone? (b) Describe a simple experiment to show that a sample of hard water contains dissolved substances. (c) The table below compares the properties of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate. Solubility in water pH of aqueous solution Sodium carbonate Readily soluble 11 Sodium hydrogencarbonate Not very soluble 8 Give one disadvantage of using bath salts containing (i) sodium carbonate, (ii) sodium hydrogencarbonate.

4. Tartaric acid is a weak dibasic organic acid. Its formula can be written as H2T and its molecular mass is 150. To make the salt, sodium tartarate, tartaric acid is neutralized completely with aqueous sodium hydroxide. (a) What do you understand by the term weak acid ? (b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the complete neutralization between tartaric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide. (c) What mass (in grams) of tartaric acid would be required to make 1000 cm3 of a solution of concentration 0.100 mol/dm3? (d) If the solution in (c) is completely neutralized, what would be the mass of sodium tartarate produced?

5. A student outlined the method below for the preparation of calcium sulfate. Calcium oxide + dilute sulfuric acid calcium sulfate (a) Explain why the method did not obtain a good yield of calcium sulfate. (b) Describe briefly how you would prepare a pure, dry sample of calcium sulfate. Name the reagents used and write an appropriate equation, with state symbols, for the reaction.

6. The equation below shows the salts formed from the reaction between lead (II) nitrate and zinc sulfate. Pb(NO3)2 + ZnSO4 PbSO4 + Zn(NO3)2 A student wanted to prepare at least one of the two products in the above reaction. However, he only had the following reagents available for use. Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, lead (II) hydroxide, zinc chloride, lead (II) nitrate (a) Name two reagents from the above list, which can be used to prepare at least one of the products. (b) Outline the steps needed to prepare a clean and dry sample of the product named in (a) above.

7. Draw the dot and cross diagram of nitric acid. Hence, draw the structural formula of nitric acid. Describe the laboratory preparation of a pure solution of ammonium nitrate starting from nitric acid. 8. The reaction between sodium hydroxide and tartartic acid can be represented by the following equation. The tartaric ion is given the symbol T. H2T + 2 NaOH Na2T + 2 H2O A titration was carried out to determine the concentration of tartaric acid in a sample of white wine. A 25.0 cm3 sample of the wine requires 20.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide for complete 3 neutralization. The concentration of the sodium hydroxide used is 0.10 mol/dm . (a) Calculate the concentration in g/dm3 of the tartaric acid in the wine. (b) Suggest why it is difficult to carry out titration to determine the concentration of tartaric acid in red wine.

(c) Copper (II) tartrate is an insoluble organic salt that can be made from tartaric acid. (i) Other than tartaric acid, name another reagent needed to prepare this salt. (ii) Outline the main steps to obtain a pure and dry sample of copper (II) tartrate in the laboratory, from a mixture of tartaric acid and the reagent as named in (i) (d) A conductivity tester was placed in separate solutions of sulfuric acid and tartaric acid of equal volume and concentration. The brightness of the LED indicates the extent of conductivity. Which acid would produce a brighter glow on the LED? Explain your answer using ideas about particles.

9. An acid (often represented by the generic formula HA) is traditionally considered as any chemical compound that when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH less than 7. The modern definition of Bronsted and Lowry, defines an acid as a compound which is able to donate a hydrogen ion to a another compound (called a base). (a) Based on the above definition, would you consider pure hydrogen chloride gas as an acid? Explain your answer. (b) Compounds such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are often termed as acidic oxides. However, there is no hydrogen in their chemical formula. How are these oxides acidic then? (c) What is meant by the term amphoteric oxides ? (d) Give examples of oxides which are amphoteric in nature.

10. Four bottles were known to contain aqueous ammonia, dilute hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide solution and vinegar, which is dilute ethanoic acid. The labels on the bottles are missing. The pH of the four solutions were 1, 4, 10 and 13. Predict the pH of each of the four solutions.