Determinant

Determinant of a matrix
Dr. Pham Huu Anh Ngoc Department of Mathematics International university
May, 2011
Motivation
When does the linear system ax + by = e cx + dy = f have a unique solution?.
Dr. Pham Huu Anh Ngoc Department of Mathematics International university Determinant of a matrix
Motivation
Solution 1: Multiply the rst equation by d and the second equation by b and subtract d(ax + by ) b(cx + dy ) = ed bf . This gives (ad bc)x = ed bf . So the system has a unique solution if and only if (ad bc) = 0.
Motivation
Solution 1: Multiply the rst equation by d and the second equation by b and subtract d(ax + by ) b(cx + dy ) = ed bf . This gives (ad bc)x = ed bf . So the system has a unique solution if and only if (ad bc) = 0. Solution 2: The above system can be rewritten as a b x e = . So the system has a unique solution if and c d y f a b only if is invertible. c d
Motivation
Solution 1: Multiply the rst equation by d and the second equation by b and subtract d(ax + by ) b(cx + dy ) = ed bf . This gives (ad bc)x = ed bf . So the system has a unique solution if and only if (ad bc) = 0. Solution 2: The above system can be rewritten as a b x e = . So the system has a unique solution if and c d y f a b only if is invertible. c d Thus, a b is invertible ad bc = 0. c d
Determinant of second order
Denition A determinant of second order is denoted and dened by det Ex: det 1 4 2 3 = 1 3 2 4 = 5 a c b d = ad bc.
Notation: The determinant of a matrix A is also denoted by A . For a b a b example, also means det . c d c d
Cramers Rule
Theorem Cramers Rule for solving linear systems of two equations in two unknowns ax + by = e cx + dy = f. is x= provided D := e f D a c b d b d ed fb = ; D = 0. y= a c D e f = af ec D
Example
Solve the linear system 4x + 3y 2x + 5y = = 12 8.
Solution: Note that 12 3 8 5 4 3 2 5
4 2
3 5
= 14 = 0. So the Cramers Rule gives 4 12 2 8 4 3 2 5
x=
84 = = 6; 14
y=
56 = 4. 14
Third-order determinant
A third-order determinant is dened by a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 = (a11 a22 a33 + a31 a12 a23 + a21 a32 a13 ) (a31 a22 a13 + a11 a32 a23 + a21 a12 a33 ) or equivalently a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 = a11 (1)1+1 a22 a32 a23 a33 a21 a31 + a12 (1)1+2 a21 a31 a23 a33
+a13 (1)1+3
a22 a32
Third-order determinant
A third-order determinant is dened by a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 = (a11 a22 a33 + a31 a12 a23 + a21 a32 a13 ) (a31 a22 a13 + a11 a32 a23 + a21 a12 a33 ) or equivalently a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 = a11 (1)1+1 a22 a32 a23 a33 a21 a31 + a12 (1)1+2 a21 a31 a23 a33
+a13 (1)1+3
a22 a32
Ex: 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1 +
1(1)(1+3)
1 1
0 1
= 1 + 1 = 0.
Ex: 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1 +
1(1)(1+3)
1 1
0 1
= 1 + 1 = 0.
Ex: Find the following determinants: 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 .
Cramers Rule for linear systems of three equations

The Cramers Rule for linear systems of three equations a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 is x1 = D1 ; D x2 = D2 D x3 = D3 , D (D := a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 = 0) = b1 = b2 = b3
where D1 = b1 b2 b3 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 ; D2 = a11 a21 a31 b1 b2 b3 a13 a23 a33 ; D3 = a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 b1 b2 b3 .
Example Solve the linear system 3x + 2y + 3z 2x 4y + 2z 2x + 3z = = 4 0
= 12
Example Solve the linear system 3x + 2y + 3z 2x 4y + 2z 2x + 3z Solution: Note that D := gives x1 = where D1 = 4 12 0 3 2 2 4 2 0 D2 D1 ; x2 = D D 2 3 4 2 = 24; D2 = 0 3 4 12 = 16. 0 x3 = 3 2 2 D3 , D 4 3 12 2 0 3 3 2 2 2 4 0 3 2 3 = = 4 0 = 8 = 0. The Cramers rule
= 12
4;
Determinant of n-th order
Denition Let A = (aij ) be an n n matrix. For xed i0 , j0 , the cofactor of ai0 j0 is (1)(i0 +j0 ) Mi0 j0 , where Mi0 j0 is the determinant of the submatrix that results from A by removing the i0 -th row and the j0 -th column. The determinant Mi0 j0 is called the (i0 j0 )-th minor of A. Ex: Let us consider 1 1 1 Then (1)(1+1) cofactor of a11 0 0 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 ; (1)(1+2) ; (1)(1+3) 1 1 1 1 = 1, a12 = 0, a13 = 1, respectively .
is the
Denition (Determinant of n-th order) Let A = (aij ) be an n n matrix. Then the determinant of A is dened by det A = a11 (1)(1+1) M11 + a12 (1)(1+2) M12 + ... + a1n (1)(1+n) M1n .
Denition (Determinant of n-th order) Let A = (aij ) be an n n matrix. Then the determinant of A is dened by det A = a11 (1)(1+1) M11 + a12 (1)(1+2) M12 + ... + a1n (1)(1+n) M1n . Ex: 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1 +
1(1)(1+3)
1 1
0 1
= 1 + 1 = 0.
Expanding a determinant along a row or a column

Theorem Let A = (aij ) be an n n matrix. Then the determinant of A is given by det A = ai1 (1)(i+1) Mi1 + ai2 (1)(i+2) Mi2 + ... + ain (1)(i+n) Min , for any i {1, 2, ..., n}. (In this case, we say that the determinant is expanded along the i-th row). Furthermore, one has det A = a1j (1)(1+j) M1j + a2j (1)(2+j) M2j + ... + anj (1)(n+j) Mnj , for any j {1, 2, ..., n}. (In this case, we say that the determinant is expanded along the j-th column).
(Expanding the determinant along the rst row) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1
1(1)(1+3)
1 1
0 1
= 1 + 1 = 0.
1 0 = 1 + 1 = 0. 1 1 (Expanding the determinant along the second row) 1(1)(1+3) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(2+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(2+2) 1 1 1 1
1(1)(2+3)
1 1
0 1
= 1 + 1 = 0.
1 0 = 1 + 1 = 0. 1 1 (Expanding the determinant along the second row) 1(1)(1+3) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(2+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(2+2) 1 1 1 1
1 0 = 1 + 1 = 0. 1 1 (Expanding the determinant along the third row) ..... 1(1)(2+3)
(Expanding the determinant along the rst column) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 1(1)(1+2) 0 1 1 1
1(1)(3+1)
0 0
1 1
= 1 + 1 = 0.
0 1 = 1 + 1 = 0. 0 1 (Expanding the determinant along the second column) 1(1)(3+1) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(3+2) 1 1 1 1
= 0.
0 1 = 1 + 1 = 0. 0 1 (Expanding the determinant along the second column) 1(1)(3+1) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(3+2) 1 1 1 1
= 0.
(Expanding the determinant along the third column) .....
Properties of Determinants
Theorem (a) If I is the identity matrix then det I = 1. (b) If B is obtained from A by interchanging two rows of A then det B = det A (c) If B is obtained from A by adding a multiple of one row of A to another row then det B = det A (d) If B is obtained from A by multiplying a row by the number k, then det B = k det A. 8 0 1 4 0 1 0 = 2 det 0 1 0 = 0 3 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 det 0 1 0 = 2(3) det 0 1 0 = 6. 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 det 0 0
Ex:
Determinant of special matrices
Theorem a11 0 det ... 0 Ex: 1 det 0 0 0 a11 ... 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 = a11 a22 ...ann . ... ... ... ann 0 0 = 1 2 3 = 6. 3
Denition A square matrix U is said to be upper triangular if the entries below the main diagonal are zeros. A square matrix U is said to be lower triangular if all the entries above the main diagonal are zeros. Ex: The following matrices are upper triangular: 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 The matrix 0 1 0 is NOT an upper triangular matrix. 1 0 1
The following matrices are lower triangular: 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 The matrix 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1
1 0 is NOT a lower triangular matrix. 1
Theorem If A is a triangular matrix, either upper or lower. Then det A is the product of the diagonal entries. That is, det A = a11 a22 ...ann , where a11 , a22 , ..., ann are diagonal entries of the matrix A.
Ex:
2 det 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 = 211 = 2 1
2 det 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 = 211 = 2. 1
Calculating determinant by row reduction
Using the properties of the determinant, we can calculate the determinant of a matrix by row reduction. Main Idea: Reduce the given matrix into a triangular matrix.
8 0 1 4 1 0 = 2 det 0 1 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 2 det 0 1 0 = 2(3) = 6. 1 0 3 2 det 0 1
Ex:
0 0 = 3
Example
(a) 1 det 2 0 (b) 2 det 1 0 4 2 1 0 0 3 = det 1 0 1 1 = det 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 6 1 3 = det 0 1 0 3 1 = 6 6 2 0 1 3 6 1 0 0 1 2 1 4 = det 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 =0 3
Further properties of determinants
1 2 3 4
If two rows of A are the same then det A = 0. If A has an entire row of all zeros det A = 0. If A is an n n matrix then det(kA) = k n det A. If A is a triangular matrix, either upper or lower then det A is the product of the diagonal entries. That is, det A = a11 a22 ...ann ,
5 6
The square matrix A is invertible if and only if det A = 0. det(AB) = det A det B.
Explain the following results: 3 4 3 2 7 2 5 1 5 = 0; 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 10 3 = 0; 0 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 3 = 0.
Example
Calculate 1 2 det 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2
Example
Calculate 1 2 det 0 0 Solution 1: Expanding 1 0 2 1 det 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 row, we have 0 1 1 0 0 2
the determinant along the rst 0 1 1 0 0 = 1(1)1+1 det 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 +1(1)1+4 det 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 = 2 2 = 0. 1
Solution 2 Expanding 1 0 2 1 det 0 1 0 0
the determinant along the second 0 1 0 0 0 0 = 2(1)2+1 det 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1
row, we have 1 0 2
1 +1(1)2+2 det 0 0 Solution Solution Solution .... Solution have ....
1 0 = 2 2 = 0. 2
3 Expanding the determinant along the third row, we have ..... 4 Expanding the determinant along the fourth row, we have .... 5 Expanding the determinant along the rst column, we have 6 Expanding the determinant along the second column, we
Example Prove that the linear system x +y 2x + y = = 1 0
has a unique solution and nd the solution.
has a unique solution and nd the solution. Solution: The given system can be rewritten in the matrix form as 1 2 1 1 x y = 1 0 .
has a unique solution and nd the solution. Solution: The given system can be rewritten in the matrix form as 1 2 Moreover, we have is invertible. Thus, x y 1 2 1 1
1
1 1
x y
1 0
. 1 2 1 1
1 2
1 1
= 1 = 0. Therefore, the matrix
1 0
1 2
1 1
1 0
1 2
Hence x = 1, y = 2 is the solution of the system.

Problems:
(1) Evaluate, showing the details of your work. 14 2 5 2 5 0 8 8 2 0 a b a 0 c b c 0 1 3 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 5 7 0 0 6 8
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2) Solve by CRAMERs rule and check by Gauss elimination and back substitution (a) 2x 5y 4x + 6y (b) 2x 3z + w 4x 5y + 2z 8x 4y + z + 2w y 5z + 3w
23
= 2
= = = =
30 13 42 35

Determinant

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Determinant

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Determinant of a matrix

Dr. Pham Huu Anh Ngoc Department of Mathematics International university

Determinant of second order

Solution: Note that 12 3 8 5 4 3 2 5

= 14 = 0. So the Cramers Rule gives 4 12 2 8 4 3 2 5

Ex: 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1 +

Ex: 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1 +

Ex: Find the following determinants: 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 .

Cramers Rule for linear systems of three equations

Example Solve the linear system 3x + 2y + 3z 2x 4y + 2z 2x + 3z = = 4 0

Determinant of n-th order

0 1 1 1 ; (1)(1+2) ; (1)(1+3) 1 1 1 1 = 1, a12 = 0, a13 = 1, respectively .

Expanding a determinant along a row or a column

(Expanding the determinant along the rst row) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1

(Expanding the determinant along the rst row) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1

(Expanding the determinant along the rst row) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 0(1)(1+2) 1 1 1 1

1 0 = 1 + 1 = 0. 1 1 (Expanding the determinant along the third row) ..... 1(1)(2+3)

(Expanding the determinant along the rst column) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 1(1)(1+2) 0 1 1 1

(Expanding the determinant along the rst column) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 1(1)(1+2) 0 1 1 1

0 1 = 1 + 1 = 0. 0 1 (Expanding the determinant along the second column) 1(1)(3+1) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(3+2) 1 1 1 1

(Expanding the determinant along the rst column) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(1+1) 0 1 1 1 + 1(1)(1+2) 0 1 1 1

0 1 = 1 + 1 = 0. 0 1 (Expanding the determinant along the second column) 1(1)(3+1) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 1(1)(3+2) 1 1 1 1

(Expanding the determinant along the third column) .....

Determinant of special matrices

The following matrices are lower triangular: 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 The matrix 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 is NOT a lower triangular matrix. 1

Calculating determinant by row reduction

8 0 1 4 1 0 = 2 det 0 1 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 2 det 0 1 0 = 2(3) = 6. 1 0 3 2 det 0 1

Further properties of determinants

Explain the following results: 3 4 3 2 7 2 5 1 5 = 0; 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 10 3 = 0; 0 0 1 1 2 3 5 10 3 = 0.

the determinant along the rst 0 1 1 0 0 = 1(1)1+1 det 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 +1(1)1+4 det 0 0 1 1 0

Solution 2 Expanding 1 0 2 1 det 0 1 0 0

the determinant along the second 0 1 0 0 0 0 = 2(1)2+1 det 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1

1 +1(1)2+2 det 0 0 Solution Solution Solution .... Solution have ....

Example Prove that the linear system x +y 2x + y = = 1 0

has a unique solution and nd the solution.

Example Prove that the linear system x +y 2x + y = = 1 0

Example Prove that the linear system x +y 2x + y = = 1 0

= 1 = 0. Therefore, the matrix

Hence x = 1, y = 2 is the solution of the system.

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