MK UK Katalog 2020 Kraege

Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia ·
Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia
Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina
Strawberry
Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza®
Rasberry
Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Honeoye · Malling Centenary® · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance
Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin · Florina
Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Plants
Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn
Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Elsanta · Honeoye · Malling
Centenary® · Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata
Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion
Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli®
Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Honeoye · Malling Centenary® · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta
Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin
Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen
Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Elsanta · Honeoye
Malling Centenary® · Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation
Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling
Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn Bliss · Polka
Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Honeoye · Malling Centenary® · Korona
Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure
Malwina · Malga Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya
Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli
Rendezvous · Elsanta · Honeoye · Malling Centenary® · Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta
Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin
Florina · Bravura · Malling · Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen
Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Honeoye · Malling
Centenary® · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus
Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano
Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery
Dahli · Rendezvous · Elsanta · Honeoye · Malling Centenary® · Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola
Elsanta Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga
Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen
Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Honeoye · Malling
Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn Bliss Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery
Dahli · Rendezvous · Elsanta · Honeoye · Malling · Centenary® · Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalol
Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga
Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen
Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Honeoye · Malling
Malling Freya · Glen Ample · Tulameen · Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza® · Mapema® · Flair · Glorielle · Alba · Allegro · Clery
Dahli · Rendezvous · Elsanta · Honeoye · Malling Centenary® · Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola
Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence · Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga
KRAEGE
Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling · Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity · Murano · Malling Freya · Glen Ample
Tulameen · Autumn Bliss · Polka · Himbo-Top® · Kweli® · Kwanza
I N T® ·Mapema
E R N A®T· IFlair
O N · Glorielle
A L · Alba · Allegro · Clery · Dahli · Rendezvous · Honeoye
Malling Centenary® · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia · Polka · Symphony · Salsa · Faith · Florence
Magnus · Malling Allure · Malwina · Malga · Florin · Florina · Bravura · Malling Champion · Florentina · Furore · Charlotte · Mara des Bois · Verity
Kraege International
Stefan Kraege Markus Staden
Dear colleagues
In recent years many German strawberry growers have changed direction and have
orientated themselves towards protected cultivation. In its infancy, a kind of wall-
tunnel is placed over the young plants for the sole purpose of maintaining an early
harvest. Nowadays, however many other forms have been developed for a greated
variety of objectives. Tunnel systems in order to protect plants are an increasingly
growing system used by strawberry growers. This method can range from soil culti-
vation in gutters or buckets to table top systems
In respect, the issue of the correct variety and the need of specific plant types is an
ever growing problem. Additionally, in order for this complexed cultivation method
to be an economical success, plant types with a large amount of assured inflores-
cences are necessary.
We here at Kraege would like to keep up to date with this trend, and therefore have
been working together with Hetbroek, one of todays leading companies for the
production of tray and waiting bed plants. This coproduction began in spring 2019.
Furthermore, in spring 2019 Kraege started to produce Tips in Marocco from our
own certified mother plants. Due to climate conditions, Morocco provides the perfect
conditions for the growth and developement of cuttings in open areas (see text sub-
strate cultivation). Together with the „know how“ from Hetbroek, we see this new
production site as a great oppertunity in the production of our tray plants.
Over the years a lot has happened in the area of quality management. Here at
Kraege we are renowned for our good reputation, and our plants are well known
for their high quality standards. Nevertheless, we never stop striving for prefection.
The European Plant Certification has now also been implememted in Germany. Kraege
plants are of now, EU certified.
In addition to our own intern quality production standards, Kraege berry plants are
additionally QS certified.
We look forward to accompanying you throughout the coming seasons, and to assist
you in any way possible during the developement of your strawberry and raspberry
production. Once again we would like to inform you that an early order date, on
your part, is of upmost importance.
We here at Kraege look forward to working together with you in the future, and wish
you a successful business year 2020.
Stefan Kraege Markus Staden

Kraege International has been a specialist propagator of

strawberry and raspberry plant material since 1958. Our company
produces more than 30 different strawberry varieties and the com-
mercially most important raspberry varieties on about 200 hectares
of rented land. Our strawberries are produced as fresh-, Frigo-,
potted fresh-, tray- and waiting bed plants.
We continuously work to maintain and improve the health conditions

of our plants. It all starts with the production of our own mother
plants. The production of the plant material takes place exclusively
on new land that we rent over and over again. Soil examinations to
look for nematodes and verticillium are standard procedure. The
chamber of agriculture Westfalen-Lippe is monitoring the whole
plant production process. Processing and storage of the plants takes
then place promptly in our cold storage.
Our particular strength is the wide range of varieties we offer. Due

to the good contacts we have with major plant breeders worldwide,
we are able to test new varieties at an early stage. As you can see
in the overview of the ripening periods on page 26, we have a
wide range of products with all currently popular varieties included.
On page 59 in this brochure, a description of the most important
strawberry diseases can be found. We have also included some
recommendations about precultures, nematode investigations and
verticillium samples.
These descriptions are supposed to make you look twice when

hearing about possible problems in cultures, yet they can’t replace
a cultivation consultation. We want to advise you to connect with
a consulting service that suits your company! The costs that will
emerge from this will come back around in form of stable and high
yields that your company will then achieve.
www.kraege.de
Sales Manager, Sales Professional, Sales Professional, Sales Professional Retail Production for
Market Market Market for Market-Gardens Potted- and Tray Plants
Christian Rohling Karsten Pieper Thorsten Waltering Stefan Stockmann Volker Vissers
+ 49 2504 7000-23 + 49 2504 7000-32 + 49 2504 7000-25 + 49 2504 7000-34 + 49 2504 7000-27
rohling@kraege.de pieper@kraege.de waltering@kraege.de stockmann@kraege.de info@kraege.de
Strawberries
Production of our own Mother Plants 6
Variety Sighting/Variety examination 7
New Varieties 8
Carousel of varieties 9
Early Season Varieties Flair, 10
Glorielle, Alba, Dahli 11
Allegro 12
Rendezvous, Clery, Honeoye, Lambada 13
Rumba 14
Malling Centenary 15
Aprica, Elegance 16
Limalexia, Elianny, Kimberly 17
Main Season Varieties Sonata, Elsanta, Korona 18
Asia 19
Sonsation 20
Mid Season Varieties Renaissance, Polka, Symphony, Salsa 21
Late Season Varieties Faith 22
Florence, Magnus 23
Malwina 24
Picking Periods – Strawberries 26
Everbearers Cultivation 28
Everbearers Mara des Bois, Favori, Charlotte, Verity, 30
Florentina, Murano, Furore, Malga, Bravura
Plant Material 32
Fresh Plants 33
Potted Fresh Plants 34
Frigo Plants 35
Waiting Bed Plants 36
Tray Plants 37
Bucket 38
Flower mapping 39
Dense planting 39
Pick your own/Direct Marketing 40
Choice of Location, Soil Condition, Position of the Field 42
Plant Health/Preculture 43
Recommended Soil Samples, Verticilium, Nematodes 44
Production Production Production Trial Manager Production

Frigo Plants Fresh Plants Raspberry Plants Quality Control High Health Material
Torsten Gerling Carsten Eggert Monika Tomkowicz Thomas Wendt Christian Vogel
+ 49 2504 7000-37 + 49 2504 7000-27 + 49 2504 7000-36 + 49 2504 7000-38 + 49 2504 7000-35
info@kraege.de info@kraege.de info@kraege.de wendt@kraege.de vogel@kraege.de
Tagetes, Soil Preparation, Fertilization 45

Plant Material 46
Planting 47
Remove Sidecrowns 47
Early Crop – Overview 48
Late Crop – Overview 49
Normal Cultivation, Fleece, Perforated Foil, Anti-Dew Foil, Double Cover 50
Greenhouse, Foil Tunnel (Early Crop) 51
Cultivation in Mini-Tunnel, Double Foil Tunnel, Straw Covering, 60-day Production 52
Everbearers, Foil Tunnel (Late Crop) 53
Substrate Culture 54
Substrate Culture – Irrigation and Fertigation 56
Irrigation: Drip Tube, Tube Irrigation, Overhead Irrigation 57
Winter Frost, Late Frost/spring frost, Straw 58
I bought plants! Everything healty? 59
Diseases 59
Bacteriosis, Animal Pests, 60
Fungal Diseases 64
Benefitial organism 68
Strawberry Cultivation and Harvest in Germany (AMI) 69
Raspberries
Introduction Raspberries 70
Floricanes Malling Freya, Glen Ample, Tulameen, 71
Primocanes Polka, Himbo-Top®, Kweli, Kwanza®, 72
Mapema 73
Picking Periods – Raspberries 74
Raspberries – Plugplants Delivery of Plants, Planting, Plant Needs 76
Framework, Fertilization 77
Management of the Rods, Annual Cultivation,
Royalty Statement 78
Raspberries – Canes Annual lignified Rods, Planting of roots 80
Blackberries Loch Ness, Loch Tay 82

Blackberry, Long Cane plants
Order Dates, Delivery of the Plants 83

Mother Plants
Neues Bild?
Production of our own Healthy planting material is an important re- Mother plants as well as seedlings are grown
Mother Plants quirement for the successful propagation of their on table beds, in safe distance from the ground
fruits. The production of our own mother plant bed, so that infection by soil fungi is excluded.
materials is therefore a significant step to guar- For extra safety, the super-elite plants (SEE)
antee a healthy propagation of the plants. From produced in the saran house are inspected for
our own experiences we know, that new plant diseases on an annual basis.
diseases most often arise locally bevor spread-
ing over bigger cultivation areas. This is the The super-elite plants (SEE) are then propagat-
reason why we, here at Kraege Beerenpflanzen, ed on a special site, far away from other straw-
work in a „closed system”. We built up our own berry plantations. The resulting elite mother
production for mother plants at an isolated and plants (EE) are used for the production of com-
independent operating site. The risk of infection mercial plant material and are subject to con-
through plants from other companies can there- stant supervision by the Chamber of Agriculture.
fore be prevented. In 2019, the regulations for the production of
certified strawberry planting material, which
The propagation of our elite plants starts with apply to the whole European Union, were also
a thermotherapy. Meristem tissue for an „in implemented in Germany.
vitro cultivation” is gathered off the plants which
grow in heat cabinets. The combination of the Since 2019, all of the plants that are produced
thermotherapy and the „in vitro culture” is the by Kraege are certified with the standard EPPO
procedure that offers us maximum security for PM 4/11 (2) EU. For internal quality assurance,
a production of mother plants free from infection. Kraege Beerenpflanzen is QS-certified.
The following steps of propagation now take

place solely in form of a vegetative reproduction
through stolons, which happens in a saran house.
The tightly woven, gauze-like saran fabric pre-
vents in sects from entering the house and in-
fecting the plants with viruses.
7
Variety Sighting and Variety The health of the plants, preferably with resist- Still, depending on the weather conditions,
Examination ances against main diseases, and a ripening harvests might be different from year to year.
period outside the main season are important A final evaluation of a variety is therefore only
„What new varieties are there?” criteria. Due to the good contact we have to possible after 2 – 3 years.
the breeders, we are lucky to receive numerous
is the most common question when people new varieties every year for testing. The inter-
order strawberries plants. On demand is a esting varieties will be planted in our experi-
healthy, early or late season variety with phe- mental garden and then tested for their special
nomenal fruit characteristics and a particularly characteristics.
high yield. In short: the „perfect” strawberry
variety! Usually, this refers to normal „open field culti-
So far, this variety doesn’t exist and probably vation”. If variaties are interesting regarding
won’t exist anytime soon either. The breeding this, more experiments looking at earliness or
of new varieties is taking place with different lateness will be held. Because of our own sight-
objectives. ing of varieties, good varieties will be noticed
early, examined for multiple years and in the
first instance recommended for test planting.
In the intensive sighting of varieties, we see a
good prerequisite for a current assortment.
The testing results are also the basis for the
examination of the varieties in this catalogue.
The description is supposed to give you an A special evaluation of varieties is also increas-
overview over the current varieties and to char- ingly strong production- and location based.
acterize them. Results of testing facilities and Now, the producer himself is asked himself. At
impressions we have gained from our own your location, with your production methods,
experiences will be considered as well. It has you have to find the varieties that are interesting
to be said though, that a specific assessment of for you!
varieties is always heavily process- and location
related. Then, it’s the turn of the producer. You
have to find interesting varieties that fit to your
location and to your production methods.
New Varieties
Glorielle Glorielle is the first Strawberry out on the

market by Stefan Kraege Züchtung. Glorielle
is in the early ripening range and about 3 – 4
days before Clery. They win you over with their
excellent taste. The fruits are evenly formed,
very glossy and the painting of the skin is nice.
The earnings can be compared to Clery with a
higher percentage of class1 fruits.
Glorielle is recommended for
direct marketing.
Rendezvous Rendevouz is an early type in the ripening

range of Clery by Hansabred. Rendevouz
convinces with bright red, very attractive and
shiny fruits. They are to be picked easily and
are big with firm fruit pulp. This type has a very
good Shelf Life. Rendevouz shows a high
earning potential with a high percentage of
class 1 fruits. With its pleasant flavor, different
marketing channels can be
suggested for Rendevouz.
Malling Allure Malling Allure is a late season type from Malling Champion
the breeding program of East Malling. In the
ripening range, it’s after Florence and it con
vinces with big, even fruits and a good flavor.
Malling Champion is an everbearer. The
features are high harvests and a high percent-
age of class 1 fruits. The flavor is good.
Dahli With Dahli, Flevo Berry has introduced a

new early variety in its program. It is in the
ripening range of Clery and convinces with
good-tasting, evenly formed attractive fruits.
The variety is very healthy and high in harvest.
It can be picked easily and has a high percent-
age of class 1 fruits. Dahli is an interesting
addition for the harvesting time after Flair.
Strawberry Plants
KRAEGE
IB N
E ET RE ER NNPAF TL IAON NZ EA NL
Carousel of varieties almost as many possibilities to cultivate straw- This brings us to the next question. How many
berries as there are varieties. In order to test varieties do we miss, just because we are lack-
What makes a variety a good one? Or better new varieties for different production methods, ing the time to develop suitable cultivation
said: When is a variety so good, that they should fertilization programs or marketing methods methods for the new varieties? Varieties, that
go on the market? The merry-go-round of va- there would have to be more time, capacity are emphasized for their excellent fruit charac-
rieties is turning so fast and to stay on top of and money. teristics or a special taste deserve an attempt
things gets increasingly harder for growers, to compensate eventual weaknesses with a
experimenters and especially for reproduction Most of the time, a new variety will be cultivat- suitable cultivation. Looking at some varieties
facilities. The development of a healthy repro- ed under standard conditions (Elsanta) on trial. such as Flair (fertilization strategy), Alba (sen-
duction takes its time and the variety should, as If the new variety doesn’t deliver enough profit sitive to herbicides) or Malwina (thrips, straw-
soon as it is available in bigger quantities, still within the first two years, it is removed from the berry blossom), this work of compensation
be in demand. After all, licenses for interesting product-line. worked well.
varieties are expensive and hard to get. For those who feel called to make new varieties
While in the past, cultivation conditions were Finally, there are enough varieties that can be successful, we always have new varieties avail-
relatively comparable, nowadays there are tested. able for testing.
Bravura Bravura is a new variety in the program of

Flevo Berry. It is special for a very good fruit
quality, even under hot conditions. The variety
has a good taste and is firm. Bravura is not
relatively immune to mildew. Interesting could
also be its low vulnerability to thripse. This is
currently being tested at multiple test stations.
Early Season Varieties
10
Mai 20 Juni 14 Juli 10
Flair Flair
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour medium red, glossy Glorielle
Comments expert advice for cultivation recommended to Alba
Allegro
optimize growth, harvest and fruit size
Clery
Dahli
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rendezvous
Shell Life
Honeoye
Yield Malling Centenary
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Aprica
Size Rumba
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Lambada
– protected variety, head licence: Flevo Berry, Netherlands
Kimberly
Elianny
Flair is one of Flevo Berry’s varieties and ripens Flair as a (A+) plant is also suitable for 60-day This variety can be prematured though covers or
Renaissance
approximately 5 – 7 days after Honeoye. production, but then irrigation is mandatory. tunnel cultivation. Even though Flair seems to be a
Korona
Prematuring is easily possible for this variety. Flair Flair is sensitive to herbicide-treatment right after robust variety for the winter, the high standing
Hansalola
is a rather open plant with long flower trusses. A cultivation. As long as the plant isn’t really rooted, rhizomes should be protected against frost. Before
Elsanta
cover against frost needs to be prepared! The fertilization should be kept low (splitting). A pre- covering the plant, it is important that Flair has
Elegance
procedure of harvest is very compact and it is ventive treatment against Phytophthora cactorum collected enough chilling hours.
Limalexia
therefore possible to harvest a high quantity in no is recommended. At all times while the population
Sonsation
time. grows, it should be supplied with nutrients and Especially for direct marketing, Flair is an interest-
Sonata
Flair features light red, nicely shining fruits and the trace elements. The results of the pant lacking zinc ing variety, which has to be led intensively after its
Asia
taste is really good. An early water supply is nec- and manganese are brightenings on the leaves. start in the spring. At all vegetation periods, this
Polka
essary in order to prevent the fruits from turning Flair shows similar symptoms when pH level is too plant needs receive enough water! When following
Symphony
out too small towards the end of harvest. high or the soil temperature too low. Therefore, this direction, Flair has a sufficient yield potential,
Salsa
a good taste and blossoms early.
Faith
Florence
Magnus
Malwina
Flair
775
Clery
Honeoye
677
634 643
608
547
Flair should be planted on good soil, because early fertilization of the leaves is important. Special
especially after planting this variety is rather slow- attention is necessary in the spring, when Flair
growing. A good date for planting Frigo plants is starts really fast but then is suddenly undersupplied
May or June, for fresh plants between the 1st and easily.
10th of August. If doing so, the plant has enough
time to develop a good flowering induction in the Flair is suitable for outdoor cultivation as well as
fall. It is important, that the plant is put into the soil ridge planting.
deep enough. We recommend a planting distance Since Flair is an open plant type with long flower
131
of 25 – 30 meters. If not being harvested, the trusses, a single ridge is preferred over double
69 56
blossoms of Frigo plants should be erupted early. ridge planting.
Category 1, Yield in g
total > 30 mm < 30 mm
11
Flair
Glorielle
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Glorielle
Alba
Colour light-red…medium red, glossy
Allegro
Comments Very good flavor, interesting early season variety,
Clery
special for direct marketing
Dahli
Rendezvous
Taste
Honeoye 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
ng Centenary
Aprica
Yield
Rumba 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Lambada
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Kimberly
– protected variety, head license: Stefan Kraege Züchtung, Germany
Elianny
Renaissance
Glorielle is an early season variety from the program „Kraege Züchtung”. Being This variety blossoms underneath leaves and is therefore protected against
Korona
new to the field of breeding strawberries, Stefan Kraege introduces the first late frost. Because of the good flavor, Gabrielle is recommended for direct
Hansalola
variety from his breeding program. Glorielle is in the early ripening range and marketing.
Elsanta
about 3 – 4 days before Clery. They win you over with their excellent taste.
Elegance
The fruits are evenly formed, very glossy and the painting of the skin is nice.
Limalexia
The earnings can be compared to Clery with a higher percentage of class 1
Sonsation
fruits. The size of the fruits stays the same throughout the whole harvest period.
Sonata
Glorielle is a fast-growing variety with a high demand on Calcium and should
Asia
be sufficiently nursed against Mildew.
Polka
Symphony
Salsa
Faith
Flair
Florence
Glorielle
Magnus
Alba
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Alba
Malwina
Allegro
Colour light-red, glossy
Clery
Comments Herbicide-sensitive (Phenmedipharm Products),
Dahli
very firm fruits, good shelf life
Rendezvous
Honeoye
Taste
ng Centenary 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Aprica
Rumba Yield
Flair 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Lambada
Glorielle
Kimberly
Size
Alba
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Elianny
– protected variety, head license: New Fruits, Italy
Allegro
Renaissance
Clery
Korona Mai 20 Juni 14 Juli 10
Dahli
Hansalola
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Dahli
Rendezvous
Elsanta Colour medium red… red, glossy
Honeoye
Elegance Comments Robust early season variety for direct marketing
ng Centenary
Limalexia after Flair
Aprica
Sonsation
Rumba
Sonata Taste
Lambada 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Asia
Shell Life
Kimberly
Polka
Elianny
Symphony
Yield
Renaissance
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Salsa
Korona Size
Faith
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Hansalola
Florence – protected variety, head license: Flevo Berry, Netherlands
Elsanta
Flair
Glorielle
12
Alba
Allegro Allegro
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour medium red, very glossy Clery
Comments attractive early variety with good taste, Dahli
suitable for every way of marketing Rendezvous
Honeoye
Malling Centenary
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Aprica
Shell Life
Rumba
Yield Lambada
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Kimberly
Size Elianny
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Renaissance
– protected variety, head license: Fresh Forward B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
Korona
Hansalola
Fresh Forward introduces with Allegro a promising Allegro is a robust plant. It is not very sensitive to Another important quality of early season varieties
Elsanta
new variety with the ripening period of Clery. diseases regarding the roots, such as Phytophthora is the length of the inflorescence. Allegro blossoms
Elegance
Its predominant strength is its suitability for all mar- cactum or Verticillium. The health of the leaves is under the foliage or on the same height as the
Limalexia
keting strategies. The selection convinces with medi also quite good, so that mildew doesn’t occur often. leaves. Therefore, the blossoms are protected against
Sonsation
um to big sized, firm berries. The fruits are light red Problems with botrytis at the fruits is rare. Allegro frost. If the plant grows too strong, problems could
Sonata
with a conical shape and a high class 1 fruits. The grows fast. occur when the long inflorescence buckles. Allegro
Asia
yield is even higher than the one of Clery. The very At replication facilities this is really interesting too. can be prematured when foil or fleece is applied.
Polka
fruity fruits have a high sugar content. The taste is In tunnel cultivation or virgin soil, growth can be We think Allegro is an interesting new early varie-
Symphony
very good, which is quite remarkable for an early too strong. Here, economical nitrogen fertilization ty, which convinces with its fruit quality and the
Salsa
variety suitable for trade. is recommended. In order to work out a recom- very good health.
Faith
mendation for fertilizing the plants, Fresh Forward Due to the size of the fruit, the firmness and the
Florence
is experimenting in this context. very good taste, this variety is suitable for the who-
Magnus
A high planting distance is advised, because if it is lesale as well as for direct marketing.
Malwina
too low, the ability to pick the fruits decreases.
Allegro
995
Flair
775 771
Clery
677
634
608
224
131
69
Class 1, Yield in g
Total > 30 mm < 30 mm
Flair
Glorielle

Alba
Allegro
Clery
13
Dahli
Rendezvous
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Rendezvous
Honeoye
Colour medium red, very glossy
ng Centenary
Comments most tasteful early season variety with a high yield
Aprica
Rumba
Lambada
Taste
Kimberly 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Elianny
Renaissance Yield
Korona
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Flair
Hansalola Size
Glorielle ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Elsanta
– protected variety, head license: Hansabred, Dresden, Germany
Alba
Elegance
Allegro
Clery
Limalexia
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Clery
Sonsation
Dahli
Sonata
Colour light-red … red
Rendezvous
Asia Comments taste and yield depend a lot on the area,
Honeoye
Polka good disease resistance
g Centenary
Symphony
Aprica
Salsa Taste
Rumba 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Faith
Flair Shell Life
Lambada
Florence
Glorielle
Kimberly
Yield
Magnus
Alba
Elianny 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Malwina
Allegro
Renaissance Size
Clery ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Korona
– protected variety, head license: CIV, Italy
Dahli
Hansalola
Rendezvous
Honeoye
Elsanta
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Honeoye
Elegance
ing Centenary
Limalexia
Colour glossy, red … dark-red
Aprica
Sonsation Comments susceptible to Verticillium wilt, suitable for production
Flair
Rumba
Sonata under polyethylene or fleece covering
Glorielle
Lambada
Asia
Alba
Kimberly
Polka Taste
Allegro
Elianny 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Symphony
Clery Shell Life
Renaissance
Salsa
Dahli
Korona
Faith
Yield
Rendezvous 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hansalola
Florence
Honeoye
Elsanta Size
Magnus
ng Centenary
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Elegance
Provenance: USA
Malwina
Aprica
Limalexia
Rumba
Sonsation Mai 20 Juni 14 Juli 10
Lambada
Sonata
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Lambada
Kimberly
Asia Colour bright, medium red
Elianny
Polka Comments very sensitive to mildew
Renaissance
Symphony
Korona
Salsa
Hansalola
Faith Taste
Elsanta 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Florence
Shell Life
Elegance
Magnus
Limalexia
Malwina
Yield
Sonsation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sonata Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Asia
Polka
Clery
Dahli
Rendezvous
Honeoye
Malling Centenary
14
Aprica
Rumba Rumba
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour medium red, glossy Lambada
Kimberly
Comments Very good looking punnet ware, robust plant
Elianny
Renaissance
Korona
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hansalola
Shell Life
Elsanta
Yield Elegance
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Limalexia
Size Sonsation
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Sonata
Asia
Polka
Rumba is an early season variety from the breeding the individual fruits. There are barely any misshaped the plants in a row. Two types of planting can be
Symphony
program of Fresh Forward. Rumba ripens about fruits. used for Rumba: Frigo plants in the spring or fresh
Salsa
seven days before Sonata, but the season is con- The flower trusses are not too long, so that the plants at the beginning of August. Given the large
Faith
siderably longer than that of Honeoye or Clery. blossoms are fairly well protected by the foliage size of the fruits and the good health conditions,
Florence
The variety convinces with medium red fruits with against late frosts and heavy rain. Also, it is impor- two-year cultivation is possible without any prob-
Magnus
an appealing gloss. The fruits are large, uniform tant to cover the plants with foil or fleece in the lems. However, the plants must then be protected
Malwina
and firm and are easy to storage. They have a good spring to protect the flowers from night frosts. against winter frosts in the second year, because
shelf life and therefore even retain their gloss and the rhizomes will have grown up fairly high by that
shine after cold storage. The taste of the juicy fruits Rumba is a very healthy, vigorously growing vari- time.
is good. Regular picking is important as the berries ety that has so far not shown any particular sensi- Boron-containing fertilizers should be used spar-
would otherwise get too dark. tivities to specific diseases. However, the breeders ingly, as the variety tends to uptake excessive
For an earlier season start, Rumba can be grown recommend preventive treatment against Botrytis amounts of this trace element. Apart from this,
under fleece and/or foil as well as in tunnels. Yields and Rhizoctonia. Rumba is relatively easy to cultivate and no special
are high thanks to the proper size and weight of 35 cm has been proven the right spacing between fertilizers are necessary.
Rumba
952 Elsanta
887
777
Clery
677
608 613
274
175
69
Class 1, Yield in g
Alba
Allegro

Clery
Dahli
Rendezvous
15
Honeoye
ng Centenary
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Malling Centenary
Aprica Colour medium red, very glossy
Rumba
Comments very attractive fruits suitable for every marketing
Lambada
channel, susceptible to Xanthomonas and
Kimberly
Phytophthora Cactorum
Elianny
Taste
Renaissance 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Korona
Hansalola Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Elsanta
Elegance
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Limalexia – protected variety, head license: Meiosis, GB
Sonsation
Sonata
Malling Centenary is an early variety from the These qualities of the fruits of Malling Centenary Its real advantage, however, is definitely the tunnel
Asia
breeding program of East Malling (GB). The ripen- are so convincing for us, that we consider the risks production. The fruit quality and the harvest with
Polka
ing time has varied within the last couple of years. minor. What are those risks? According to the ex- this kind of cultivation is extraordinary. The harvest
Symphony
While in the first year of planting the variety ripened periences so far, the variety is not very resistant to provides almost completely class 1 berries, with a
Salsa
just two day after Clery, the last several years have diseases. They are susceptible for Xanthomonas high weight of the individual berries.
Faith
established a ripening time a few days before and Phytophthora Cactorum. The variety blossoms Malling Centenary is easy to pick.
Florence
Elsanta. The variety can be covered to ripen 3 – 5 above the leaves and has to be protected against
Magnus
days after Clery and then has a compact harvest frost. After initial negative reports about rain dam- We consider Malling Centenary among the most
Malwina
season. age, the variety is gaining popularity for open field promising varieties on the market. It has an inter-
production. Due to the perfect appearance and the esting ripening time and a great flavor. As a fruit
The harvest will be noticeably beyond Clery when good flavor, Malling Centenary can be used for all in a punnet, Malling Centenary is a class of its own.
planted earlier. In the normal culture, we had yields marketing channels.
that were above those of Elsanta. In England, Malling
Centenary has good results in the 60-day produc-
tion. Malling Centenary stands for a variety with
unique fruits. The flavor of Malling Centenary is
good to excellent with a nice strawberry aroma.
The fruits are medium red, they will darken slightly
when kept cool. They will then have a uniform red
berry color which is slightly darker than Elsanta.
Malling Centenary convinces with a wonderful
gloss. The berries are big and very, very uniform
in size. We have harvested 98% of berries with
class 1! The firmness of the fruits is very good. Our
results for their shelf life are considerably above
those of Elsanta.
Allegro
Clery

Dahli
Rendezvous
Honeoye
16
Malling Centenary
Aprica Aprica
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour medium red, very glossy Rumba
Comments Herbicide-sensitive (Phenmedipharm Products), goodLambada

Shelf life, very attractiv fruit for the wholesale marketKimberly
Elianny
Renaissance
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Korona
Shell Life
Hansalola
Yield Elsanta
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Elegance
Size Limalexia
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Sonsation – protected variety, head license: CIV, Italy
Sonata
Aprica is an Italian (C.I.V.) new variety with a me- is good with a high percentage of class 1 fruits.
Flair Unfortunately, the taste is not good enough for
Asia
dium early season ripening range. The fruit ripes With its outstandingGlorielle
shelf life, Aprica is recommen- direct marketing.
Polka
approximately four days after Clery. Shiny red, ded as a variety for the wholesale market. Aprica
Alba Aprica is herbicide sensitive, especially regarding
Symphony
cone-shaped fruits with a beautiful gloss feature is a strong plant, it grows
Allegro upright and is therefore Phenmedipharm products
Salsa
this variety. The fruits are continuously big with a resistant to leave- and root diseases. It grows un-
Clery
Faith
high profit of each individual fruit. That is the reason derneath leaves and asDahlia result it is protected against
Florence
why this variety is easy to pick. The harvest of Aprica frost and heavy rain.
Rendezvous
Magnus
Honeoye
Malwina
Aprica and Elegance – 2 Varieties which complement Malling
each other regarding the Ripening Range
Centenary
A 5 – 6 week long harvesting period, high numbers of total harvest with anAprica
attractive shelf life makes this combination very interesting for the wholesale market.
Rumba
Mai 23 rd
June 12th
Lambada July 14th
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Kimberly
Elianny
Aprica
Renaissance
Elegance Korona
Hansalola
Elsanta
Elegance Elegance
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour medium red, glossy Limalexia
Comments very attractive fruit, great for supermarkets, susceptible

Sonsation
for Phytophtora cactorum Sonata
Asia
Polka
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Symphony
Shell Life
Salsa
Yield Faith
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Florence
Size Magnus
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Malwina
– protected variety, head license: Meiosis, GB
Elegance is a medium-season variety from East Harvests are impressive with a large percentage of Our experiences so far have shown, that cultivation
Malling’s breeding program (a little later than class 1 fruits. Its good shelf life makes Elegance an is only possible on virgin soil with perfect production
Elsanta) with a long season of harvest. Elegance interesting variety for supermarkets, while it has to conditions.
convinces with big, very regular, medium sized fruits be accepted that the flavor is only average and the With concerns to diseases, we have to mention the
and an attractive gloss. The overall appearance of aroma not very pronounced. Elegance is easy to high susceptibility to mildew and Phytophtora cac-
the fruits is convincing and there are almost no pick and suitable for 60-day production. The fruits torum. This variety is not suitable for replication.
misshaped fruits. grow upright and are well displayed on long pedi-
cels, which permit a high picking rate. Elegance is a promising variety for supermarkets.
The berries look great in the punnet.
Elianny
Renaissance
Korona
Hansalola
Elsanta
17
Elegance
Limalexia
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Limalexia
Sonsation
Colour medium red, glossy
Sonata
Comments attractive fruit for wholesale- and direct marketing,
Asia
the cultivation is recommended on trial basis
Polka
Symphony
Taste
Salsa 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Faith
Florence Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Magnus
Malwina
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
– protected variety, head license: Limgroup, Netherlands
Limalexia is a breed from the Netherlands, name- Limalexia blossoms underneath leaves so that it interesting option for the medium ripening period
ly from the program of the Limogroup. is protected against frost. Limalexia could be an in wholesale – as well as in direct marketing.
Flair
The main ripening period is similar to the one of
Glorielle
Elsanta. Limalexia convinces with big, evenly formed,
Alba
light-red or red fruits and an attractive skin.
Allegro
Clery
This variety is also featured with a great, very
Dahli
aromatic taste. The harvest is beyond the one of
Rendezvous
Elsanta. The variety grows well and so far doesn’t
Honeoye
show vulnerabilities to certain diseases.
ng Centenary
Aprica
Rumba
Lambada
Kimberly
Elianny
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Elianny
Renaissance
Flair
Korona
Glorielle
Comments sweet taste, firm fruit pulp, soft fruit skin
Hansalola
Alba
Elsanta
Allegro
Elegance
Clery
Taste
Limalexia 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Dahli Shell Life
Sonsation
Rendezvous
Sonata
Yield
Honeoye
Asia 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ng Centenary
Polka Size
Aprica ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Symphony
– protected variety, head license: Vissers, Netherlands
Rumba
Salsa
Lambada
Kimberly
Faith
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Kimberly
Florence
Elianny
Magnus
Renaissance
Malwina Comments very nice for the supermarket, more robust than Elsanta,
Korona
susceptible for Phytophtora and Colletotrichum
Hansalola
Elsanta
Taste
Elegance 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Limalexia
Sonsation
Yield
Sonata 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Asia Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Polka
– protected variety, head license: Vissers, Netherlands
Symphony
Korona
Hansalola
Main Season Varieties

Elsanta
Elegance
Limalexia
18 Flair
Sonsation
Sonata
Glorielle 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Sonata
Alba
Colour medium red, glossy Asia
Allegro
Comments no misshaped fruits, no green tips, suitable for direct Polka
Clery
marketing and fresh food market, sensitive to Symphony
Dahli
Phytophthora cactorum Salsa
Rendezvous
Faith
Taste
Honeoye
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Florence
Shell Life Malling Centenary
Magnus
Aprica
Yield Malwina
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rumba
Size Lambada
Flair
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Kimberly
Glorielle – protected variety, head license: Fresh Forward B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
Elianny
Alba
Renaissance
Allegro
Sonata is a crossbreed variety (Elsanta x Polka) Yet another advantage
Koronaover Elsanta is the consist- Later cultivation with straw is an option too. Sonata
from the breeding program of Fresh Forward. ently uniform shape, with no misshaped fruits!
Clery
Hansalola is the ideal A+ or waiting bed plant material for
The ripening process is about 1 – 3 days after the The yield of this variety is good and picking is easy.
Dahli
Elsanta 60-day culture.
one of Elsanta. The variety convinces with produc- The plant is robust yet susceptible to Phytophthora
Rendezvous
Elegance These positive characteristics have made Sonata a
ing large, firm and attractively shaped fruits. cactorum, which must
Honeoye
be considered in the plant
Limalexia major mid-season variety over the last few years.
The fruit is glossy and medium-red all over, without protection scheme. Sonata is sensitive to heat.
Malling Centenary
Sonsation
any green tips. The flavor is excellent. Prematuring the plant with foil or fleece is possible
Aprica
Sonata
but won’t bring the sameAsia effect as with for example

Rumba
Elsanta. Lambada
Polka
Kimberly
Symphony
Elianny
Salsa
Renaissance
Faith
Korona
Florence
Flair
Hansalola
Elsanta
Magnus
Glorielle 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Elsanta
Malwina
Alba
Colour medium red, glossy Elegance

Allegro
Limalexia
Comments suitable for early arrival, sensitive for Verticillium, Clery
soil fungus and mildew, sensitive for winter frost Sonsation

Dahli
Sonata
Rendezvous
Asia
Honeoye
Taste Polka
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Centenary
Malling 9
Symphony
Shell Life
Aprica
Salsa
Rumba
Yield Faith
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Lambada
Florence
Size Kimberly
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Magnus
Elianny
Malwina
Renaissance
Korona Korona
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour red… dark red, glossy Hansalola
Elsanta
Comments highly suitable for self-picking, annual cultivation
Elegance
recommended (size of fruit), sensitive to mildew,
Limalexia
tolerant to Verticillium
Sonsation
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sonata
Shell Life
Asia
Yield
Ertrag Polka
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Symphony
Size Salsa
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Faith
Florence
Hansalola
Elsanta
Elegance
Limalexia
Sonsation
19
Sonata
Asia
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Asia
Polka
Symphony
Comments very big fruits, look nice in punnet or basket,
Salsa
first fruits very big
Faith
Florence
Taste
Magnus 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Malwina
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
– protected variety, owner: New Fruits, Italy
Sonata
Asia, a breed by New Fruits in Italy, ripens about The fruit colour of Asia is a bright medium red. Asia
2 –3 days after Elsanta. The uniformly shaped, Yields match those of Elsanta, with a larger per- 1064
attractively glossy fruits feature an excellent firmness. centage of class 1 fruits. Asia blossoms slightly 1023
If the arrival is early due to the application of foil, under the foliage and the large fruits enable a high Elsanta
most of the time the first fruits will be crippled. picking rate.
892 887
In the basket as well as in the punnet, the fruits are 819

very nice to look at. This makes Asia an interesting
variety for pick-your-own and direct marketing.
Depending on weather conditions, wholesale mar-
keting can also be worth a try. 613
The plants are vigorously growing and

little susceptible to Verticillium. This
variety is a little bit sensitive to Phen
medipham products!
274
245
Important Advantages of Asia
– Ripening period a few days after Elsanta – good to very good taste
– first fruits are very big – big attractive fruits 131
– after rain tendency to rupture – robust fruit
– Good presentation in basket and punnet
Class 1, Yield in g
– high yield
total > 30 mm < 30 mm
– high picking rate
Picking Periods – Strawberry 0% 50% 100%
Trials on KRAEGE/Telgte
Picked Fruits
May 23rd June 12th July 14th

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Elsanta
Sonata
Asia
Renaissance
Korona
Hansalola
Elsanta
Elegance
20
Limalexia
Sonsation Sonsation
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour medium red, appealingly glossy Sonata
Comments interesting new variety for direct marketing Asia
Polka
Symphony
Salsa
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Faith
Shell Life
Florence
Yield Magnus
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Malwina
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
– protected variety, head license: Flevo Berry, Netherlands
Sonsation is a new variety by Flevo Berry with a son ripening period, this variety is a true gain or sites. Sonsation is an interesting new variety espe-
medium ripening period. The fruits of Sensation are alternative for the current assortment. cially for direct marketing. If the firmness of the fruit
evenly formed and easy to pick. The yield of this Sonsation blossoms at the same height as the leaves is sufficient for the wholesale market time and ex-
variety is above the ones of Elsanta and Sonata. and because of that the fruits are easy to pick, while perience will show.
The color of this fruit is an appealing medium red at the same time, they are protected from frost. The
with an attractive gloss. This variety convinces with percentage of class 1 fruits is high. This variety grows
a good firmness, yet the skin of the fruit is a little bit fast and is not very sensitive for diseases.
sensitive. Due to the very good taste of Sonata, it is Sonsation has a high need for trace elements. When
interesting and recommended for direct marketing. fertilizing, this should be kept in mind and consid-
Especially regarding the very important main sea- ered. This variety is also suitable for reproduction
Sonsation
1149
Asia
1023
Elsanta
910
892 887
613
274
239
131
Class 1, Yield in g
Allegro
ng Centenary
Clery
Aprica
Dahli
Rumba
Rendezvous Mid Season Varieties
Lambada
Honeoye
Kimberly
ng Centenary 21
Elianny
Aprica
Renaissance
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Renaissance
Rumba
Korona
Colour mediumred … red
Lambada
Hansalola
Kimberly
Comments aromatic variety for processing and direct marketing
Elsanta
Flair
Elianny
Elegance
Glorielle
Renaissance
Limalexia
Alba
Korona
Taste
Sonsation
Allegro 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hansalola Shell Life
Sonata
Clery
Elsanta
Asia
Dahli Yield
Elegance
Polka
Rendezvous
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Limalexia
Symphony Size
Honeoye
Sonsation ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Salsa
ng Centenary – protected variety, head license: Hansabred, Dresden, Germany
Sonata
Faith
Aprica
Asia
Polka
Florence
Rumba 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Polka
Magnus
Lambada
Symphony
Malwina
Colour dark red…red, glossy
Kimberly
Salsa
Flair
Elianny
Comments annual cultivation recommended (size of fruits),
Faith
Glorielle
Renaissance
tolerant to Verticillium, slightly susceptible to Mildew
Florence
Alba
Korona
Magnus
Allegro
Hansalola
Taste
Malwina 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Clery
Elsanta Shell Life
Dahli
Elegance
Rendezvous Yield
Limalexia
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Honeoye
Sonsation
Size
ng Centenary
Sonata ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Aprica – protected variety, head license: Fresh Forward B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
Asia
Rumba
Polka
Lambada
Symphony
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Symphony
Kimberly
Salsa
Elianny
Faith
Comments Phytophthora cactorum tolerant variety for
Renaissance
Florence
wholesale market
Korona
Magnus
Hansalola
Malwina
Taste
Elsanta
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Elegance Shell Life
Limalexia
Yield
Sonsation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sonata Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Asia
– protected variety, bred by Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, Scotland
Polka
Symphony
Salsa
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Salsa
Faith
Colour medium red … red, glossy
Comments very high yield, fruit has white frill, for direct marketing
Florence
Magnus
or „pcik-your-own”
Malwina
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Sonsation
Sonata
Asia
Late Season Varieties
Polka
Symphony
22
Salsa
Faith Faith
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour medium red, glossy Florence
Comments attractive fruit, suitable for supermarkets, direct selling

Magnus
and pick your own Malwina
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Faith is a late season variety from the breeding Altogether, Faith is a fruit with a good taste and a should be protected against phythophthora cacto-
program of Flevo Berry. This variety ripens about very nice presentation in the punnet. Well branched rum. A preventive treatment with the usual supple-
7 – 10 days after Elsanta and is therefore located inflorescences with big fruits facilitate the harvest, ments (phosphorous acid) is recommended. During
in the interesting ripening period directly before so that very high picking rates can be achieved. our experiments, Faith has not been very sensitive
Malwina. Faith is a very vigorously growing variety that should to rain.
Faith convinces with big, conically shaped, firm be planted with a quite high plant distance. It flour- Faith is the late variety between Sonata and
fruits. The colour is medium red with an attractive ishes for a long period and therefore ensures a Malwina, that convinces with a good taste as well
gloss. steady, long yield. Faith can be really well prema- as with and a very nice presentation in the punnet.
The yield is high. The fruits are big with a high tured when hay is added. It is very well suited for direct as well as for whole-
weight of the individual fruits. Faith is not very prone to mildew and botrytis, but sale marketing.
Florence Faith
Picked Fruits
June 4 June 14 July 25

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Salsa
Faith
Florence
Malwina
g Centenary
Sonata
Aprica
Asia
Rumba
Polka
Lambada Late Season Varieties
Symphony
Kimberly
Salsa
Elianny 23
Faith
Renaissance
Florence
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Florence
Korona
Magnus
Hansalola
Colour red … dark-red
Malwina
Elsanta
Comments good disease resistance, susceptible to sunburning
Elegance
Limalexia
Sonsation
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sonata Shell Life
Asia
Yield
Polka
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Symphony
Size
Salsa ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Faith
Florence
Magnus
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Magnus
Malwina
Colour red … dark-red
Comments good disease resistance, susceptible to sunburning
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Magnus is a late season variety from the breeding It blossoms for a short period underneath the fo-
program of Flevo Berry. The variety convinces in liage and is then easy to pick.
the ripening period about 10 days after Florence/ This variety is robust and vigorously growing. There
Faith with attractive fruits and a good taste. The fore, the distance between plants should be large.
yield is high. The fruits of Magnus are big and Magnus is resistant to leave diseases. Just as it is
evenly, conically shaped. The colour is a light to the case for all late season varieties, thrips and
medium red with a nice gloss. Magnus looks nice strawberry blossom should be kept in mind!
in the punnet with a high percentage of class Because of its yield, the firmness of the fruits and
1 fruits. the colour, Magnus is especially interesting for the
wholesale market and a nice addition to the late
season product range.
Polka
Symphony
Salsa
Faith
Florence
24
Magnus
Malwina Malwina
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Colour red, glossy

Comments very late variety, self-fertile, the late season variety
for direct marketing
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
– protected variety, head license: Peter Stoppel, Germany
Advantages of Malwina:
– very late ripening period
– self fertilizing
– very good taste
– appealing fruit
– tolerant for Verticillium
Florence
1169
Important:
984
Elsanta
– removing the flower trusses is necessary if the plant
887 was planted late
Malwina
– if the planting date was too late no blossoms will be
756 Malwina straw covering induced
669
640 – no gap of the harvest due to cultivation of other
613
late season varieties
511
– Improvement of firmness of the fruit if you pick them
every other day (important for wholesale marketing)
– special crop protection necessary against thrips and

anthonomus rubi (Very important is a special spraying
274
program against thrips and anthonomus rubi
[strawberry blossom]!)
158 158
117
– sensitive to Phytophthora cactorum. Crop protection
with phosphorus acid recommended
Category 1, Yield in g
Total > 30 mm < 30 mm > 30 mm
25
Malwina
Malwina is the latest ripening among the currently The fruits are large, firm and feature a glossy me- Yet, the picking rate is 15% lower due to the short
available strawberry varieties worth growing. It is dium red. When picked light red (wholesale pedicels and the amount of foliage. Only when
setting new standards for late season varieties in marketing), their flavor is good, while when picked straw covering is applied, nitrogen fertilization
direct marketing. Even under standard cultivation fully ripe, the flavor is excellent. should be taken into consideration. Wild populations
conditions, the medium time of harvest is 22 days should, depending on the climate and soil, only be
after Elsanta (12 days after Florence). When straw Malwina is a pleasure to the eye, in the basket as fertilized very carefully (too much fertilization leads
covering is applied it ripens about 30 days after well as in the punnet. Its aroma reminds us of „straw- to a decline of the picking rate).
Elsanta. berries from grandma’s garden”, as a customer About 3% of the fruits feature so called „leaved
Malwina is a crossbred of ‘Sophie’ x „Clone” once said it. The harvest of Malwina is about 15% inflorescences”. This genetic defect causes small
(Schimmelpfeng, Weihenstefan). The crossbreeding lower than than the ones of Elsanta (and about 20% leaves emerging from the fruits in about one fruit
was done in 1998 by Peter Stoppel, Kressbronn. lower when straw covering is applied). The percent- per plant.
The plant is very robust and vigorous with dark age of large fruits is 85% (about 77% with straw Malwina is very hardy and resistant to diseases.
green, medium sized, glossy leaves. Malwina blos- covering). The proportion of marketable class 1 For example, it is tolerant to Verticillium, very little
soms underneath the leaves and is self-fertile. It is fruits is therefore higher than of Elsanta fruits. susceptible to fruit rot and usually not affected by
tolerant to Verticillium and is very suitable for re- mildew. Malwina withstands intense rain and is
production sites. little susceptible to sunburn.
Very important is a special spraying

program against thrips and anthonomus
rubi (strawberry blossom)!
Picked Fruits
June 1st June 14st July 10st

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Elsanta
Faith
Florence
Malwina
Malwina (straw covering)

Trial on Picking Periods Strawberry 0% 50% 100%
KRAEGE/Telgte
May 20 June 14 Picked Fruits

26
KRAEGE 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
BEERENPFLANZEN
Flair
Glorielle
Alba
Allegro
Clery
Dahli
Rendezvous
Honeoye
Malling Centenary
Aprica
Rumba
Lambada
Kimberly
Elianny
Renaissance
Korona
Hansalola
Elsanta
Elegance
Limalexia
Sonsation
Sonata
Asia
Polka
Symphony
Salsa
Faith
Florence
Magnus
Malwina
Kraege Strawberry
July 14 Taste Shell Life Yield Size Comments 27

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0 – 9 0–9 0–9 Ø g/Fruit
5,2 6,2 5 21 – 23 Interesting early variety with a good taste
6 6 5,5 18 – 20 very good taste, interesting early variety
4,6 6,5 8 22 – 24,8 Herbicide-sensitive
5,5 6,5 7 20 suitable for all marketing channels
5 7 5 18 – 20 standard variety in tunnels
4,5 – 5,5 7 6,5 18 – 20 strong early variety for Direct sales
5,4 7 8 23 – 25 tastefull early variety with high yield
5,2 5 – 6 5 18 – 20 early variety for northern growing areas
5,2 7,5 6 – 7 23 – 25,5 the fruit qualities are simply outstanding!
5 7 7 23 – 24 attractive variety for wholesale market
4,9 7 6,5 21,9 save yield, save taste
6,5 5,5 4 20 very good taste
5 6 5 – 6 21 attractive fruit in the punne
5,5 6 6 22 firm texture, soft skin
5,5 6 6 18 – 20 aromatic variety
6,25 4,5 7 15 – 17 Pick-your-own variety for the annual culture
4,8 6,5 7,5 18 – 20 healthy plant for wholesale market
5,2 6 6 16 – 19 Glashouse, 60-day culture
4 7 7,5 22 very sensitive for Phytophthora
5,5 6 7,5 22,5 recommended for trials
5,5 6 7,5 22,5 new variety for direct marketing
5,5 6,5 7,5 21,5 standard for direct marketing
5,3 6 7,5 23,5 – 25 big fruits, good taste
6,25 5 5,5 15 – 17,5 one year cultivation rcommended
4,75 7 5,5 17 strong plant, good shelf life
5,2 4,5 8 24 various taste depending the weather
5 6 8 23 – 25,5 bright fruits, good taste
4,7 6 7,5 22 – 25 dark fruits, good yield
4,7 7 5,5 22 late variety for wholesale market
6 6 5,5 21,6 „The late variety” with excellent taste

Strawberry Everbearers
28
Everbearing varieties
January February March April May June
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2
Cultivation of everbearing strawberry varieties
Age of
has increased during the past years. While in Cultur Everbearers (autumn planting, open land)
the past these varieties have not been of good 1

taste, new everbearers are becoming much
2
stronger regarding this aspect. Another reason
is probably the expansion of the substrate cul-
ture growing in foil tunnels and green houses. Everbearers (spring planting, open land)
The experiences with these cultures encourage
1
the growers to try this form of Strawberry cul-
tivation too.
Everbearers (autumn planting, tunnel)
When talking about everbearers, we are talk- 1

ing about varieties that always carry fruits.
Other than the varieties that only carry fruits 2
once during the summer period, these plants

can induce blossoms throughout the whole Everbearers (spring planting, tunnel)
year. Merely light and temperature conditions 1
have to be correct. These everbearers therefore
allow for a yearlong strawberry production.
The harvest of these strawberry varieties takes 60 day production plants + Everbearers
place in multiple consecutive „harvesting 1

waves”. Depending on the date of planting and Harvest
2 Waiting bed/A++/A+ w/c 8/9
w/c 18-23
management of the culture, the harvests of
3 Early everbearers Cultivation w/c 16
each individual plant can be increased. A pre-
cise planning of harvest yields and time periods
is important. 60 day production plants + 60 day production plants
1
Harvest
2 Waiting
Wartebeet/A++/A+
bed/A++/A+KW
KW8/9
8/9 Ernte
w/cKW 18–23
18–23
Warte
10.10.19_Nutzung_Tabelle.indd 1
21.11.19_Nutzung_Tabelle.indd
29
In a protectes substrate cultivation there are
July August September October November December
interesting possibilities of combination with
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
strong Frigo plants (A+, waiting bed or tray
plants). This offers the opportunity to use the
Cultivation w/c 36/37 existing foil tunnels or greenhouses multiple
times a year (see illustration).
Harvest w/c 28-40
After a 60-day culture in the spring with strong

Frigo plants, the plants that have been harvest-
Harvest w/c 28-40

ed get removed and replaced in form of ever-
bearing plants. Ideally, in the spring those had
been put in planters already in form of Frigo
plants to precultivate them. After exchanging
Cultivation w/c 33/34 the two plants, harvest can be continued with-
out a long break.
Harvest w/c 19-40
After the harvest in the first year there might
be another opportunity, depending on the
variety and inventory. Plants could hibernate
on the soil in a tunnel and then harvested again
in the next year.
The harvest in the second year can take place
as late as October.
Replanting Afterwards, the tunnel stays empty over the
Everbearers winter and one can start over with a 60-day
w/c 23 Harvest w/c 30-40
culture with strong Frigo plants. Another way
Harvest w/c 23-40
would be to harvest only until Jul and then start
replanting.
Which way of cultivation is the best for you

Neupflanzung
Replanting – bis
– until Julyspätestens 10.latest
10th at the Juli
depends on your marketing opportunities.
Waiting Bed/ Harvest
ebeet/A++/A+
A++/A+ w/c
KW2323 Erntew/c
KW 32 – 37
32-37
29.10.19 13:28
14.12.19 10:28
30
100% 50% 100%

Mara des Bois Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Favori Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Charlotte Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Verity Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Florentina Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Murano Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Furore Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Malga Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Bravura Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Florina Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Yield
Mara des Bois Favori Charlotte Verity Florentina

31
Taste Durability Harvest Size Description
0 – 9 0 – 9 0 – 9 g/Fruit
7 4 4,5 15 – 16 French cultivation with the note of wild berries. Yield, size of the fruit and Shelf life of
Mara des Bois is in the medium field, yet the taste is excellent. This variety is suitable for
special markets such as catering, pastry shops or as a special feature in direct market-
ing.
6 5,2 5,5 16 – 18 Regarding the taste this is a very good variety with a firm and stable fruit. The size is
rather underneath average. Yield is in the medium field. Favori convinces with a beauti-
ful picture of the skin. With respect to the taste this is an interesting variety, especially for
direct marketing.
5 – 6 5 6 15 – 16 French variety with a rather average yield. The fruits are of medium size and firm. Only
conditionally suitable for the wholesale market. The pronounced taste of wild berries is
not „everyone’s cup of tea”.
5,5 6 4 – 6 17 Interesting variety with a good taste. Yield are only of medium quality, yet they can be
increased when cultivated on a substrate culture. This variety is sensitive for extreme
heat. The plant is robust and has a lot of stolons. Verity is an attractive fruit with a beau-
tiful picture of the skin.
5,2 5,8 6 18 – 20 Standard variety in protected cultivation. Florentina convinces with a very good combi-
nation of taste and yield. The fruits are firm and show a good durability. Florentina is
suitable for all ways of marketing.
5,2 6 6 18 Interesting variety with a medium to good taste. The yield is high with fruits of medium
size. The attractive looking fruits show a good durability. Murano is one of the standard
varieties for Table Top systems.
5 5 5,8 17 – 19 Profitable variety with medium red, glossy fruits. Furore produced fruits which are of me-
dium size, evenly formed and with a beautiful picture of the skin. The taste of this variety
is only of medium quality and slightly underneath average. Good variety for the whole-
sale market.
4,8 5,5 7 19 – 21 High yield and a nice picture of the skin make this variety interesting. The fruits have a
nice gloss to them and the firmness is very good. The taste is in the medium field. Malga
is especially suitable for the wholesale market.
4,6 6,5 6 18 – 20 A new, very healthy variety with an attractive looking skin. Yield is high with a medium
to good taste. The variety is not very sensitive to Mildew and more robust than other va-
rieties against thrips.
4,4 5,5 6 18 – 20 Regarding the yield, this is a good variety with an attractive looking skin. Florina offers a
good size of fruits but only an average taste and is therefore suitable only for the whole-
sale market.
Murano Furore Malga Bravura Florina

Kraege Plant material
32
The right plant material for a successful cultivation
Unfortunately when it comes to discussing pric- The choice of seedlings is usually determined by The individual plant types and their character-
es and delivery terms etc., the most important wheather or not to use fresh plants or frigo plants. istics will be briefly presented below.
reasons for buying in the first place are soon If figro plants should be chosen there are many
forgotten. Healthy seedlings are an essential varieties and thickness of plants available.
requirement for successful cultivation. Difficult to
combat weeds and pesticides should certainly
not be found among healthy young plants.
PLANT TYPES PLANTING TIME SOIL COMMENT
Fresh plant July/August open field, Substrate early crop, best tast
Potted fresh plant July/August open field, Substrate easy planting in substrate
Frigoplant
– Frigo A-, A March-July open field remove the flower trusses
– Frigo A+ 60-day culture open field, Substrate
Waitingbed plants 60-day culture open field (raised bed), 60-day for early production,
Substrate avoid stress through hot temperature
Trayplants 60-day culture Substrate Tunnel- Glasshouse production
Everbearers: autumn, spring Substrate Table Top systems

See also page 28/29
Kraege Plant material
33
Fresh plants
Fresh plants are offshoots, that need to be for assimilation, and this is very important for the
planted in the soil as soon as possible after induction of flowering which takes place between
been separated from the mother plant. late September and early November.The yield
Date of planting is usually the end of potential of the plant is determined during this
July beginning of august, depending period. If the plants are set early and have a
on weather conditions and plant long induction period this will increase flow-
developement. These plants have ering. In return this will result in a very high
a leafy appearance while growing, yielding selection, yet although the plants
and are mostely planted and thrive have a very large appearance, the yield
best in hot weather conditions. Due is rather small.
to the fact that the delicate rooting of Thus the optimal planting period for green
the plant may be damaged when being plants differes from region to region.
extracted from the soil they can, at first In the past the motto was „the sooner the
have a problem to absorb water. Fresh better“. But now a days, especially in the
plants must be watered regulary until suf- southern regions of Germany, planting takes
ficent suction and fiber roots are thriving. place quite late in the season. This enables
These plants must be sufficently developed an early harvest the following year with
by autumn in order to produce enough foliage large berries.
Strawberry Plants
34
Potted Fresh Plants
Potted fresh plants are harvested between ear- leaf and root ratio. It takes a long time for these
ly to mid July. They are harvested as unrooted plants to become dehydrated, and even though
cuttings and then potted. During the first few they are higher priced and transport costs are
days after potting, the transplanted plants are also higher, this is quickly matched by the secure
constantly kept under sprinklers until sufficient growth and developement of the plants, which
roots have devoloped. Delivery of these young is certified.
plants can commence as soon as the pots are Yields of such plants are no higher than those
fully rooted (end of July the beginning of August). of optimal planted fresh plants, but production
Potted fresh plants have a significantly higher reliability is much higher.
Potting Trays
We here at Kraege have two different kinds of We would be very happy to support you when
potting systems when it comes to our young returning the potting trays to us by organising
strawberry, and raspberry plants. Our first transportation if needed. As long as strofoam
system is a styrofoam tray which houses 68 trays are in use, a pick-up service will be avail-
berry plants. The second system consists of a able.
reuseable tray for 66 young plants. Hygiene is extremely important at our plant
In the future we will be expanding the use of production premises. Therefore all the returned
reusable trays considerably. We see this system trays are not just throughly cleaned, but are
as a contribution to the enviroment. A small also disinfected.
deposit will be charged for the reusable trays This way we can be sure to exclude the possi-
when the plants are delivered, and this same bility of transmitting diseases to the plants by
sum will be returned when the trays are returned means of the potting trays.
back to us.
Strawberry Plants
35
Frigo Plants Grading of Frigo Plants
Frigo plants are kept in cold storage. In mid The frigo plants are then sorted by the thickness • (A+) Plant Sorting
November the plants are harvested, sorted and of the rhizome, and this in turn gives an indica- (as of 15mm)
deep frozen. During this period of time the plants tion of the number of inflorescence each single This is the most planted grading for 60-day
remain dormant. Due to the fact that the plants plant will produce. Grading should be deter- cultivation. This planting takes place ap-
are given a longer time to develope before har- mined by the diameter of the rhizome and not proximately eight to ten weeks before har-
vesting, they have much stronger roots. by the number of plants in the box, as a variety vesting. Perfect watering conditiona are an
of boxes are in circulation. important factor for the success of this com-
plex cultivation system.
• (A) Plants (10 – 14mm)

The most planted grading where harvesting
is possible the same year of planting. This
of course will reduce the yield the following
year. We would recommend to break off
the flower trusses blossom in order to en-
sure that no fruit can thrive.
• (A-) Standard Plants

(8 – 10 mm)
This plant is perfect for light to medium soil.
We would also recommend you to forgo
harvesting the first year and remove the
flower trusses. Early planting is also recom-
mended.
• (B-) Plants (6 – 8mm)

Ideal plant type for potting for nurseries
and garden centres.
• Waiting-bed-plants.
Waiting-bed-plants are most suitable for
60-day cultivation and greenhouse culture.
There are three varieties/grades available
Light (15 – 18 mm)

medium (18 – 22 mm)
Heavy ( > 22 mm)
Strawberry Plants
36
Orders need to be
placed by the 15June.
See page 83 for details.
Waiting Bed Plants:

Darselect®, Elsanta · Flair · Malwina · Sonata · Malling Centenary · Rumba · Asia · Allegro · Sonsation
Waiting-bed-plants are excusively produced from fresh plants. These Waitingbed plants are offered in the following gradings
plants are harvested by hand round about mid July and are then plant-
ed directly. Therefore an almost undisturbed growth process is guaranteed. Light (15 – 18 mm)
Medium (18 – 22 mm)
Not all varieties of plants are suitable for this kind of cultivation. Approved Heavy ( > 22 mm)
plants must be capable of producing sufficent inflorescences during the
autumn period. After planting takes place in spring, approximately Waitingbed plants are especially suitable for Greenhouses,
60-days elapse before harvesting.The plants themselves must produce and 60-day cultures
sufficent roots and leaves with in a short time in order to be able to care
of their fruits. If inadequate care is not given the size of the fruit will be
inferior, therefore a dissapointing yield. Irrigation using a drip irrigation
system is mandatory.
The most suitable varieties for waiting bed cultivation are Darselect®,
Elsanta, Sonata, Malling Centenary, Flair, Rumba, Sonsation, Elegance
und Malwina.
Strawberry Plants
37
Tray Plants
Production of the tray plant begins much like

that of the potted fresh plant. Unrooted Tips are
harvested and potted under irrigations systems.
In comparison to potted fresh plants however,
which are delivered as soon as possible after
Orders need to be
rooting has been completed, the tray plant placed by the 15June.
remains on the tray field in it’s tray until the See page 83 for details.
winter dormancy period begins.
This allows the plant to inflorescence the Flowers

in September-October (comparable to waiting
bed plants). During dormancy the plants will
be placed in cold storage and frozen at a tem-
perature of -2°C.
Tray plants have a harvesting potential compa-
rable to that of waiting plants, and are extreme- in comparison to other plants. This has a pos- In order to guarantee high yielding plants, we
ly suitable for 60-day cultivation in greenhous- itive effect on the growth and size of the fruit. here at Kraege have started plant propagation
es. This complexed grown plant has it’s price, and in Morocco, where certified mother plants are
the cultivation method used is also costly, espe- transported from Kraege Germany to Morocco.
Tray plants are easier and quicker to plant in cially when compaired to the normal open field Therefore, from May onwards it is possible to
a substrate, and it is a great advantage when produced plant. So in order to make this kind harvest young nursery plants from an open field
working with the later sets under warmer con- of plant profitable the potential yield must be production.
ditions. Due to the rooted pot ball, tray plants as high as possible and the yield itself must be Tips from an open field production have a huge
have significantly less stress in hot temperature guaranteed. advantage in future production compared to
Sometimes, especially when dealing with the greenhouse nursery plants.
well-tasting-varieties, the yield can be very low, The Tips that are harvested on site are then
if this be the case early planting of the Tips is brought back to Germany and are then suitable
the secret to the successful production of a high as tray plants or waiting bed plants. Due to an
yield tray plant. extremely early planting date, we create the
perfect conditions to produce a strong plant
with a sufficient number of flower trusses.
The young plants are supervised during the
whole process and are then finally certfied.
To ensure an economically successful yield, the

potential of such plants must be fully consumed.
Therefore a extensive consultation regarding
temperature, fertilization and correct planting
dates etc. is of utmost importance.
Production and storage of this plant type is quite

complicated, and consequently more expensive.
Accordingly, the required amount of plants
should be preordered in June/July of the pre-
vious year.
Strawberry Plants
38
Bucket cultivation
When adapting this kind of cultivation standard

buckets/containers with 11.15 or 18 liter of sub-
strate contents are used in which approximate-
ly 12 plants (frigo or cuttings) are planted per
running meter. Planting takes place in June, and
is possible either at our propagation institution
or at one our your own chosen trayfields. In Advantages: Disadvantages:
November/December the pre-planted buckets – no cultivation measures need to be taken – large warehouses are needed and transport
are then frozen, and in spring the buckets are during the winter period. volume is huge.
then equipped with a drip irrigation and can – guaranteed flowers and yield. – only possible with standard systems.
be set up effortlessly. Plants cultivated in this – large root volume. – too many flower trusses and therefore small
way experience much less stress during pro- – no growth and start difficulties. berries.
duction of fruit, this is due to a relatively short – ensured cold period.
period of time from budding to harvesting.This – higher level of cultivation safety for pron These are some of the aspects that have to be
system also has a positive effect on the health varieties such as Malling Centenary. taken into consideration when deciding on what
of the plant, including fruit size, a better leaf – overall very easy to handle. kind of cultivation to use.
ratio which in turns guarentees a greater yield. – buckets are set up easily and can be used
immediately.
This form of cultivation could be an interesting
alternative to tray or waiting bed plants, espe- You find this kind of cultivation interesting, and would like to give it
rcially for small fruit farmers and newcomers a go?
to the business. The advantages and disadvan- Please do not hesitate to contact us if this form of cultivation would appeal to you. We
tages of using such a system are still being in- would be very happy to advise you on bucket type, variety, amount of plants etc.. For
tensively investigated. any further information requested please go to our website, there you will find a brochure
which we developed together with the „Gebrüder Brill Substrate“.
Orders need to be
placed by the 15June.
See page 83 for details.
Strawberry Plants
39
Peak or first
Flower Mapping stage of The real reason behind this method is to have
inflorescence
an insight at a certain developement point. The
Second stage of
60-day cultivation of strawberry plants has inflorescence number of flowering plants found is no guar-
greately expanded in recent years, and this Third stage of antee of inflorescences that will later develope
inflorescence
method is very important in the substrate culture in the crop. External factors, such as weather
area. etc. during cultivation have a considerable in-
Meanwhile the examining of the individual plants fluence on the actual developement of inflores-
for the number of inflorescence has become a cences and their length.
standard procedure.
Primary fruit Secondary fruit
Secondary fruit
3
Inflorescence
3
Offshoots 3 4
5
Quelle: plantalogica.nl
Random examination of the individual varieties During the whole of this process the differente Nevertheless, the flower mapping method is
and rhizomes are constantly carried out on the stages of vegetation developement are rated certainly justified. Based on the results expect-
plants until vegetation, which occurs in autumn on a scale of 1 – 7. While the upper shoot area ed, planting distances can be adjusted to suit
is visable. Vegetation is assessed accordance already produces inflorescence during stage 1, the numer of inflorescences predicted. In addi-
to leaf, offshoots and blossoming, the different the lower shoot area must reach a value of over tion, the distribution of the blossoms around the
stages of deveopement is also an important 5. `”Flowermapping” is a very time-consuming budding /shoot area allows conclusions to be
factor. A final evaluation shows the number of method of cultivation, and therefore quite ex- drawn as to the course of the harvest (compact/
inflorescence and their length, these results are pensive. It is also only possible to examine a spread). Results of an inflorescence study during
then transferred to a chart. small number of plants of the total quantity the early phase of flower induction can be used
produced. to coordinate a fertilisation programme.
Dense planting – an interesting alternative

in the 60-day cultur
The production of strawberries in protected

cultivation is growing strongly in Germany, and Foto: L. Linnemannstöns
since the existing tunnels used for 60-day cul-

tivation of frigo plants may be used several However, sometimes it has being proven that are planted instead of of one waiting bed or
times, this method of cultivation is also on the this can lead to unsatisfactory results, as not all tray plant. The higher price compared to that
rise. A plant with a high yield potential is need- existing inflorescences actually develope. In of a waiting bed plant is more than acceptable
ed, and normally A+/A++/ Waiting bed/Tray order to produce a satisfying yield, dense plant- due to a higher production reliability.
plants are eligible. Very ofen the availability of ing is a very successful alternative. Here frigo
the favoured variety of plant can causes a prob- A plants are used. This type of plant has been
lem. The yield potential of such plants can also known to have produces two inflorescences
fluctuate from season to season. In order to more often than once. So if a sufficient quanti-
achieve successful deadline commissoned cul- ty of this plant type is sown, a very large yield
tivation, the number of inflorescences planted potential can be assumed. Tests have proven
per meter is decisive. that planting approximately 30 plants per
It is also quite common to match the planting square meter results in very satisfactory yields.
distance with that of the flower mapping system. So in order to achieve this result, three A plants
40
Direct Marketing/Wholesale marketing which is the more suiteable?
Nowhere in Europe are so many strawberries Remember your strawberries need to be more be prepared to pay a comaratively higher price
sold directly from the producer to the end con- convincing than those of your competitors. in order to aquire such a high quality product.
sumer as in Germany. This takes place through Attractive signs, and booths and not to mention In addition to the direct marketing of strawber-
simple side- of-the-road stalls/booths, or quaint reliable opening hours are further important ries the retail trade should also be taken into
little farmhouse shops that offer a large assort-
ment of strawberries all year round. The will-
ingness of customers to pick their own straw-
berries has declined in the past. On the other
hand it might be worth thinking about pick-
your-own strawberry fields, as the experience
of pick-your-own is becoming more and more
attractive nowadays. In addition self-picking
strawberry fields are an excellent location from
selling already picked fruit. It is also an impor-
tant factor that the customer knows where your
business is located, which is why every form of
advertising is extremely important. Farm festivals
and festivals for the opening of the strawberry requirements in gaining customers trust. The consideration. During the strawberry season
season are just a few named opportunities for customer expects fresh succulent strawberries, customers expect to be able to buy high qual-
your customers to „taste“ for themselves that that have a clearly higher quality in both taste ity fruit at a reasonable price both in supermar-
your strawberries are the most succulent, deli- and appearance in comparison to those found kets and discount stores. Advertising campaigns
cious and largest in the region. in the supermatkets, therefore the consumer will are a great opportunity for retailers to attract
41
customers to their stores. Unfortunately this When comparing direct marketing to commer- In addition to direct marketing e.g. trading
option can also lead to the annual competition cial marketing it becomes quite clear that each stands, there are also other interesting forms of
for the lowest prices. have their own special requirements and char- marketing. Sometimes a compromise maybe
In recent years retail prices for strawberries acteristics. The only common feature both forms involved, but results in more flexibility.
during the peak season have been far too low of marketing have, is that both versions need a There are so many varieties to choose from, for
at times, especially when compaired to produc- long harvest period. The importance of taste, early to late season, succelent to not so succel-
tion costs which have risen significantly year shelf life and yield differs. Direct marketers must ent and from high-yielding to low-yielding, one
for year. Minimum workers wage has contrib- deliver fresh strawberries with a delicious suc- to meet verybody`s taste and requirements.
uted enormously to significantly higher harvest celent taste on a daily basis. In return they are
costs. So in order to survive this kind of price prepared to accept higher production costs,
war, certain characteristics such as harvest, fruit and a possibly softer kind of fruit. In commercial
size and picking performance are of upmost marketing low production costs and a long shelf
importance when planning cultivation for this life are of upmost importance. This very often
kind of marketing/merchandising. In addition leads to a lower quality of fruit, both in taste
to an attractive product display a long shelf life and appearance.
is particularly important. Each and every com-
plant can cause a big set back in profits.
Direct Marketing Commercial Marketing

100% 50% 100%
L A MBA D A F L AI R ALLEGR O R UM B A A LBA

R EN A IS S A N C E G L O RI E L L E C LERY ELS AN TA APRI CA
KO R O N A H O NE O Y E D AHLI S Y M P HON Y ELE GA NCE
P O L KA K I M B E RLY R EN D EZV OUS M AGN US HAN SA LOLA
E L I ANNY M ALLIN G C EN TEN ARY ®
AS I A LIM ALEX IA
S AL S A S ON ATA
F L O RE NCE S ON S ATION
M ALW I NA FAITH
42
Choice of Location Composition/Condition of Soil Location of Planting Field
When choosing a suitable location for planting Strawberries can grow almost anywhere. How Open, unprotected rough areas should be avoi
strawberries, various criteria must be taking ever, they do place a high demands on the ded due to winter frost. Altitudes up to 1,400m
into consideration. While soil values (pH values, structure of the soil. A good clean enviroment are no problem for most varieties. Slope and
nutrients etc.) are of importance, one should and irrigation balance are very favourable lake district areas should also be avoided as
not forget to examine carefully what previous conditions for this kind of lcultivation. In order they can become flower frost hazards.
crops have been grown there, these aspects for the plants to thrive the soil should not be too When choosing locations close to forest areas
are critical in order to ensure a successful cul- heavy. Stagnant moistured soil is not suitable it is important that all plots, or areas should be
tivation. When planning pick-your-own fields, for the growth of strawberries, this kind of soil fenced in order to prevent damage being done
the traffic situation and safe parking possibilities leads to diseased cultivation as well as yield by wandering game (deer etc.).
are also of importance. losses. The pH value should be slightly acidic,
as nutrients such as iron and manganese are
poorly absorbed when pH values are too high.
A physiologic acidic fertilization is recommend-
ed in such cases.
Clay and sandy soils with a high humus content
offer the best kind of locations for the early
planting of strawberries, but only few plants
rooted in this soil layer will develope well enough
for planting. Therefore it is very important that
irrigation is carried out even after short dry
spells.w
Soil with a high clay content warms up very
slowly and therefore is not suitable for early
cultivation, but is just right for late cultivation
and can be used as a method of delaying the
harvest.
It muss be also possible for heavy machinery
(e.g. field sprayer).
43
Plant Health and Pre-cultivation
Successful strawberry cultivation can only work Host plants/carriers of Verticillium Shrubberies
with healthy plants. In order to achieve this the that should be avoided during the pre-culture Pome and stone fruit
soil must be as free as possible from all kinds period. Cabbage plants
of pathogens/disease causing agents and pests. (Kale, Rapes and Radish)
If radical changes should take place to chosen These include the following:
fields, the potential area such be examined for Plants and grasses belonging to the Papilion Host plants/carriers of Phytophthora
infestation which can be caused by worms, aceae family. fungus that shoud be avoided during the pre-cul-
fungi and nematodes etc. In the event of infes- (Clover grass, lucerne and beans) ture season include the following:
tation, long cultivation pauses are necessary. Cucumber Pansies
Pathogens usually accumulate during the pre- Celery Corn
cultivation period, and fungi, which has an Potatoes Strong winds and airports
extensive spectrum is very diffecult to get under Tomatoes (ragwort, weeds etc.)
control as all effective agents are not permitted Wild camomile Shrubberies
by law. Ragwort (weeds) Pome and stone fruit
Meadows and fields that have been newly sown Vines Phacelia
with grass vegetation, wheat, grain or corn the
previous year are particulary suitable for pre- Summary:
cultivation. A no-go are areas that have been
planted with natural vegetation due to weeds Composition of Soil: Suitable Location::
and worms etc. Such fields are unsuitable for The physical conditions of the soil are one of the - Avoid rough open areas
strawberry cultivation. most important criteria - Sufficent wind movement is favourable in order
After two consecutive strawberry harvests the - Loose structure to prevent botrytis
soil should be given a break of at least 3 to 4 (irrigation and enviromental balance) - Traffic suitation when it comes to self-picking
years to recuperate. Should the soil be contam- - Main dimention of the roots lie in the fields.
inated with pink rot a break of at least 15 years upper 20 cm of the soil
will be needed. - Formation of roots from 80 – 100cm Plant health/Pre-cultivation
In case of nematode infestation the intercropping (for a more balanced nutrient supply) - Analysing of soil for nematodes and verticillium.
of marigolds can greatly reduce the infestation. - Prevention of soil compaction - A review of all pre-cultivation.
The pre-culture area should be cleared 4– 6 (leads to a poor harvest)
weeks before planting takes place in order to - A well balanced soil irrigation
allow enough time for proper soil preparation. (can cause diseases such as pink rot)
44
Essential soil samples

Verticillium Studies Nematodes Studies
Verticillium soil samples:
Problems caused to plants by verticillium have Nematodes of the pratylenchus species can – the field, or area in question should not
increased in recent years. This is due to both damage the strawberry plant by piercing or exceed 1 acre.
cultivation sensitivity of the certin kinds of straw- penetrating the root system of the fruit. This – 40 incisions per acre
berries, and that the recommended required causes the plant to suffer due to the fact of a – an even distribution of incisions
pauses between the yields are observed less destroyed supply system. – depth of sample to be taken: 30cm
frequently. Additonally there are a number of Various fungi, which can penetrate into the plant – use a bucket to prepare the sample
host plants that are known to contaminate the through the injured tissue can also endanger – a partical sample of 500 cubic metre will be
soil during the pre-culture period. These are the fruit. This results in underdeveloped growth. sent to the laboratory
known to include potatoes, rapes and even (Nematode infestation together with Verticillium
strawberries themselves. leads to total losses in many cases.) Result of test takes roughly up to 4 weeks, and
The usage of chemicals to fight soil contamina- All surveys should be carried out during animal costs approx. e70 plusVAT per sample.
tion in Germany is against the law, therefore in activity. This takes place either in autumn or The sample can then be sent to your Department
order to combat this problem it is important to between May /June. The reason for this being of Argiculture or a qualifed laboratory of your
make sure that all plants are healthy and that that all acerage should be free of vegetation. choice to be analyzed.
the selected areas are not contaminated in any Animal movement means that the roots of the
way. plants can be uprooted and therefore may not Here in North-Rhein-Westfalia
When buying stock, it is a good idea to have be includen in samples of the soil. There are Landwirtschaftskammer NRW
more than one reliable source. It is also highly very many different classifications of nematodes, Pflanzenschutzdienst (Diagnose)
recommended to analyse the soil, as laborato- which can cause various probems, so it makes Gartenstrasse 11
ry tests clearly show the degree of contamina- sence to determine the species for sampling. 50765 Köln
tion by the number of microsclerotia per gram
of soil. Further agencies:
Levels up to < 0,4 are regarded as contamina- Currently known levels of harmful nematodes Prof. Dr. Neubauer
tion free, levels up to 1,0 as low contamination, in strawberry crops (per 100 ml of a mixed soil Hochschule Osnabrück
levels up to 5,0 as average contamination, and sample) Oldenburger Landstraße 24
any levels above these as heavily contaminated. 49090 Osnabrück
Pratylenchus spp. > 80
These results are important when it comes to Xiphinema spp. > 5 When speed is of the essence!
selecting the correct strawberry variety for the Longidorus > 5 Since the taking of samples for verticillium and
most suitable soil. Ditylenchus dipsaci > 5 nematodes are very similar, one sample can be
Highly sensitive Honeoye, Elsanta Trichodorus spp. > 160 taken to give the required information by make-
Prone Darselect®, Sonata Tylenchorhynchus spp. > 400 ing 40 incision and extracting 4 litre of soil per
Less sensitive Symphony, Yamaska Paratylenchus spp. > 480 acre. Only 500 cubic meters of soil need to be
Most resistant Daroyal®, Polka, Malwina Helicotylenchus spp. > 400 sent to the corresponding institution for the re-
Rotylenchus spp. > 400 quired values needed.
The accuracy of the test results depend on the Meloidogyne spp. > 50
fact that the sample should be taken from the
area that that be chosen for cultivation.
45
Nematodes soil smples:

– the closer the incisions are to each other
(min 30 per acre) the more acurate the sample
and therfore the results.
– even distribution of incisions of the area to be
surveyed.
– depth of sample to be taken 30cm.
– quantity of soil approx. 4litre per acre. Tagetes for nematode control. Preparation of soil/fertilisation
– use a bucket to prepare the sample needed.
– a mixed sample of 500 cubic metre should be If more than 80 partylenchus per 100ml soil The preserving of a good soil structure and a
sent to the laboratory for tests to be carried should be found at the location chosen to grow sufficient supply of nutrients for the soil are the
out. the strawberries, you would be advised to avoid aims to be achieved when it comes to prepa-
– it is also very important to secify pre-culture. this area, and together with a specialist decide ration of the soil. The structure can be improved
wheather to choose another appropriate spot, mechanically by going deep into the soil in
Result of test takes roughly 1 – 2 weeks, and costs or to use tagetes to combat the partylenchus. order to loosen it.
approx. € 50.00 to €100.00 plus VAT per sam- The most suitable varieties in controlling party-
ple. lenchus are tagetes patula and tagetes ereta,
both belonging to the tagetes family. Seeds can
The sample may then be sent to you Department be sown from May on, the plants themselves
of Argiculture or a qualified institute of your choice must be kept weed-free and be allowed to thrive
to be analysed. for at least 4 months to have an effect. The
tagetes is very sensitive towards herbicides and
Landwirtschaftskammer NRW
frost. It is important to remember that the working
Pflanzenschutzdienst (Diagnose)
Due to the latter, it is not recommended to sow depth should be only a few cm below the com-
Gartenstrasse 11
marigold before mid May. After a minimun paction level (plough blade etc.). For well struc-
50765 Köln
cultivation period, the tagetes is then used as a tured soil, a working depth of 10 – 15 cm is
Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersachsen green manure and can be applied. to the soil more than sufficient.
Pflanzenschutzamt in autumn or spring. If organic substances, such as humus, manure
Wunstorfer Landstraße 9 Remember, it is important that you ask your etc. are processed, the contents of the substanc-
30453 Hannover consultant for advise before deciding on what es must be taken into account (the addition of
LTZ Augustenberg kind of treatment should be undertaken. fresh bovine manure/cattle dung can cause an
Ref. 33 Zoologische Diagnostik/Nematologie increase in chloride which can be critial fort he
Neßlerstraße 23 growthof strawberry).
76227 Karlsruhe The application of fertilizer also provides ex
cellent results. The cultivation of rye, mustard
Lufa Nord-West
and marigold etc. should also be mentioned.
www.lufa-nord-west.de
Fertiliziation, if possible should be allowed to
frement over a lengthy period of time. On the
other hand such plants as phacelia and rapes
etc., that are known to carry diseases that can
endanger the strawberry plant should be avoid-
ed (see pre-cultures).
The application of fertilizer should be carried
out on areas to be planted approx. 6 – 8 weeks
before cultivation takes place. This is to give the
nutrients time to mineralise so that the plants
can avail of such. If large quantities of contam-
inated manure, cultivation debris and straw are
found among the soil, misgrowth can be ex-
pected.
46
Preparation of soil/fertilization
Since the nutrient requirements of a strawberry In addition to calcium, potassium and magne- The trace elements necessary for the plants to
plant are usually higher than those covered by sium are also very important nutrients in order thrive (boron, maganese, copper, iron and mo-
normal fertilization, it is important that extra to ensure an excellent formation of the fruit. lybdenum etc.) should be present in an all-nu-
minerals should be added to the fertilizer. These Potassium, in particular can be easily washed trient fertilizer. However for certain varieties
should be based on the soil analysis taken pre- out of light sandy soil! everst and boron are helpful.
viously. In such cases kalimagnesia may be applied (see
Fertilizers containing chloride are most unsuit- soil analysis for details). Leaf fertilization is only necessary if deficiency
able for strawberries. An all-nutriant fertilizer Potassium consumption durning harvest is 20/ symptoms occur. This is possible particularly if
with a composition of N-P-K and trace elements 30kg per acre. there is a cold damp spring, as these weather
have proven to be most successful. Sufficent potassium ensures a high sugar and conditions makes it difficult for the plant to ab-
If the soil analysis should show sufficient levels acid content. sorbe the nutrients found in the soil. It is also a
of nutrogen, the applied fertilizer should have good idea in such cases to apply potassium,
a low N content. Magnesium is very important for the taste and calcium and magnesium before harvesting in
The fertilizer containing the needed minerals the glossy appearance of the fruit (s.Darselect®). order to improve the quality of the fruit.
should be distributed approx. 1/3 in spring, The magnesium consumption of a strawberry However, all basic nutrition needed should be
and approx. 2/3 after the harvest. Too much plant during harvesting is approx. 3 kl. per supplied directly by the soil itself.
N in spring leades to increased vegetative acre. If the spring should be damp and cold if
growth (foliage developement) and prevents may be difficult for the plant to absorb the ma-
full fruit formation.. In addition it becomes more ganesium, this problem can be solved by add- Plant-material/stock
difficult for the fruit to absorb calcium. The cal- ing 6% patenkali.
cium is transported exclusively by the evapora- The question of which plants to choose is de-
tion system of the plant. If a plant should have The plants only consume a small amount of termined by the question whether to plant green
intensive foliage, the calcium to a large extent Phosphorus (5 – 6 kg per acre), and usually or frigo plants. Frigo plants come in many dif-
will be absorbed by the leaves, leaving only a sufficient quantities are present in the soil. Since ferent varieties and sizes.
little calcium for the fruit itself. A sufficient sup- Phosphorus is very rarely washed out of the soil
py of calcium is decisive for firmness of the fruit there is a high risk that P205 can accumulate
which in turn helps to prevent botrytis. Calcium there (especially where a liquid form of fertiliz-
consomption during harvesting is approx. 5kg er has been applied). If phosphorus levels are
per acre. too high, it is recommended to use fertilizers
with a low P concentration level.
47
Cultivation
The planting date also plays a decisive part in deciding whether to use frigo or green plants. It also has to be taken into account when and where
the location is available for planting, and of course which date suits the workflow of the company involved.
Green plants: Planting period from the end of July/beginning of August

early planting: high yields, smaller fruit, a longer ripening period
late planting: lower yield, larger fruit, a shorter ripening period
Frigo plants: Planting period from April to June

Variable planting date (April/May is recommended)
mid July can result in yield losses, losses also possible the following year
A yield is also possible in the first year approx. 8 weeks after planting.
Plant requirements
(single-row) Row-spacing 1.00m 3 plants/m = 30.000/acre
0.90m 3 plants/m = 33.300/acre
– The greater the number of plants per acre, the higher the yield per acre.
– The greater the number of plants per acre, the less yield/plants per acre.
Planting depth: The right planting depth is crucial to for a successful production. The soil must be settled before planting!

planted too high:

– danger of dehydration

planted too deep:
– plants don`t thrive well enough
– when windy plants can be covered easilly bei soil.
– Increased risk due to rhizoctional Infestation
too deep too high correct
Remove of the sidecrowns
In recent years, a lot of experience has 2 – 3 crowns. Crown outbreak is particu- On the other hand, if after a long dry spell
been made when dealing with the out- lary noticeable in vigorous growing varie- the rhizome becomes hard, this too can
break of sidecrowns through multi-year cul- ties, e.g. Malwina, even after the first yield. create difficulties. It takes many years of
tivation of plants. A plant that has be used experience to know when the time is right.
for multi-year cultivation, and has become This kind of method makes sence in cases Conditions (e.g. time and weather) have to
very bushey is difficult to harvest. Although where massive numbers of early varieties be just right, if not too many working hours
the amount of fruit is quite large, the size are clearly losing their precocity. However will be needed to get the job done. Under
and the fruit quality is not the best. In such the amount of work involved should not be these circumstances replacing the plant is a
cases plant protection can not be carried underestimated. While there are varieties much easier and cheaper option.
out sufficiently enough. Therefore diseases that are relatively easy in their upkeep
such as fruit rot can attack the plant easily. (Honeoye and Malwina to name a few), To sum it all up, breaking off the crown for
It also becomes almost impossible to pick there are also varieties that can be most certain varieties does make sence, however
high quality fruit. If there is no suitable field difficult (e.g. Sonata) in their maintenance. this method should not be seen as a per-
or area after the harvest for new fresh After heavy rainfall the plant has absorbed manent alternative to replacing the plants
cultivation this method can be taken into a lot of water from the soil and becomes altogether. A trial test is recommended to
consideration as a temporary solution. very elasticated, which makes it almost determine the timing, otherwise there could
The aim of crown pruning is to trim back impossible to break off the crown. be some very expensive surprises in store
the plants to a reasonable thickness of for you.
48
Ridge/bedding planting in black foil:

Days This kind of cultivation method is very widespread in the
0
Normal cultivation Baden area, where early spring temperatures are possible.
Early growth can be seen after approx. 3 – 5 days. Other
techniques such as foil covering, or double covering are
additionally applied in order to ensure an even earlier
harvest. The blackfoil is laid together with 3 the preparation
–3
of the bedding area, 2 – 4 weeks before planting takes
place. Planting is carried out by hand.
until Fleece
Planting date:
The importance of the planting date for green plants in

–5
order to ensure an early harvest the following year is very
often underestimated. Most orders require an early deliv
–5
G
ery date. A fast growth of the plants up to dormancy in

winter is an important factor to ensure a high yield poten-
until Perforated foil
N
tial, however early harvesting could be considerably de-

layed. In order to avoid such a problem, larger numbers
–7 of plants per acre, planted later in the season guarentees
I
5 an early harvest with a sufficient yield.

K
–9 Loss of yield and „stunted fruit”:
If the plants endure high levels of solar heat, this can lead
C
until Anti.wet foil to significant yield losses due to solar stress, and of course
if night frost should also occure the number of „stunted
I
– 11 fruit” increases
A yield loss of at least 15% under foil covering, and up to

P
– 12 25% under double covering can be expected.
Late frost:
until Double covering An early harvest requires early inflorescence. The danger
Y
of late frost during early growth is particularly high (and

– 15 expensive). In such an event, it is important that foil, fleece
L
etc. should be at hand to enable you to react quickly in the

– 13 event of sudden night frost.
R
Suitable varieties for early harvesting:

Greenhouse
until Open-field growth: Alba
A
Table Top
Allegro
– 16 Clery
E
Honeoye
Elsanta
– 15
Malling Centenary
Tunnel: Flair
to Foil tunnels Clery
Kimberly
– 21 Elsanta
Limalexia
Sonsation
– 18
Malling Centenary
until Double toil tunnels
– 23
49
Deep straw cultivation:

Days
Two-year-old robust plants are generally 3 – 5 days later
than one-year-old green plants. Normal cultivation 0
They are therefore particulary suitable for deep straw
cultivation.
Plant Protection:
+9
Both grown to order cultivation and everbearing varieties
G
need the support of a well-coordinated plant protection
plan. This is particularly difficult when it comes to ever Deep straw cultivation until
bearers as harvesting take a longer period of time to ac-
N
complish. There are a lot of different stages (flowering, + 14
maturitay of fruit etc.) involved in the cultivation of the plants,
I
and these in turn can cause difficulties when it comes to + 13
suitable protection measures.
K
Marketing: Deep Straw until
C
The prices of strawberries have dropped drastically in
recent years, and espercially those of the late harvest season. + 19
I
It should be therefore considered in advance which parti-
cular cultivation method is most profitable for the individu-
July
P
al farms and buisnesses.
Suitable varieties for late harvesting: Grown to order until

Late harves plants: Florence
Faith
E
October
Malwina
Sonata
T
July
Elsanta
A
Grown to order Elsanta
Remontant varieties until
varieties: Limalexia
Sonsation
L
Sonata October
Malling Centenary
Flair September
Rumba
Elegance Toil tunnels/Greehouse
(table top system) until
Tunnel varieties: Elsanta
Sonata
Limalexia October
Sonsation
50
Open field production Anti-dew foil/sheeting
„Normal cultivation‘‘ means, the cultivation of Anti-dew sheeting, or foil is a kind of compro- Late frost can be a big risk for early flowering
strawberry plants intended for harvesting dur- mise between double covering foil and perfo- plants, so therefore it is important always to be
ing the varieties-specific ripening period. Planting rated sheeting. It is much easier to handle than able to cover the plants as quickly as possible
can take place either in spring, using the frigo a double foil, and results can be achieved 2 – 3 in the event of late night frost. The additional
planting method, or in August planting green days earlier than with a normal perforated foil. labour involved in uncovering and covering the
plants. To find out more about the advantages Important to note is that the anti-dew coating plants can be considerable, depending on the
and disadvantages of these two methods please is not UV-resisant.Therefore the foil can only be spring. A yield decrease of at least 20% due to
see planting. Varieties whose natural ripening used to its full extend in the first year, aften stress and crippled/staunted fruit can be ex-
period is likely to take place in the middle of which it should be only applied as a normal pected.
the strawberry season are the most suitable for protecting foil.
this kind of cultivation. An extension of the har-
vest season can be achieved by the selection
of the different varieties of plants (see ripening Double covering
chart).
This is a very popular method of early harvest-
ing. The young plants are covered with fleece
(first layer), and perforated foil (top layer). The
insulating layer of air which is caused between
the two materials results in a premature ripen-
ing effect of approx. 15 days in comparison to
that of open field production. It is important to
select suitable early variety of plant, which
Fleece should be planted as one year old fresh plants
when possible. Winter frost protection covering
Fleece covering is both used to protect the plants with fleece can be supplemented if necessary.
from winter frost and early frost. Fleece of 17g 17g fleece and a 500 hole perforated foil are
are the norm, it is very rarely that fleece of 21g generally used. When solar rays increases in
are used. The rate of early frost is the lower, spring, the temperature under the foil should
and usually lies approx. 3 – 5 days. be monitored regulary in order to avoid dam-
age caused my heat. When flowers appear on
the plants the perforated foil should be removed
Perforated foil/sheeting immediately. The fleece should also then be
removed to ensure sufficent fertilisation of the
Generally foils with 500 hole are applied. The plants.
premature ripening effects can be seen after
5 – 7 days depending on weather conditions..
51
Greenhouse cultivation Foil tunnels (for an early crop)
A second cultivation of green plants takes place For an early harvest fresh plants are planted In cool weather conditions, the tunnels plant are
after a completed waiting-bed harvest in non- on raised bed in black foil. This takes place from covered with one or two layers of fleece de-
heated greenhouses (see harvest delay). The the beginning to the middle of August. Four pending on how severe the weather becomes.
young plants are sown in substrate.The begin- plants per metre, i.e.25cm distance between The pollination of the blossoms is guaranteed
ning of the harvest coincides with the time frame plants, are then planted in single or double by the different bee colonies such as the bum-
of the twin cultivation. For an earlier harvest, rows. For low yield varieties the distance can ble bee.
greenhouses must be heated. The advantage be reduced to 20cm. The crops are then fertil- The just reward for all this hard effort is a straw-
of a stationary house for cultivating plants and ised with a liquid fertiliser by means of a drip- berry harvest that starts 15 – 21 days earlier.
a guaranteed harvest twice a year does have irrigation hose. Site-specific fertilisation plans Beginning usually the end of April to mid May,
its price price. Therefore it is advisable that this are required, these should be compiled togeth- depending on the region. The yield itself, is
kind of cultivation should be accompanied by er with a consultant. Plant protection procedures 10 – 20% greater than that of a open field yield,
a consultant. can also differ from those in the open country- and not forgetting the fruit quality is excellent
side, and here too you should seek the advice regardless of weather conditions.
of a consultant. The tunnel system can be used for a second,
The earlier the tunnel is closed, the greater the late harvest (see late harvesting).
impact of the advanced-effects on the plants.
At the same time one should not forget the in-
creased risk of losing flowered plants if a late
frost does occur. Experience has showen that
planting from the beginning to the middle of
February has proved to be most successful. If
temperatures in the tunnel should rise to 30
degrees or more during the spring months,
ventilation must be provided. The ventilation
procedure should take place from morning to
early evening. Daily ventilation is required as
soon as flowering begins.The tunnel should be
closed overnight. This task should not be under-
estimated as a approximately 130 – 150 hours
are needed per acre. Ventilation also prevents
botrytis.
Plants that are cultivated by using the foil tunnel
method are much more advanced then those
planted in the open countryside, but this also
make them more vulnerable to late frost in com-
parison to their counterparts.
52
Cultivation in mini tunnels Deep straw cultivation 60-day cultivation
Mini tunnels are well-known from asparagus Locations and sites where harvesting is carried Strong, healthy strawberry frigo(A+) plants or
cultivation, and can also be partly used in straw- out later in the year, the deep straw method waiting bed plants are most suitable for 60-day
berry cultivation. However the premature effect can be used to delay the harvest by an extra cultivation. The plants have already blossomed
that they can produce is not comparable with 5 – 7 days. When coming up to the winter during the previous autume, they have then
that of a foil tunnel. Then again investment costs months the plants must be completely covered been picked and cleared in order to be frozen
such as labour costs for mounting and dismount- with approx. 60 – 70 bales of straw per acre. during the hibernation period. The number of
ing the ventilation system etc.are considerably A pleasant side effect is that this method also inflorescences found in the rhizome determines
lower. acts as the perfect winter frost protection system. the potential yield of the each plant.
The thick blanket of straw prevents the soil warm- Harvesting depends on weather conditions, but
ing up to solar radiation in spring. Therefore it is possible to begin approx. 10 weeks after
the budding of the plants is delayed. The be- planting has been completed. Planting takes
ginning of the harvest is very much influenced place in single batches (e.g. every 14 days), this
by weather conditions during this period. A is to insure a longer harvest period.
sufficient supply of nitrogen must be ensured The later the plants are planted, the smaller the
before covering takes place, as the straw binds expected yield. This is due to the fact that the
large sums of nitrogen during decomposition. plants consume a lot more reserve substances
Only strong, two-year-old, late variety plants during their stay in cold storage.
(e.g. Faith, Malwina, Florence and Symphony) This kind of cultivation should take place on
The effect these mini tunnels generate lies some- should be selected. It is very important the plants dam-like banks, using a drip irrigation system
where between that of the double foil/cover are completely covered in time, before budding for a sufficent water supply, this also ensures
and the foil tunnel. starts. In general you can expect a yield loss excellent root formation. Not all varieties of
of between 15 – 25%. A very high fouling and plants are suitable for 60-day cultivation, but
Cultivation in double foil tunnels fungus is quite commen in very wet winter currently the most common varieties are Elsanta,
weather conditions. Darselect®, Sanata, Rumba and increasingly
The cushion of air formed between the two popular Malling Centenary.
sheets of foil provides additional insulation, and The ability to be able to offer fruits of one va-
therefore more warmth in the tunnel. riety over a long period of time, makes this kind
Nevertheless, the cultivation process does not of cultivation very interesting.
differ to that of the simple foil tunnel.
53
Everbearing varieties Foil tunnel (late crop)
One of the requirement for the successful culti- Planting distance is largely variety-dependent. A foil tunnel or greenhouse offer the possibility
vation of ever-bearing strawberrie plants is that For lower yielding varieties such as Charlotte, to plant a late, second batch of strawberries
planting must take place on raised beds areas a density of between 15/20 cm is recommend- after an early harvest has been completed. For
or in substrate. Water and nutrients must be ed, and for other varieties three plants per this purpose (A+) plants or waiting bed plants
supplies by means of a drip irrigation, or indi- meter is advised. are sown in July. The first harvest takes place
vidual drains („spaghetti”). Fresh plants can After planting, the vegetation growth of the between September and October, while the
already be planted in September, while frigo plants has major priority. When vegetation second harvest follows in spring. The later the
plants are first planted in March-April. More commences, covering the plants can be a very autumn harvest is completed, the less time the
and more frequently ever-bearing strawberry useful source of frost protection. The first flowers plants have to develope new buds, and as a
varieties are been planted as a follow-up crop are removed to allow the plant to form as many result there will be a lesser yield the following
after grown-to order cultivation. This is done in side crowns as possible. Harvesting begins spring. On the other hand, the tunnel can be
order to use tunnels and greenhouses several roughly around mid July and can last up until used twice during the season. The plants are
times. The various possibilites can be seen on October. Everbearing varieties are usually har- planted 25 cm apart in single or double rows.
a chart on page 28. vest in several successional phases.
The expected yield total is spread over a very
long period of time, the harvest quantity per
picking phase is low while harvesting costs are
comparatively high.
Additionally diseased and rotten fruits have to
be consistently removed during the whole har-
vest period to prevent the infection of later fruits.
Depending on weather conditions, problems
can occur during the course of the harvest that
can lead to yield losses.
Yields are significantly higher than those of the
waiting bed cultivation varieties. However, at
the moment the taste of ever-bearing varieties
are not very impressive.
54
Substrate cultivation
A special method of strawberry cultivation in middle of the dam, the channel can then be early known varieties such as Clery, Flair and
greenhouses, tunnels or even under rain-shelters filled with substrate. The channel is fitted with Malling Centenary are planted. These varieties
is substrate cultivation. This kind of cultivation an anti-rooth cloth, and a drainage gutter is are known to produce an early yield of 3 – 6
offers the possibility to use already constructed also laid. In order to achieve the required results, kg per running metre the following year. After
tunnels repeatedly. The complex mounting and not only is the necessary machinery needed, the harvest the tunnels can be used again, this
dismounting of tunnels is no longer necessary. but a lot of experience an know-how.
Locations can be chosen freely without consid- More elaborate, however more convenient when
ering the natural soil conditions or diseases that harvesting, is the table top system. A very high
might be found there. As the name already picking performance can be achieved, which
suggests, the strawberry plants are planted in makes this kind of cultivation system very inter-
substrate. There are various suitable kinds of esting in times of increasing labour costs. There
substrate available, generally pot or coconut are no limits to the imagination when construc-
substrate are used. It is very important to chose tion this kind of system. Foil bags are filled with
the correct substrate structure for each plant substrate and can then be placed on the system
type. An appropriate drainage capacity of the which can be built from plastic crates, pots,
substrate during cultivation is of great impor- wooden boxes etc. All systems are then irrigat-
tance, therefore a water sample should be ed with the help of a drip like hose.
taken and examined. The calculated values are You should bear in mind when planning to use
especially important when planning methods the table top system, that harvesting commenc- time with ever-bearing, or waiting bed varieties
of fertigation and irrigation. es a few days later in comparison to that of the for a second harvest.
Substrate can be used for many different culti- soil cultivation method. For on going cultivation using waiting bed plants
vation techniques. The simplest form of all is to Depending on the kind of cultivation method and a table top system, 10 – 12 plants per
construct dames at the chosen location, bags used, potted fresh plants, strong Frigo (A+/++) running metre are sown round about the 10
of substrate are the distributed along the raised plants, waiting bed plants or tray plants can be July.
beds, and planting takes place directly in the selected. Harvesting can then commence the end of
foil bags of substrate. In recent years, this so August beginning of September. A yield of
called „substrate gutter” system has become The potted fresh plants are planted in August 4 – 8kg per running metre can be then expected.
increasingly common. and are then cultivated throughout the winter A second harvest followst he middle of May the
A dam is constructed by using a special dam-ro- period. Depending on the variety of plant, 10 following year Varieties such as Elsanta, Sonata,
tary-maschine, which formes a channel in the plants are sown per running metre. Usually Clery andmalling Centenary are the more suit
55
able types for a table top form of cultivation. In the open fields, pollination is naturally taken It is essential that when cultivation commences
It is becoming more and more common to plant care of by free roaming bumble bees and bees. that all kinds of flooding and moisture of any
waiting bed plants in spring (from Febuary) for However, this is not the case when it comes to kind should be avoided when regulating the
one time harvesting. However, this kind of cul- greenhouses and tunnels. Here, bumble bees irrigation system to be used. After moistening,
tivation can only be profitable if direct market- are set free by hand. The bumble bee is better the plants are then sown, watering is initally
ing prices are high. suited as it has not problem in flying even in carried out two to three time a day, every two
cooler weather conditions, and has a better to three days. After been given a little time to
The planting distance should be carried out in sence of direction in tunnels. Colonies of the develope, irrigation can be carried out up to
such a manner, that approximately 50 flowers bumble bee are released in time before blos- ten time a day, sewage or waste should lie
can be harvested per running meter. The ex- soming begins (one colony per 1,000 m²) between 5 – 10%.
pected yield should be at least 4 kg per running
meter in order to be cost-efficient. Considering As an alternative, a vacuum sweaper can be Even the smallest of mistakes can cause large
the cool spring weather conditions, waiting bed used to cause artificial pollination. financial losses. Therefore it is important that
plants or tray plants are a good choice, and Basically, it must be said that this very complex
there is no difference in the yield and the qual- cultivation method requires not only the neces-
ity of the fruit. Both varieties are known for their sary know how, but also years of experience.
significantly low price. For later harvesting un-
der more hotter and stressful weather conditions
the tray plant is at an advantage, as it can cope
more easily due to its more balanced leaf-root
ratio.
When it comes to tray plants, here too it is in-
tended to be able to harvest roughly 50 in-
floresences per running meter. It is possible to
prolong harvesting until the end of the year if
planting takes place in a heated greenhouse. all fertilisation and irrigation systems be calcu-
When employing this kind of cultivation, tray lated together with a cultivation expert, and this
plants are generally sown from mid- August for also goes for all necessary plant protection
harvesting in mid- October. After ahibernation measures.
period, the greenhouse is then reheated the
middle of Feburary, and a second harvest oc-
cures in mid-April.
56
Irrigation and fertigation for substrate

cultivation
A well-developed irrigation and fertigation plan

is very crucial for a successful substrate cultiva-
tion.
Before planning can be carried out, local con-
ditions must be observed. Phase one involves
testing the water supply, with the help of a wa-
ter appraisal.
In addition to maximum values for irrigation
water, the technical references also provide in-
formation on specified values on the majority
of elemente found in the substracte (see chart).
All maximum values and test results should be
evaluated together with a specialist, in order to
obtain the best irrigation and fertilisation con-
cept possible for your crops.
Water and fertilizer are administered to the

substrate by means of a drip-lines, or individ-
ual drips. The rate and frequency of irrigation EC evaluations specify the conductivity of the If levels should rise siignificantly, this is an indi-
depends on the stage of growth of the plants water for electricity. This is measured in micro cation that the substrate is oversalted. This can
themselves. This procedure can take place up Siemens (mS). The more particles dissolved in be counteracted by increasing the volume of
to 12 times a day, throughout the whole day, the water, the easier it is to conduct an eletric water administered. However, it is imperative
starting at approximately two hours after sun- current. While the conductivity for distilled wa- not to moist the substrate. EC levels should be
rise, until two hours before sunset. The volume ter is zero (EC=0), the level rises with the in- calculated and documentated every day at the
of sewage should be around 5% in cloudy con- creasing concentration of the contained sub- same time, if possible. This allows the develope-
ditions, and up to 25% in warm sunny weather. stances (e.g. potassium and magnesium). The ment of the cultivation to be monitored closely,
The monitoring of incoming and outgoing wa- EC value only indicates the total concentration and if necessary, counteraction can be taken
ter is based on EC regulations. The intended of the solution/liquid, but not the concentration promptly.
levels lie between 1.4 and 1.8 mS. of the individual components in the solution. We would recommend you to seek advice from
The EC rating of sewage should correspond an expert as to whether an all-nutrient fertilizer
approximately to that of the water supply. or, individual nutrients with added elements in
particular of potassium an nitrogen are allowed
to be administrered at your location of cultiva-
tion.
In addition to all EC standards, the pH value
should also be kept in mind, this should lie be-
tween 5.5 and 5.8.
If pH levels are too high, this will reduce the
plants’s ability to absorb micro-elements (e.g.
iron), and this in turn causes damage tot he
roots. The pH value oft he water is determined
by the hardness of the water, and the buffer
capacity of the substrate.
57
Irrigation system. Drip lines Irrigation with sprinklers
In order to guarantee successful strawberry A drip irrigation is placed at the roots of the The irrigator system is installed after planting
cultivation, a reliable, safe water supply is of plants, this is carried out directly during planting has taken place. Pipes are placed along the
utmost importance. The various planting loca- with the help of a special device that is attached strawberry fields. Circular sprinklers are mount-
tions have their very own soil conditions, and to the planting maschine. The great advantag- ed onto the pipes at regular intervals to ensure
this should be thought about very carefully when es of these drip irrigation are, they have a low an almost complete irrigation of the area. Once
considering thermal irrigation. In recent years water consumption (no evaporation), they are installed, maintenance only consists of opening
farmland regions have been plagued with long easily manageable and can be potentialy used and closing the on-off valves. The advantage
dry periods, and on the other hand, short pe- for fertilization. However, there are also some of this overhead irrigation system is the simul-
riods of very heavy rainfall. Apart from pro- disadvantages involved. Leaks may occur due taneous cooling of the plants, and that antifreeze
tected cultivation (tunnels and greenhouses), the to damage caused by mechanical machines or irrigation is also possible to prevent flower-frost.
strawberry farmer is quite helpless against such even wild animals.. Removal of the drip lines Disadvantages include high water consumption
weather conditions. In dry conditions a con- after cultivation can be costly. Water discharge (evaporation), and the humid microc climatic
trolled irrigation system can ensure a signifi- must be deiced and filtered to avoid the block- enviroment in which the plants live (water stains
cantly higher yield. The fruit is much larger and age and clogging of the fine outlet poures of on the fruit, fungi etc.).
the plants themselves are healthier (e.g less the hose system.
mildew). Reel of pipe with irrigator
There are many different types of irrigation
systems that can be istalled, location and indi- This system is also nicked named among straw-
vidual preference are usually the decisive fac- berry farmers „the fire brigade”. A water sup-
tors. However, it is advisable to inspect the main ply hose, with a large sprinkler at one end is
water supply source first, after all not every grad rolled from a drum. Is During use the hose is
of water is suitable for each irrigation system. automatically rolled back onto the drum, pulling
and the sprinkler, or rain gun behind. The ad-
vantage of this particular method is its high
versatility. The sprinkler can be moved from one
location to another swiftly and without much
effort. The main operation itself is rather la-
bour-intensive, as every time the method is
reactivated the drum has to be relocated and
the hose needs to be rolled out anew each time.
Water losses due to evaporation are of the most
significant using this method than that of all
other systems.
58
Winter frost Spring frost Straw
The frost resistance of strawberry plants is large- If only the first inflorescence should freeze due The introduction of straw amoung the rows of
ly variety-dependent. While none or only minor to frost in May, resulting damage can be min- plants, and, if possible under the plants them-
damage occurs to plants covered by snow, frost imised. The reason for this being that the second selves, is an important procedure due to the
alone, can lead to severe damage. Frost and inflorescence can be provided with nourishment following reasons.
wind together are an extreamly hazardous more effectively. However, if the second buds – the strawberries are kept clean, but most
combination which can lead to the drying out should be affected by frost, a large yield loss importantly they are protedted from
of the plants (frost drought). can be expected. An occurrence of late frost batrytis and colletotrichum.
results in damaged and crippled fruit (e.g. – the soil moistness remains balanced, and
Safety precautions Elsanto). Particulary vulnerable are early flow- the location is accesible even during
– sensitive varieties (Elsanta, Lambada) ering varieties, and varieties which bud above periods of heavy rain.
should be covered with fleece or straw foliage (e.g. Darselect and Daroyal).
®
– prevention of weeds
(approx. 60 – 70 round bales per acre) – protection against evaporation in dry
– if plant growth is not wished to be delayed, Safety precautions weather conditions.
the straw should be removed from the rows – selecting areas to be cultivated (no hollow The best time of the year to introduce straw is
of plants in due time before spring arrives. valleys close to lakes, or areas where wild the middle of May, after the „Eisheiligen” (spe-
– this kind or system is paticulary prone to animals run free etc, choose protected cific date in the German agricultural calendar
late frost. areas) approx. 11 – 15 May) Any earlier is not reom-
– antifreeze irrigation mended as the straw prevents thermal heating
– straw should be introduced as late as oft he soil during the cold nichts. This increases
possible, the straw insulates the soil, and the risk of damage caused to the infloresence
therefore the accumulation and overnicht by frost.
release of daytime thermal heath is lost. Approximately 30 – 32 round bales of straw
are need per acre.Straw can also be used as
a frost protection agent in winter, and for de-
layed harvesting (see section frost protection/
early and late harvesting methods).
Diseases International
59
Stock purchased! The following aspects must be taken into account Essentially, it is very understandable in order to
Are all healthy? during every stage of the different tests to be safegard yourself by examining the material to
carried out. be planted. Such examinations can give an
Ever increasing production costs in expensive – how should the sample be taken? early indication of possible problems which
substrate cultivation, together with the respective – what are the risks of contamination etc.? might occur until final evaluation has been car-
costly plant do not allow or forgive mistakes. – how many plants should be tested to ried out.
It is therefore only natural that as a fruit grow- obtain a reliable result? However, the correct interpretation of the test
er, you have a huge interest in proving that your – how should results be evaluated? results is very important. Not every positive
product is healthy. In order to ensure this, more outcome means serious problems can be ex-
and more laboratories are offering multiscreen Test methods are very highly sensitive. Even the pected, and not every negative result means
tests. smallest traces of DNA can show signs of ec- entirely infestation free.
The samples to be analysed are tested by means zemas. Traces of DNA from decomposed or- Regarding this issue, we would like to draw your
of PCR tests. After testing has be carried out on ganic cells can be detected just as clearly as attention to the required soil tests which we have
the sample for several pathogens (diease-caus- possible impurities in the sample. A target-ori- outlined on pages 44 – 45.
ing agents), the results are more or less handed ented evaluation of the specific problem path-
out without comment. This often leads to great ogens coordinated together with an expert can
uncertainty. be much more pratical.
Diseases
The following pages will give you a brief over- According to our experience the following issues We would once again like to emphasise the
view on the most important strawberry diseas- should be taken into consideration at all costs: fact that an extensive cultivation consultation is
es. We have limited our survey and have just – protection of plants against phytophthora essential.
listed symptons, pathogens and preventions. A cactorum (dipping, spraying and autumn
more detailed version on the individual symp- treatment).
toms and their treatment would go well beyond – a spray program against mites to protect
the limits of this brochure. Your cultivation expert long-term ever bearing plants.
is well informed about all current approval – resistance problems in controling batrytis.
procedures and application requirments. – resistance problems in controling mildew.
– adaptation of herbicide techniques on
planted varieties.
Bacteriosis Insects
60
Xanthomonas fragariae Sunburn Drosophila suzukii
Symptoms: Symptoms Symptoms

- transparent when held against the light, - large areas covered with brownish blistery l - egg deposit even on hardy healthy fruit.
especially on the reverse side of the leaf ike water spots. - with the help of a magnifying glass white
angular watery spots can be seen. respiratory traits can be recognized.
- on the reverse side of the leaf a yellowish - developement of larvae on the fruit.
baterial slime appears (highly infectious), and
at a later stage black sport will appear on the - rapid decay and fouling of fruit.
upper side of the leaf, eventually the leaves will
perish and die.
- sepals, inflorescence and shoots are also
contaminated.
Pathogen/bacterial agents Cause Parasites/pests

- bacteria that can survive on dead plant matter - fruit is exposed to direct sunlight - small fly, closely resembles the domestic
for up to two years. fruit fly.
- temperatures above 20C and high humidity - male species with characteristic spots on
levels are theideal conditions for bacteriosis. their wings.
- warm water treatment of young plants helps - due to a special egg depositing device,
spread the virus. healthy fruit can also be infested.
- high reproductive potential
Prevention Prevention Prevention

- only plant healthy plants - plant towards a north-south direction. - hygienic precautions, all rotten or infested fruit
- appropriate hygiene procedures must be - regular irrigation muss be consistently removed from the site, all
carried out especially when working in fallen fruit must also be cleared.
- varieties such as Darselect® and Florence
endangered areas. are particulary endangered. - netting to be placed over the plants.
- spraying of copper - hail protection net work - laying of traps (no longer recommended in
North Rhine Westfalia).
- use of insecticide in open fields from the start
of egg depositing.
Insects/pests
61
Anthonomus rubi Thrips Otiorhychus sulcatus

(Thrips spp., Frankliniella spp.)
Symptoms Symptoms Symptoms

- during flowering you will find snapped-off - shortly before fully ripening, more and more - traces of half circular shaped bite marks on the
buds, which will dry and shrivel up, and will crippled yellowish golden-brown fruit falls off leaves.
eventually fall off. the plant. - withering like symptoms of plants during dry
- the fruit remains hard and does not ripen any weather consitions.
further. - infested plants can easily be pulled out of the
- insects are identifiable in the actual blossom of soil, and white beetle larvae can be found in
the plant as small worms swimming at the root and rhizome area.
bottom of the flower. - the plant is destroyed by the larvae eating
away at the rhizome and roots.
Parasites/pests Parasites/pests Parasites/pests

- a blackish brown beetle, approx. - insects coming from the surrounding fields, - black beetle, 7.5 – 9.5 mm in length
2,0 – 3,50 mm in length (see photo above). especially from fields where wheat crops have - yellowish white larvae with a brown head,
- the beetle hibernates under leaves or straw been growing. approx 12 mm long.
that cover the strawberry plants. It is also - late cultivation plants such as Malwina, which
possible they they fly from one field to another. are used for grown to order or ever bearing
- Immigration risk is particularly high in forest cultivation are highly at risk.
areas.
- the females lay their eggs in the buds of the
strawberry plants, and can destroy up to
30 flower buds.

- in the event of low infestation, a reduction in - constant monitoring of the flowers, and - avoid three-year cultivation
the number of inflorescences still ensures a early treatment of thipse before influx occurs. (three consecutive years).
large-sized fruit. - please take a look at our pamphlet „Thipse” - raspberries should not be cultivated in
- only rich flowering varieties should be for current information on treatment. infested areas.
cultivated in areas close to forests. - combat by using nematodes
- the cultivation of varieties with few
inflorescences e.g. Lambada, Darselect® etc.,
is not recommended.
Insects/pests
62
Red spider mite Strawberry mites Cockchafer

(Tetranychus urticae) (Transonemus pallidus) (Melolontha melolontha)

- light square shaped spots on the upper leaf. - newely sprouted heart-shaped leaves appear - cockchafers eating away at the roots causes
- in the case of infestation, large numbers of to be very much creased and curled up. major damage, signs of wilting and in an
transparent eggs on reverse side of the leaf. - infestication can be easily mistaken for virus extreme case the plant dies.
- in the event of severe infestation, the various diseases or leaf and threadworm. - large damage can also be caused by crows
stages of development from the egg to the mite - early attacks of infestication of individual searching for larvae, plants can dug out on a
are clearly visible in delicate fine webs on the plants, which then spread nest-like. large scale by birds.
reverse side of the leave.
Parasites/pests Parasites/pests Parasites/pests

- the insects are between 0.3 and 0.5 mm in - these mites are almost impossible tospot with - may beetle 25 – 30 mm in length.
length, are yellow in colour, and have two the naked eye (0.2mm in length). - cockchafer lava approx. 45 mm long, white
black spots one on each side of the body. - if between July and September young plants to a dirty white in colour and can be found in
- the female spends the winter months are suspected of having been infested the soil close to the roots of the plant.
hibernating on the plants (orangery-red removed all curled leaves and check carefully - most damage occurs in the two years
female). for disease. after the first flight
- the coloney then expands in spring when - mites spend the hibernation period in the heart
temperatures rise (6 – 8 generations). of the plants, and lay their eggs in the
- transition from egg to adult takes three to four unfolded young leaves.
weeks. Warm and dry weather conditions are - developement phase from egg to mite is
perfect conditions for development. approx. 2 – 3 weeks.

- plants for early harvesting that will spend the - young plants and seedlings must be - no rich natural grasslands should be chosen
winter under foil should be insect free before completely free of all soft-skin mites. for preculture (see wireworms).
doing so. - best treatment period, for August - contourning the soil with milling machines and
- restrain amount of nitrogen fertilization in to September. tools will only eliminate some of the larva.
spring. - the boarderline should be 1 – 2 larvae
- the use of pretatory mites against pirate bugs (20mm) per m².
especially in greenhouses is known to achieve
positive results.
Insects/pests
63
Harmful nematodes Elateridae Snails/slugs

(Pratylenchus longidours sp.) (Gastropoda)

- significant growth depression - in particular after ploughing has taken place - tiny holes and bite marks on ripe fruits.
- increased vulnerability towards other worms and their like can cause serious - slime marks can be found.
soil-based fungi. damage.
- in seasons where wet weather conditions occur
- feeding traces or total destruction of roots due - the cultination of strawberries directly after heavy losses can be reckoned with.
to invesion (of insects). ploughing is not recommended.
- nematodes together with a verticillium

infestation with often result in total destruction
oft he plants.
Parasites/pests Pathogens/bacterial agents Pathogens/bacterial agents

- wild living nematoden auf the pratylenchus - larvae from the click beetle (Elateridae). - various snail varieties.
species.
- several nematoden spieies generally appear
simultaneously.

- before planting begins a nematode sample - can not be controlled. - mowing meadows and grasslands frequently.
should be taken from the land. - avoid contaminated areas. - the location should be chosen in such a way,
- where levels are high a intercropping with that if at all possible, it should not lie adjacent
targetes (marigold) is recommended. to another meadow or field.
- no direct treatment against nematodes exists.
Fungal diseases
64
Grey mould Gnomonia fruit rot Pestalotiopsis longiseta

(Batrytis cinerea) (Gnomonia fructicola)

- first sign of infestation are brown spots which - dark brown uneven spots on the leaves which - 3 – 4 mm size deep brown spots appear on
can be seen on the unripe fruit. eventually blend together. the fruit, subsequently followed by the
- the fruit becomes very soft and a kind of - in severe cases of withering the leaves perish. appearance of a white fungus.
greyish fungus appears. - sepals and stem become brown after - dried and shriveled fruit.
- the fungus is highly contagious, healthy fruit inflorescences takes place. - withering of plant very similar to that of
can be infested as a result of physical - fungus spreads over the unripe fruit, whereas Phythophthora cacorum.
exposure. ripe fruit has a rubbery-like texture and - a brown cork-like tissue between the rhizome.
decays quite quickly.
- infested fruit becomes a fungal film from
which a yellow slime can emerge from.
Pathogens/bacterial agents Pathogens/bacterial agents Parasites/pests

- a fungus that not only attacks the strawberry - a fungus that hibernates on parts of the plant - a fungus parasite that not only can infect the
fruit itself, but virtually all parts of the plant that that are located above the soil. rhizome of the plant, the also the strawberry
have been infested. - infestation take place prior to flowering. fruit itself.
- hibernating on old plant remains. - frequently mistaken for phythoptora spec.
- best climatic conditions for survival, high or callitotrichum.
humidity and temperatures of approx. 20C. - a precice analysis is only possible if samples
are sent to a laboratory for identification.

- prevent use of varieties that are prone. - prevention can be accomplished by spraying - use only healthy plants and seedlings.
- low levels of nitrogen fertilizers. the blossoms. - cultivate hardy non-sensitive varieties.
- early deposit of straw. - after noticable signs of damage have - a normal standard treatment, such as that
appeared there is no chance of an effective used against phythoptora is pointless.
- allow plants to dry sufficiently between cure.
irrigation. - an additional intergrated switch treatment
- remove infested fruit immediatly from the between August and September is highly
harvest. recommended
Fungal diseases
65
Crown rot Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora fragariae

(Phytophthora cactorum)

- brownish discolouring of leaves from the - brown discoloured ripe fruit. - poor budding and stunted growth in spring,
centre of the leaf outwards(not to be mistaken - skin of the fruit has a leather texture. shrivelled-up leaves in autumn.
for verticillium, where the leaves perishes from - older leaves wither up and die.
the outside inwards). - infested ripe fruit is milky white to pale pink
in colour, and the fruit has a bitter taste. - the main root system has no side-roots
- red brown decay to be found amoung the (rats tails), the red centre of the infested
rhizome. rhizome appears healthy.
- during early stages of growth the plants - small amount of fruit and slow growth.
appears to be healthy, it is only after
developement of the disease that signs of
infestation can be seen
- increased outbreak of symptons appear three
to four weeks after planting, and in some
cases shortly after sowing.
Pathogens/bacterial agents Pathogens/bacterial agents Pathogens/bacterial agents

- fungi (bacterial agent) that attacks the plant`s - see phytophthora cactorum. - a soil fungus that atttacks the roots of the.
rhizone, and then disables the transport of plant, and thus prevents the intake of water.
moisture to other parts of the plant. - at least five spicies of fungi are known.
- the fungi occurs by means of persistent - infestation through dieased plants, soil
oospores (spores), the fungi penetrates the cultivation equiptment or permanent spores
plant through little cuts and injuries on the can persist as long as up to 15 years.
rhizome or roots, the developing mycelium
then blockst the water channels of the plant. - compressed waterlogged soil encourages
infestation.
- fungus thrives best when the soil is
waterlogged. - the fungus thrives on temperatures below 10C.
Prevention Prevention Preventation

- when relocating make sure the soil is not - see Phytophthora cactorum. - plant healthy plants, and if possible stay away
waterlogged. from varieties that are known to be sensitive.
- pre-cultivation sure be take into account - note pre-cultivation.
(host plants). - contaminated areas should be avoided for
- check nematodes (LWK tests). at least 15 years.
- spraying of phosophoric acid as a standard - locations know to be waterlogged should
procedure in autumn. also be avoided.
- pre-planting dip-treatment, or a spraying - spraying of phosophoric acid as a standard
procedure eight days after planting. procedure in autumn.
Fungal diseases
66
Black root rot Verticillium wilt Anthracnose

(Verticillium albo atrum, Verticillium dahliae) (Colletrotrichum acutatum)

- as the entire root system is rotten and - particullary on warm days first signs of wilting - young plants are slow in growth.
decayed, plants can be easily extracted from can be seen (in constrast to p. cactorum the - large circular brown spots can be seen on
the soil. outer leaf starts to perish first). unripe and ripe fruit alike (spots eventually
- the black crust, or bark of the root can be very - in cooler weather conditions the plant may turn black).
easily removed from the white central cylinder. often recover, and small heart-shaped leaves - contaminated fruit tissue is dry and firm
- staunted growth. keep their green hue.
- black spots (0.5 – 1.5 mm) also to be seen
- between blossoming and harvesting, the - the disease appears in a „nest-like” form. on the leaves of the plant (can be mistaken
leaves begin to wither and eventually the - plants are compressed and develope poorly. for rhizoctonia).
plants die. - a white fungai spore coating can be seen
- the fruit of diseased plants remains small, in where rotting occurs.
other words premature ripening and dried - the rhizome turns a reddish colour.
fruit before harvesting.
- damage caused during warm weather spells is
clearly evident.

- not just one pathogen, but a number of - a soil fungus with a large range of host - A fungai bacteria which can also be found
disease components. species (see pre-cultivation). among cherries, blueberries and
- various varieties of fungi, nematodes and - the fungus can survive together with blackcurrants.
bacterial agents are at fault. microsclerotia up to 15 years in the soil.
- the damage caused affects the water
channels of the rhizome.
- severe symptoms often occur in combination
with nematodes

- avoid land with poor soil structure - note all pre-cultivation, never plant - use healthy plants.
densification. strawberries after potatoe growth! - fresh plants are always more prone
- choose a multi-crop rotation system. - assessment of soil before planting. compared to frigo plants
- improve the soil by means of adding - hardy insensitive varieties.
organic substances. - before planting make sure all plants and
- always use strong, healthy seedlings seedlings are healthy.
and plants.
Fungal diseases
67
Mycosphaerella fragariae Diplocarpon earliana Sphaerotheca macularis

- small round, brownish crimson spots can be - small uneven brown-red spots, no white centre. - a light thin white coaring appears on the
seen on the leaves (the centre turning grey - in cases of severe infestation leaves, stems and underside of the leaves, which then turn a
to white ). sepals will be attacked. light reddish colour and curl upwards.
- in cases of severe infestation the spots will run - infested fruit appears to be covered with a
- more frequently tob e seen on older leaves. white powder.
- infestation mainly occurs after harvesting.

- hibernation of the fungus on the strawberry - the fungus hibernates with the permanent - fungus that hibernates as mycelium on the
plants. spores on the plant. The fungus then leaves or with permanent spores mainly on
- the infestation occurs through the pores on the penetrates into the plant by means of the the plants.
surface of the leaves (stomata of the leaves). cutical on the surface of the underside of the - thrives and spreads quickly in spring with
leaf. temperatures rising above 10C.
- humid weather conditions with temperatures of
above 20C are most favourable. - temperatures of around 20C are the perfect - optimal weather conditions are temperatures
weather conditions for the fungus to develope. of 20 – 25C and high humidity.
- several spicies of fungi are known.

- stripping and trimming of leaves after - stripping and trimming of leaves after - cultivation of less vunerable varieties.
harvesting harvesting. - provid the necessary ventilation for the plants.
- cultivation of less vulnerable varieties. - cultivation of less vulnerable varieties. - trim the leaves of the plants after harvesting.
- provide and ensure proper ventilation - provide and ensure proper ventilation
(sufficent gaps and spaced-out-rows ect. (sufficent gaps and spaced-out-rows etc. for
for the plants). the plants).
Beneficial organism
68
Beneficial organism
When cultivating in local restricted areas such Parasites/pests Benefical spicies If beneficial insects are to be used, the applica-
as in tunnels or greenhouses, the use of bene- tion of plant protection substances are of course
ficial insects can be quite useful. These benefi- Aphids Aphidius colemani prohibited. However, if levels are critical ex-
cal insects cannot migrate quickly, and it is (plant louse/ Aphidius ervi ceeded the use of chemical agents may be the
possible to establish a positive predator popu- greenfly) Aphidius matricariae only way of saving the cultivation (crop).
lation. Episyrphus balteatus On the chart opposite you can see a list of
Lysiphlebus testaceipes
If you choose to work with beneficial predators parasites where the application of the beneficial
Aphelinus abdominalis
it is important to monitor the diverse species insects method is an option. A clear identifica-
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
very closely in advance. For many pathogens tion of the particulat parasite in question is
Chrysoperia carnea
warning signs can be seen (yellow/blue charts, essential. These beneficial insects are highly
pheromonary pitfalls) and these can help to Spider mites Amblyseius californicus specialised. It is not sufficent just to detect a
quickly identify an infestation. Visual monitoring (thunderfly/ Feltiella acarisuga aphids/louse infestation, the particular species
is also very important and should be carried thunderbugs) Phytoseiulus persimilis must also be identified. This is the only way to
out as accurately and percise as possible.The select the best suitable benificial insect for the
quicker a parasite is tracked down, the greater Thripse Amblyseius barkeri/ particular problem.
the chances of success using benifical insects. Amblyseius cucumeris This topic is a very complex one. The constant
In comparison to using chemical methods, the monitoring and, if necessary the identification
growth of the benificial insect population takes of the various parasites is often very complicat-
time to develope. The parasite popuation (prey) ed and time-consuming.
initally has a certain advantage. As the number
of parasites increase, so does that of the pred- If you are thinking of applying this method of
ators), which are now gaining the upper hand. prevention, please seek advice from an expert.
It is an interdependent system which must be
held in balance.
Druck_MK_2018_Anbau.pdf 1 26.10.18 12:48
Strawberry cultivation and harvesting in Germany
Protected production expands

Strawberry production
Anbauflächen* 2017 inand
ha farmland areasMarktversorgung
in Germany based on
incultivation
1.000 t methods
Production in 1.000 t
Inlandserzeugung 173
10 12
6 805 6 9 6
6 7 14
537 20 23
159 150 135
3.149 117
Einfuhren 116
145 153 151 146 150 143 159 160 129 116 119
118 508 107
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
109
2.903
Openfield/free-range Greenhouses/Tunnels
336
121
971 Erdbeerfläche in 1.000 ha
532 15.6
1.504
14,6 15,1 14,7 13.8
1.550
14,0 1.239
13,3 12,9 12,5 467
2.557 399 963 12.9
731
M
13.0 607
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Y 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Y
Y More strawberries than in the previous year.
Although locations for the cultivation of strawberries in Germany has been constantly reduced over the past several years, more straw-
berries were harvested in 2018 than in the previous year.
Unlike 2017, frost did not occur during the flowering period. Nevertheless, extreme weather conditions also took their toll on the 2018
strawberry season. The inflorescence was extreme, and due to the hot temperatures there was a very little time gap between the har-
vesting of the various free-range cultivation methods. The supply periods of the various growing regions also increase. As a result the
peak season came to an early close. In the middle of June (the peak of the strawberry season) there was a shortage of supply. The high
summer temperatures had not only reduced the yields of the grown to order cultivation, but the harvesting of the ever-bearing varieties
came to a close earlier than usual due to the hot temperature. Although fewer strawberries were imported to Germany in spring 2018,
the early German strawberry struggled with imported fruit for quite some time. This was due to the overlapping of imported strawberries
coming from Spain.
Spain was affected by low pressure weather conditions in March. Which in turn led to a delay in harvesting the Spanish strawberry and
of course a delay in export of the fruit.
Quelle: AMI, Statistisches Bundesamt

Raspberry Plants
70
Raspberries
The cultivation of raspberries increased signif-

icantly within the past years. New varieties an
increasingly intensive cultivation made this cul-
ture not only interesting for direct marketing but
also for the wholesale market.
When looking at the varieties that carry their
fruits in the summer, a change of varieties in
favor of Tulameen and Glen Ample took place
years ago. Now, fall carrying plants are now
undergoing this change of varieties. New vari-
eties such as Kwanza, Kweli and Mapema offer
interesting alternatives to the long-proven vari-
eties like Himbo-Top and Polka.
The high demands of the commerce regarding
the quality of raspberry fruits are increasing.
To follow up on these demands, not only the
choice of varieties, but also the method of pro-
duction is important. Short periods of the cul-
tures, an intensive raspberry culture and the
cultivation of raspberries in substrate cultures
lead to better and more even fruit qualities. This
substrate cultivation usually takes place with
raspberry Long Cane plants.
Regarding the more intensive forms of produc-
tion, also the producers of young plants have
to provide good material of plants. We have
expanded our own production of high-end
raspberry plants to potted fresh plants and Long
Cane plants.
Raspberry Plants
12 Juni Juli August September
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
71
Malling Freya
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Malling Freya
Colour medium red … red

Glen Ample
Comments Earliest summer bearing variety, without thorns,
medium plant height with small distance of internodes,
Tulameen
interesting for direct marketing
Octavia Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Autumn Bliss
Yield
Polka 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
No. 8 12 Juni Juli August September
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Kweli
Malling Freya
Glen Ample
Himbo-Top® 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Glen Ample

Imara
Tulameen
Comments healthy, early season variety, round fruits with big
Kwanza individual berries
Octavia
Autumn Bliss Taste

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Polka
Yield
No. 8 12 Juni Juli August September 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Size
Kweli
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
Malling Freya
– protected variety, head license: Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, Scotland
Himbo-Top®
Glen Ample
Tulameen
Imara 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Tulameen

Kwanza
Octavia
Comments Very appealing, aromatic fruit, variety is prone to
alternation, susceptible to Phytophthora-root rot and
Autumn Bliss
botrytis of the rods and fruits
Polka Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
No. 8
Yield
Kweli 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
Himbo-Top®
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
Provenance: Canada
Imara
Kwanza
Tulameen/Glen Ample:
The standard in wholesale and direct marketing
Tulameen and Glen Ample are the two standard varieties when looking
at the floricanes. High yields and a very good taste feature these varie-
ties. Also, the size of the fruits and the picking rate are convincing. These
berries are suitable for both wholesale- as well as direct marketing.
Both Tulameen and Glen Ample are suitable for long cane production.
Glen Ample
Tulameen
Raspberry Plants
Octavia
72 Autumn Bliss 12 Juni Juli August September
Polka
12 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1Juli3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1August
14Juni 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1September
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Polka
Colour glossy, medium red 73

Malling Freya
Comments very good fruit quality, early primocane No. 8

Glen Ample
Kweli
Tulameen
Taste Himbo-Top®
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Octavia
Shell Life
Imara
Autumn Bliss
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kwanza
Polka
Size 73
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
No. 8
– protected variety, provenance: Poland, Institut Brzezna
Kweli
Himbo-Top
®
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Himbo-Top® 12 Juni Juli August September
Colour attractive, bright, glossy fruit 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Comments Himbo-Top® does not darken after picking, Imara

Malling Freya
very late crop
Kwanza
Glen Ample
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tulameen
Shell Life
Octavia
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Autumn Bliss
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Size
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
Polka
Malling Freya – protected variety, Hauenstein AG, Switzerland
73
No. 8
Glen Ample
Kweli
®
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Kweli
Tulameen
Colour medium red … red, glossy
Comments vigorous growth, lots of young canes, berries separate
Himbo-Top
Octavia
®
easily from the core

Imara
Autumn Bliss
Taste Kwanza
Polka
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life 73
No. 8
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kweli
Size
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
Himbo-Top®
– protected variety, Advanced Berry Breeding, Netherlands
Imara
Kwanza
®
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Kwanza
Colour bright red, glossy

Comments very beautiful in the punnet, cultivation in plastic tunnels
recommended
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
Tulameen
Octavia
Raspberry Plants
Autumn Bliss
Polka
73
Mapema®
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
No. 8
Colour red, glossy

Kweli
Comments very nice in the punnet, interesting novelty for direct
marketing and self-picking
Himbo-Top®
Imara Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Kwanza
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 1 2 3 4 5 6 7g
Mapema is a raspberry variety from the breeding program of Advanced Berry

Breeding. The early beginning of harvest is comparable to the one of Polka. Mapema
Also, the fruit colour is close to the one of Polka. Mapema is slightly dark with
a nice gloss. The big, conically shaped fruits allow for a high picking rate.
Mapema convinces with a good taste. This makes the variety especially inter-
esting for direct marketing.
Mapema is a vigorously growing variety. It is easy to establish this variety on Polka
the field and it features strong rods.
Total: 4.500 g/lfm Total: 3.500 g/lfm

Class 1: 3.150 g/lfm
Class 1: 2.450 g/lfm
Class 2: 1.350 g/lfm Class 2: 1.050 g/lfm
Yield in g, Experiment with 8 – 10 rods per meter/open land

Raspberry Plants
74
Picking Periods – Raspberries 0% 50% 100%

Trial, KRAEGE/Telgte Picked Fruits
June 12 July August September
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Malling Freya
Floricanes
Glen Ample
Tulameen
Polka
Mapema®
Primocanes
Kweli®
Himbo-Top®
Imara
Kwanza®
Malling Freya Glen Ample Tulameen Polka Mapema®

Raspberry Plants
75
October
Taste Durability Yield Size Comments
25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 30
0 – 9 0–9 0–9 Ø g/Fruit
5 4,5 6 – 7 4,5 – 5,5 Very early season variety for direct

marketing
6,5 5,5 6,5 – 7,5 5–6 Main variety for direct marketing and
„pick-your-own“
7 5,5 – 6 6 – 7 5 – 6,5 Main variety for the wholesale market,

very good tastek
6,5 4 5 3,5 – 5 Big fruits, good taste, slightly dark
6,5 4,5 6 5–7 Interesting novelty with very big fruits

and a good taste
5 5,5 – 6 5,5 3,5 – 5 Attractive punnet ware, good taste
5 5,5 – 6 5 5–6 Late season variety with attractive fruits
5 5,5 – 6 5 3,5 – 5 Attractive punnet ware, cultivation area

is southern Europe
5,5 6 5 5–7 Good punnet ware, cultivation

in a tunnel recommended
Kweli® Himbo-Top® Imara Kwanza®

76
Raspberries – Plugplants
Potted raspberry green plants produced by Cultivation Demand of the Plants

Kraege are raspberry plants from propagation
by cuttings. For the production of this type of After carefully preparing the soil, planting can To obtain a good harvest even in the first year
plant, root material is spread out and cuttings start in Mai. So that the rod reaches a good of picking, it is recommended to plant 6 pants
are cut from the young sprouts. These cuttings height in the year of planting, all plants should per meter. This corresponds to the following
are put in multicell plug trays and then rooted. be planted until the mid of June. It is important row distance:
The potted green plants are distributed with that these plants, which are very sensitive, are – 2,5 m = about 24.000 plants/ha
substrate as big as 4 – 6 cm. Among other planted free of frost. Watering overhead ensures – 3,0 m = about 20.000 plants/ha
things, this type of plant serves as starting ma- seed-soil contact. Regular water and nutrient – 3,5 m = about 17.200 plants/ha
terial for the raspberry Long Cane production. supply is significant for the further course of – 4,0 m = about 15.000 plants/ha
Plugplants are also suitable for the establishment development of the culture, to then reach the
of production plants in open fields. aimed length for the rods (180 cm). Drip irri-
gation together with fertilization can guarantee
this.
Distribution of the plants For weed suppression, we recommend spread-
ing foil or Mypex before planting. If a ridge
The distribution of the plants that have been former is available, planting the potted green
ordered follows only after a previous consulta- plants on dams is recommended. The fast warm-
tion. Usually, it takes us a few days to get the ing of the dams encourages the roots to grow
plants ready for dispatch. After receiving the and prevents waterlogging.
plants, you should plant them as soon as pos-
sible. If this is not possible due to bad weather,
the young plants should be unloaded from the The row distance is to be chosen depending on
pallets and then individually put down. Ideally, the mechanical equipment of the company.
this takes place in an area of semi-shade. It Also, a scaffold should be available for the
goes without saying that you control and water growth of the rods. The aim should always be
the young plants regularly. that the rods already reach a length of 180cm
within the year of cultivation. Besides the main
rods, any type of young rods growth should be
removed in the year of cultivation.
Raspberry Plants
77
Framework Fertilization
In any case, the raspberries have to be sup- An investigation of the soil should always pre Towards the fall, it is recommended to switch
ported. This happens by tying the plant with cede the application of fertilization. As already fertilization from nitrogen based to potassium
wire or to a Tonkin cane. Alternatively, the rods mentioned, fertilizing again through drip irri- based. This will promote the hardening of the
can be fastened between two tight strings. It is gation is advised. At the beginning of a new shoots and reduce the sensitivity to frost.
important, that the rods don’t move too much culture, an inspection of the water should be
when it is windy, because otherwise the speed arranged. The results will show, which nutrients In general, it is said, that as long as the rasp-
of the growth of the will be limited. Especially and how many are already in the water and berries are growing, the leaves should be ver-
for slowly growing varieties, such as Glen Ample, which ones you should fertilize. dant green.
this is very important. The pale spacing should The first watering after cultivation should be
be between 4 and 6 meters. Besides the frame- done without fertilization (root growth should
work for stabilizing the rods, a good support be stimulated though „searching for nutrients”).
for the laterals is to be taken care of as well. As soon as the thin roots break through the root
The easiest thing to do here is to attach strings bale and therefore rummage through the soil,
or to use a net. fertilization can be started.
For raspberry production, nitrogen emphasized,
complex fertilizers are recommended. In order
to control the fertilizer, water can be caught
from the installed water irrigation. With a com-
mercial ph- measuring instrument, the water
that has been caught can be controlled. The aim should be that the rods reach a length
Depending on the number of the starting water, of 160 – 180cm in the year of planting.
the salt content on the first rounds of fertilization Watering and fertilization are of crucial impor-
should not be higher than 1,8. The need for tance!
nutrients of the raspberry plant increases the
more the plant grows. Fertilization needs to be
customized according to the needs of the plant.
Deformation of Fruits
Within the last years, deformation of fruits Of course, the quality of the impregnation
regarding raspberries became more no- plays a role here.
ticeable. Raspberry production with short
culture cycles or the cultivation of raspberry In order to get to the bottom of these defor-
long cane plants seem to be especially vul- mations, Kraege Beerenpflanzen supports
nerable regarding this phenomenon. a 3-year long PhD thesis of the University
The cause for these deformations is not of Geisenheim which deals with the topic of
really clarified. One theory says, that myco- mycoplasmas in raspberries.
plasma could be the reason, another theory
says a complex of viruses is to blame. Ge-
netic mutations can also not be ruled out.
Raspberry Plants
78
Management of the Canes* Annual Cultivation
From the year on the plant was planted, young Another problem is, that due to the constant Instead of perennial cultures, raspberries can
canes for the next year have to be raised when harvest, protection strategies of the plant to keep also be cultivated annually. An advantage of
talking about raspberries that carry their fruits healthy young canes can’t be performed (Look this kind of cultivation is, that there is no com-
during the summer. The first growth of young at page 81 for a more detailed statement). petition of grown and young rods anymore.
canes should be removed. The following growths Therefore, some steps in the process, such as
of the canes can be left. It is very important to removing the young rods, can be omitted. Also,
realize when the right time has come to let the negative developments that can occur in aging
canes grow. After all, they should reach a length raspberry plants (diseases, decreasing size or
of 160 – 180cm within the same year. Maybe quality of fruits) can by bypassed in advance.
even more important than the length of the rods, The yield, the size of the fruit and the resulting
is the number of nodes:16 – 20. picking performance are the most crucial factors
After the harvest, the canes should be removed for the success of annual raspberry cultures.
immediately. The new canes should be thinned This can only be achieved if the rods reach a
to the wanted number. The grown canes and sufficient length with nods.
the young canes are constantly in a competition
for nutrients and light.
Royality Statement: Kweli®, Kwanza® und Mapema®
Kweli, Kwanza and Mapema are the three interesting new varieties of The breeder Advanced Berry Breeding goes new ways in regards to
Advanced Berry Breeding in our program. Those are promising autumn licensing. Depending on the purchase quantity, instead of cashing up the
varieties, which are suitable for a twice-as-much-harvest in the fall or license fee one time per plant, once a year every meter per production
spring. All of the three varieties are recommended for tunnel cultivation. facility will be cashed. The cashing up of the license fees will be made
Attractive, big fruits with a good firmness feature these varieties. by Advances Berry Breeding.
Subsequently some excerpts from the license agreement, which has to be completed with Advanced Berry Breeding for these varieties:
1. Royality return, licence fee, payments (e) If growers, who have less than 3.000 plants of the three
varieties, buy more plants and suddenly have more than 3.000,
(a) The production of fruits is subject to the payment of an annual
annual royalty has to be payed for every meter that is planted
royalty, based on every meter of the planted variety
with those varieties.
(b) The royalty rates are listed for every variety on appendix 1
(f) License registration forms and license renewal requests are
(c) Annual license-renewal-fees need to be payed according distributed for completion to the license holder every year.
to appendix 1
(d) An annual royalty or license fee is not due, if growers have less
than 3.000 plants of all of the 3 varieties. In this case, royalties
will be raised for the plants that have been bought.
Royalty Rates*
One-time License Fee*
(For Growers with over 3.000 plants of the 3 varieties)
(For the Production of up to 3 Varieties)
Fee per meter/year
Up to 3.000 Plants Over 3.000 Plants

(For all 3 Varieties) (Within the 3 Varieties)
*Stand 11.2019s
Kwanza®, Kweli® 0,75 € 350,00 € Kwanza®, Kweli® 0,45 €

Mapema® 0,85 € (once) Mapema® 0,50 €
79
Raspberry – Long Cane Plants
Long Canes
Raspberry long cane plants are, as the name In the following year, the long cane plants will The main varieties for a fruit production with
already says, long rods that are occupied with be evacuated from the cold store and cultivat- long cane plants are the summer raspberries
flower buds. Therefore, they are suitable for a ed in a foil tunnel or underneath rain caps. Tulameen and Glen Ample. Usually, 6 rods per
harvest within the year of planting. meter are cultivated. This corresponds to three
There are basically two different types of long Depending on the time of cultivation, harvest plants per meter with 2 rods each.
cane plants: the bare rooted and the potted can start about 65 – 80 days after cultivation. This is a very intensive production process,
plants. The rods of the bare rooted plants are With this kind of 60-day production, raspberry where production usually takes place in a foil
160 – 200cm long and are pulled up in a rasp- production can be extended. A production tunnel or under rain caps. This serves the pro-
berry reproduction bed. Depending on the before and after open land harvest is possible. cess of prematuring the plants and to protect
density of the inventory and light conditions, Generally, this form of cultivation can be com- them from rain.
the length of the internodes and therefore the pared to the one of strawberry Frigo-plants.
differing number or flower buds may vary. The
root growth should be strong and show a lot
of fine hairs on the roots. When looking at a
raspberry production sight you can see that
roots are practically everywhere in the soil, even
between rows. Now it becomes clear that root
growth and therefore the absorption of water
become the weak point of a long cane culture
with bare rooted plants very easily.
Therefore, more and more the potted plants
have come through. Usually, for the production
of this type of plant, two potted green plants
will be cultivated in one container. Throughout
the year of planting, these two plants will be
pulled up on a scaffold. It is aimed for a well
rooted soil in the container with two rods with
the length of about 180 cm. As soon as the
growth is terminated and the plant is in hiber-
nation, they are stored in a cold store with -2
degrees.
80
In order to prevent not only competition between

the young canes and the yield but also the al-
ternation of raspberry inventory, annual rasp-
berry cultivation shows promising results. When
applying this procedure, summer raspberries
are only harvested once. Afterwards, the field
will be cleared and new plants will be planted.
Fall Bearing
– With one harvest/year
In the year of planting, canes will be pulled up.
Depending on the date of planting and the
development, a small harvest might be possible
in that exact year. In the fall/winter all canes
Raspberries – Canes will be cut off close to the soil. In the spring,
new canes will break through the flower buds
Annual Lignified Canes Planting of Canes and will then be harvested in the fall.
Annual lignified canes are canes of about Planting distance in a row is 40 – 50 cm, the Fall Bearing
50 – 60 cm with a sufficient root system. During distance between rows depends on the ma- – With two harvests in the 2. Year
dormancy, the canes are being uprooted and chines that are being used: when grown verti- of Yield
newly planted. The planting takes place in the cally 3 meters and when grown in a V-shape In the year of planting, canes will be pulled up.
fall or early spring. 3,5 meters or more. The plants need to be Depending on the date of planting and the
This type of plant is suitable for a more extensive planted in one row in north-south direction, development, a small harvest might be possible
cultivation of raspberries without dams or bad while the main flower buds should be covered in that exact year. The areas where the canes
watering systems. for 5 cm. Before or while cultivation, the canes have been harvested will afterwards be cut off
should be trimmed back to 20 – 30 cm to pre- underneath the inflorescence. The rod under-
vent an early fructification. Raspberries like a neath the last inflorescence will stay for the
closed inventory, so that multiple short rows winter and can then be harvested in the next
next to each other are cheaper than one long year. Usually, harvest takes place 2 – 3 weeks
rows. Depending on how you make the plants before the summer raspberries. Parallel to this
grow, 8.000 to 12.000 plants should be culti- harvest, young canes can grow. These will be
vated on one hectare. The roots of the plants in the yield in the fall of the same year. Typically,
can not be dry at any circumstance. after the third harvest, cultivation of new plants
If after buying the plants can’t be cultivated right takes place.
away, they have to be carefully wrapped. This type of cultivation of fall raspberries is way
more intensive and usually only takes place in
Breeding and Cutting special facilities. Cultivation in a tunnel or under
Besides picking the right variety, breeding and a watering machine is recommended. Most of
cutting have a big influence on the yield and the times when using this form of cultivation,
health of the plantation. substrate cultivation is applied. First experienc-
es have shown that with new fall varieties and
Summer Bearing these methods of cultivation, higher yields and
During the year of planting, the rod will be a longer harvesting period can be achieved.
pulled up for harvest in the following year.
During the year of yield, parallel to the harvest,
canes will be raised in order to harvest those
in the following year. Here, competition takes
place between the young canes and the yield.
This cycle repeats for multiple year.
Raspberry Plants
81
Floricanes
1st harvest
Growing of the Shoot Growing of the Pruning Pruning

young canes young canes
Spring Autumn
Year of planting Frühjahr 1st year of production Autumn
Primocanes – with one harvest per year
1st harvest Main harvest
Growing of the Shoot Pruning New shoot Pruning

young canes
Spring Year of planting and production Autumn Spring 2nd year of production Autumn
Primocanes – with two harvests in the second year of production
1st harvest 2nd harvest 3rd harvest
Growing of the Pruning Shoot Growing of the young canes

young canes
Pruning
Spring Year of planting and production Autumn Spring 2nd year of production Autumn
Kraege Blackberries
82
Loch Ness
Colour: bright black, cylindrical Fruits
Comments: stingless, early, start of harvest beginning of August,
very sensitive for false Mildew
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Provenance: James Hutton, GB
Loch Tay
Colour big, bright black, firm Fruits
Comments stingless, very early, ripening time 2 – 3 weeks
before Loch Ness, very sensitive for false Mildew
Taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Shell Life
Yield
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Size
ø 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25g
Provenance: James Hutton, GB
Blackberries – Long Cane Plants
There is a trend in direct marketing, to widen

the offered range of berries. Besides strawber-
ries and raspberries, interest is growing for the
blackberry culture in containers.
This works, similarly to the raspberries, very

good as a culture with long canes. Blackberry
long canes are partially grown potted black-
berries, similar to the raspberry long canes,
lifted on a trellis from the producer. During
hibernation, the plants will be wrapped up and The plants will be replanted from the fruit pro- New experiments deal with blackberry canes
frozen. From the next spring on, the long canes ducer into plant containers with about 5 liter „pooled fixation”. At a test center in Köln
will be put back in a trellis to produce fruits. substrate. The distance between the pots should Auweiler they were able to show that it is pos-
5 or more canes are recommended per pot of be 0.60 meters in a row and the distance be- sible to fixate all of the canes in one pot pooled
blackberries. The desired height of the plants tween the rows should be 3 meters. on one Tonkin Cane. This is way less work than
is about 180cm, similar to the raspberries. The individual canes will be tied to a trellis. the time-consuming fixation of the canes to a
The main variety right now is Loch Ness, but trellis. The total yield was a little bit smaller with
other varieties are available if requested. this form of cultivation, but the workload was
decreased enormously. The size of the fruits
stayed the same in both systems
Order Dates
83
Over the last years, the number of varieties as

Strawberries

Raspberry
well as the different possible ways of cultivation
have continually increased. Different types of Order Dates: Order Dates:
plants are needed for the individual production
Strawberry Frigo Plants Bare Rooted canes:
methods. It is not easy to have all the desired
October – January Until August 31th
types of plants available.
➙ Delivery as of January ➙ Delivery in the fall/spring
In order to guarantee that you get the best type
Waiting Bed Plants: Plugplants:

of plant for your production method, you should
Until June 15th Until January 15th
inform us about your plans early enough.
➙ Delivery in the following year ➙ Delivery in May/June
The following order dates enable us to match
Tray Plants: Long Cane Plants:
our production to your demand of plants.
Until June 15th Until April 30th
➙ Delivery in the following year ➙ Delivery in the following year
Fresh Plants:
Until May 15th
➙ Delivery in July/August
Potted fresh Plants:

Until June 15th
➙ for delivery in July/August
Delivery of the Plants
Our reliable logistics sector guarantees a fast in advance. The delivery will then be executed up your plants yourself; a short-term appointment
delivery of the plants to your place. The desired with one-day-service and at reasonable delivery coordination will help to avoid unnecessary
delivery date should be coordinated with us 2 costs. For moderate extra costs, we can also waiting time. Pick-up times are Monday to Friday
– 3 days in advance. The desired date for de- deliver the plants with special refrigerated trucks. with prior arrangement.
livery should be agreed upon with us 2 – 3 days Of course it is always an option for you to pick

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Aprica · Rumba · Lambada · Kimberly · Elianny · Renaissance · Korona · Hansalola · Elsanta · Elegance · Limalexia · Sonsation · Sonata · Asia ·

Stefan Kraege Markus Staden

Stefan Kraege Markus Staden

Kraege International has been a specialist propagator of

We continuously work to maintain and improve the health conditions

Our particular strength is the wide range of varieties we offer. Due

These descriptions are supposed to make you look twice when

Production Production Production Trial Manager Production

Tagetes, Soil Preparation, Fertilization 45

Strawberry Cultivation and Harvest in Germany (AMI) 69

Blackberries Loch Ness, Loch Tay 82

Order Dates, Delivery of the Plants 83

The following steps of propagation now take

Glorielle Glorielle is the first Strawberry out on the

Rendezvous Rendevouz is an early type in the ripening

Dahli With Dahli, Flevo Berry has introduced a

Bravura Bravura is a new variety in the program of

Colour medium red, glossy Glorielle

Comments expert advice for cultivation recommended to Alba

Yield Malling Centenary

Colour medium red, very glossy Clery

Comments attractive early variety with good taste, Dahli

suitable for every way of marketing Rendezvous

Early Season Varieties

Colour medium red, glossy Lambada

Early Season Varieties

Early Season Varieties

Colour medium red, very glossy Rumba

Comments Herbicide-sensitive (Phenmedipharm Products), goodLambada

Colour medium red, glossy Limalexia

Comments very attractive fruit, great for supermarkets, susceptible

for Phytophtora cactorum Sonata

Main Season Varieties

Comments no misshaped fruits, no green tips, suitable for direct Polka

but won’t bring the sameAsia effect as with for example

Colour medium red, glossy Elegance

soil fungus and mildew, sensitive for winter frost Sonsation

Colour red… dark red, glossy Hansalola

In the basket as well as in the punnet, the fruits are 819

The plants are vigorously growing and

Picking Periods – Strawberry 0% 50% 100%

May 23rd June 12th July 14th

Colour medium red, appealingly glossy Sonata

Comments interesting new variety for direct marketing Asia

Colour medium red, glossy Florence

Comments attractive fruit, suitable for supermarkets, direct selling

and pick your own Malwina

Picking Periods – Strawberry 0% 50% 100%

June 4 June 14 July 25

Colour red, glossy

– special crop protection necessary against thrips and

Very important is a special spraying

Picking Periods – Strawberry 0% 50% 100%

June 1st June 14st July 10st

Malwina (straw covering)

May 20 June 14 Picked Fruits

July 14 Taste Shell Life Yield Size Comments 27

5,2 6,2 5 21 – 23 Interesting early variety with a good taste

6 6 5,5 18 – 20 very good taste, interesting early variety

4,6 6,5 8 22 – 24,8 Herbicide-sensitive

5,5 6,5 7 20 suitable for all marketing channels

5 7 5 18 – 20 standard variety in tunnels

4,5 – 5,5 7 6,5 18 – 20 strong early variety for Direct sales

5,4 7 8 23 – 25 tastefull early variety with high yield