The Company

HPC Limited (Formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.), A Govt. of India Enterprise, was incorporated in the year 1975 with an authorised capital of Rs. 2000 million and with an objective to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of hydroelectric power in all aspects. Later on NHPC expanded its objects to include development of power in all its aspects through conventional and non-conventional sources in India and abroad. At present, NHPC is a Mini Ratna Category-I Enterprise of the Govt. of India with an authorised share capital of Rs. 1,50,000 Million . With an investment base of over Rs. 3,87,180 Million Approx. , NHPC is among the TOP TEN companies in the country in terms of investment. Initially, on incorporation, NHPC took over the execution of Salal Stage-I, Bairasiul and Loktak Hydro-electric Projects from Central Hydroelectric Project Construction and Control Board. Since then, it has executed 14 projects with an installed capacity of 5295 MW on ownership basis including projects taken up in joint venture. NHPC has also executed 5 projects with an installed capacity of 89.35 MW on turnkey basis. Two of these projects have been commissioned in neighbouring countries i.e. Nepal and Bhutan. During the financial year 2010-2011 , NHPC Power Stations achieved the highest ever generation of 18604 MU.

GENERATION

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During the period 2010-2011 , NHPC had a sales turnover of 4046.59 crore with a Net Profit of 2166.67 crore.

SALES Vs PROFIT

Presently NHPC is engaged in the construction of 10 projects aggregating to a total installed capacity of 4502 MW. NHPC has added 1970 MW during the 10th Plan period and planned to add 2230 MW during 11th Plan period. 12 projects of 9651 MW are awaiting clearances/Govt. approval for their implementation. Detailed Projects report are being prepared for 7 projects of 2485 MW. Since its inception in 1975, NHPC has grown to become one of the largest organisation in the field of hydro power development in the country. With its present capabilities, NHPC can undertake all activities from concept to commissioning of Hydroelectric Projects.

Profile
Authorised Capital Value of Assets Paid Up Capital Projects Completed Projects Under Construction Projects Awaiting Clearances Rs. 1,50,000 Million Rs. 3,87,180 Million Approx. Rs. 123,010 Million 31.03.2010 14 Nos. (5295 MW) 10 Nos. (4502 MW) 12 Nos. (9651 MW)

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Projects Under Survey and Investigation Stage Joint Venture Projects Projects on Turnkey Basis In 2010-2011 Energy Generated Capacity Index Sales Turnover Net Profit Performance Rating In 2009-2010 Energy Generated Capacity Index Sales Turnover Net Profit Performance Rating In 2008-2009 Net Profit Performance Rating Energy Generated Capacity Index Sales Turnover In 2007-2008 Energy Generated Capacity Index Sales Turnover Net Profit Performance Rating In 2006-2007 Energy Generated Capacity Index Sales Turnover Net Profit Performance Rating

7 Nos. (2485 MW) 7 Nos. (5206 MW) 5 Nos. (89.35 MW)

18604 MU 85.2% 4046.59 crore 2166.67 crore "Excellent"

16960.45 MU 84.1% 42189.0 Million 20905.0 Million "Very Good"

Rs. 10752.2 Million "Very Good" 16689.59 MU 93.61% 26980.6 Million

14813.16 MU 96.12% 23010 Million Rs. 10040.9 Million "Execellent"

13048.76 MU 94.13% 19630 Million 9248 Million "Very Good"

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In 2005-2006 Energy Generated Capacity Index Sales Turnover Net Profit Performance Rating 12567.15 MU 98.15% 17140 Million 7427 Million "Excellent"

1. INTRODUCTION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating electricity on large scale basis is hydropower. The power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropower. Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available in large quantities from rain, rivers, and oceans and this is will be available for unlimited time to come. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator; to boost the power generation capabilities of a dam, the water may be run through a large pipe called a penstock before the turbine. A variant on this simple model uses pumped storage hydroelectricity to produce electricity to match periods of high and low demand, by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine.

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 Illustrative Figure of Hydro Power Plant

1.1 Classification of Hydroelectric Plants

Storage plants
In the case of a conventional hydro plant, a reservoir has to be created on the river to store sufficient rain water, for power generation throughout the year by constructing a dam, which takes care of fluctuations of water supply. These types of plants are sub divided into high head plants, medium head plants, and low head plants.

Pumped storage plants

These are peak load plant where water is pumped up to a higher level during off peak periods to generate peak power during high demand period. The pumping is done by the power generated from the turbinegenerator running a pump-motor set.

Run off river plants

This type of plants generate power with a continuous flow throughout the year with minor seasonal variations. Thus waters are not stored during flood periods. If storage needed is minor, a barrage may be

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build across the river, which raises the water level creating some head for power generation.

2. COMPONENT AND WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

1. Dam
2. Penstock

3. Surge tank 4. Water turbine 5. Main inlet valves 6. Governer 7. Generators 8. Static excitation system 9. Bus duct 10.Transformer
11.GIS (gas insulated switchgear)

12.Pothead yard 13.Switchyard

2.1 DAMS (a) Types of dams

Arch Dam

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Gravity Dam Rock-fill Dam

(b) Classification of Dams

Arch Dam
In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal hydrostatic pressure between vertical cantilever and arch action will depend upon the stiffness of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The normal component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the abutments (either buttress or canyon side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the character of the rock should be carefully inspected.

Type of an Arch Dam

Idukki Dam (Concave Side), India

Gravity Dam

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In a gravity dam, stability is secured by making it of such a size and shape that it will resist overturning, sliding and crushing at the toe. The dam will not overturn provided that the moment around the turning point, caused by the water pressure is smaller than the moment caused by the weight of the dam. This is the case if the resultant force of water pressure and weight falls within the base of the dam. However, in order to prevent tensile stress at the upstream face and excessive compressive stress at the downstream face, the dam cross section is usually designed so that the resultant falls within the middle at all elevations of the cross section (the core). For this type of dam, impervious foundations with high bearing strength are essential.

Type of solid Gravity Dam

Bhakra Nangal Dam, India

Rock-Fill Dam
Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth utilized often contains a large percentage of large particles hence the term rock-fill. The impervious zone may be on the upstream face and made of masonry, concrete, plastic membrane, steel sheet piles, timber or other material. The impervious zone may also be within the embankment in which case it is referred to as a core. In the instances where clay is utilized as the impervious material the dam is referred to as a composite dam. To prevent internal erosion of clay into the rock fill due to seepage forces, the core is separated using a filter. Filters are specifically graded soil designed to prevent the migration of fine grain soil particles. When suitable material is at hand, transportation is minimized leading to cost savings during construction. Rock-fill dams are resistant to damage from earthquakes. However, inadequate quality control during

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construction can lead to poor compaction and sand in the embankment which can lead to liquefaction of the rock-fill during an earthquake. Liquefaction potential can be reduced by keeping susceptible material from being saturated, and by providing adequate compaction during construction.

Type of Rock-fill Dam

Pothundi Dam, India

2.2 PENSTOCK
A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydraulic turbines. It is a term that has been inherited from the technology of wooden watermills. Penstocks are generally made up of steel. Different losses occurs in the penstock including friction losses, bending losses, etc. but friction losses comparatively to other losses are much more higher

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Penstoc ks

Loktak (NHPC) Manipur, India

Governo r

Generat or

Bus Duct

GS U

Switchy ard

Penstock

Turbine

Draft Tube

Tail Race

General Block diagram of a hydropower plant

2.3 SURGE TANK

When we close the nozzle or main inlet valve then the penstock can undergo water hammer. In order to prevent the bursting of penstock under action of water hammer surge tank or surge shaft( close to atmosphere ) is used which is made up of concrete. It is at some height to main inlet valve and converts the increased kinetic energy into potential energy, thus directing the water to some other discharge and preventing the water hammer.

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2.4 WATER TURBINE

A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water. Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean and renewable energy source.

On the basis of direction of striking of water on the runner of turbine, they are classified as :
Axial flow turbine Tangential flow turbine Radial flow turbine Mixed flow turbine

Pelton Wheel

Francis Turbine

Kaplan Turbine

Water

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Impulse Turbine

Reaction Turbine

Pelton

Francis

Kapla n

Flow-Chart Of Water Turbines

a) Impulse turbines
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades which change the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy. Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation. Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines. Impulse turbines are most often used in very high (>300m/984 ft) head applications.

Pelton
The water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. Nozzles direct forceful streams of water against a series of double hemispherical cup shaped buckets mounted around the edge of a wheel. As water flows into the bucket, the direction of the water velocity changes in order to follow the contour of the bucket. When the water-jet contacts the bucket, the water exerts pressure on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a "uturn" and flows out the other side of the bucket at low velocity. In the

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process, the water's momentum is transferred to the turbine. This "impulse" does work on the turbine. For maximum power and efficiency, the turbine system is designed such that the water-jet velocity is twice the velocity of the bucket. A very small percentage of the water's original kinetic energy will still remain in the water; however, this allows the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled, thus allowing the water flow to continue uninterrupted. Often two buckets are mounted side-by-side, thus splitting the water jet in half. This balances the side-load forces on the wheel, and helps to ensure smooth, efficient momentum transfer of the fluid jet to the turbine wheel. MAIN COMPONENTS OF PELTON TURBINE NOZZLE WITH FLOW REGULATING ARRANGEMENT CASING RUNNER WITH DOUBLE HEMISPHERICAL CUP SHAPED BUCKETS BREAKING JET

Pelton

b) Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low (<30m/98 ft) and medium (30-300m/98984 ft) head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both fixed and moving blades. MAIN COMPONENTS OF REACTION TURBINE

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RUNNER SPIRAL CASING GUIDE VANES DRAFT TUBE

Francis
The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. A casement is needed to contain the water flow. The turbine is located between the high pressure water source and the low pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam. The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the runner. This radial flow acts on the runner vanes, causing the runner to spin. The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to allow efficient turbine operation for a range of water flow conditions. As the water moves through the runner its spinning radius decreases, further acting on the runner. Imagine swinging a ball on a string around in a circle. If the string is pulled short, the ball spins faster. This property, in addition to the water's pressure, helps inward flow turbines harness water energy.

Francis

Kaplan
The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. The design combines radial and axial features. The inlet is a

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scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed tangentially, through the wicket gate, and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin. The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy. The turbine does not need to be at the lowest point of water flow, as long as the draft tube remains full of water. A higher turbine location, however, increases the suction that is imparted on the turbine blades by the draft tube. The resulting pressure drop may lead to cavitation. Variable geometry of the wicket gate and turbine blades allow efficient operation for a range of flow conditions. Kaplan turbine efficiencies are typically over 90%, but may be lower in very low head app

Specific speed of turbine

The specific speed of the turbine is the speed of the geometrically similar turbine that would develop 1 BHP under a head of 1 meter.

N= Normal working speed in rpm. P= Output of the turbine in BHP. H= Net head in m Low speed specific turbine Medium specific speed turbine High specific speed turbine

Classification on the basis of specific of turbine: Type of turbine Pelton Type of runner Slow Normal Francis Fast Slow Normal Fast Specific speed 10 to 20 20 to 28 28 to 35 60 to 120 120 to 180 180 to 300

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Kaplan

----------

300 to 1000

2.5 Main inlet Valves:

The inlet valve is placed (connected penstock to the turbine) just before the scroll case in the water conductor system. MIV is used for normal operations & shutdown in case of emergency/ maintenance. These are of the following types:Butterfly Valve (upto200m head) Spherical Valve (More then 200 m head)

2.6 Governor:
Its main functions are: To start & stop the machine To regular the speed (frequency) & discharge (power output) of the machine . Pressure Oil System Equipments: Pressure oil system oil is provided for each turbine for operation of turbine wicket gates/Nozzle/deflector servomotors through governors and control of MIV.

2.7 GENERATOR
A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by using the principle of magnetic induction. This principle is explained as follows:

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 Whenever a conductor is moved within a magnetic field in such a way that the conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux, voltage is generated in the conductor. The AMOUNT of voltage generated depends on: The The The The strength of the magnetic field, angle at which the conductor cuts the magnetic field, speed at which the conductor is moved, length of the conductor within the magnetic field.

The POLARITY of the voltage depends on the direction of the magnetic lines of flux and the direction of movement of the conductor. To determine the direction of current in a given situation, the LEFT-HAND RULE FOR GENERATORS is used. This rule is explained in the following manner. Extend the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of your left hand at right angles to one another. Point your thumb in the direction the conductor is being moved. Point your forefinger in the direction of magnetic flux (from north to south). Your middle finger will then point in the direction of current flow in an external circuit to which the voltage is applied.

Flemings Left Hand Rule

Generators

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DC Generators

AC Genetarors

Synchronous Generators

Induction Generators

Flow-Chart of Electric Generators

a) AC Generator
An elementary ac generator consists of a wire loop placed (Rotor) so that it can be rotated in a stationary magnetic field (Stator). This will produce an induced emf in the loop. Sliding contacts (brushes) connect the loop to an external circuit load in order to pick up or use the induced emf.

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ROTOR & STATOR

The pole pieces (marked N and S) provide the magnetic field. The pole pieces are shaped and positioned as shown to concentrate the magnetic field as close as possible to the wire loop. The loop of wire that rotates through the field is called the ARMATURE. The ends of the armature loop are connected to rings called SLIP RINGS. They rotate with the armature. The brushes, usually made of carbon, with wires attached to them, ride against the rings. The generated voltage appears across these brushes. Synchronous generators of vertical shafts, salient pole type, 50 hz directly coupled to turbine. Generator bearing arrangements would include an automatic high pressure oil injection system which would provide an oil film at the thrust bearings surface to prevent damage during starting and stopping of the unit. A high pressure oil system would be provided for jacking up the rotor for maintainance purposes. The winding of stator/ rotor would be provided with insulation. The line terminals of the generator would be suitable for connection to the isolated phase bus conductors. The neutral side of the generator would be grounded through a resister loaded distribution transformer in order to pond the star point. GENERATORS POWER IS ALWAYS GIVEN IN MVA AND IS OBTAINED BY DIVIDING POWER IN MW BY 0.9 There are 3 types of bearing used for generators based on Lt/ Di ratio and speed of rotor in RPM SUSPENDED BEARING - for Lt/Di greater then 0.35 and for speed of 300 RPM or more SEMI UMBRELLA BEARING - for Lt/Di between 0.35 and 0.25 and for speed between 100 and 300 RPM UMBRELLA BEARING - for Lt/Di less then 0.25 and for speed of 100 RPM or less

2.8 STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

It includes a digital type voltage regulator ,field suppression equipment
and associated accessories. It is also proposed to be equipped with power system stabilizers to damp out dynamic oscillations which are likely to occur as the generating station is connected network by long transmission lines. The voltage

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regulation system would continuously and instantly respond to correct any change in generator voltage and maintain it within prescribed limits over the entire operating range of the generator. The excitation system should be equipped with all type of limiters. The power for excitation system would be obtained through a dry type excitation system.

2.9 BUS DUCT

Each generator would be connected to its step up transformer by means of an air insulated isolated phase bus duct. The isolated bus duct system would incorporate the required number of current and voltage transformers for protection and metering on line and neutral side of the generator. The bus would be provided with suitable lightening arrestors and surge protections.

2.10 TRANSFORMERS
A TRANSFORMER is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The electrical energy is always transferred without a change in frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of voltage and current. Because a transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, it must be used with an input source voltage that varies in amplitude. There are many types of power that fit this description; for ease of explanation and understanding, transformer action will be explained using an ac voltage as the input source. A transformer is a device that transfers energy from one AC system to another. A transformer can accept energy at one voltage and deliver it at another voltage. This permits electrical energy to be generated at relatively low voltages and transmitted at high voltages and low currents, thus reducing line losses, and to be used at safe voltages.

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Transformer outer view

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Transformer inner view

a) Generator Transformer
The generator is connected to this transformer by means of bus ducts. This transformer is used to step up the generating voltage to grid voltage. This transformer has elaborate cooling system consisting of number of oil pumps and cooling fans apart from various accessories.

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b) Unit Auxiliary Transformer

A step-down transformer whose primary winding is energised through tap off bus duct of the generating unit . Used for supplying 415 v, 3-phase supply to unit auxiliary board (UAB), which in turn supply power to various unit auxiliaries in the power house.

c) Station Service Transformers

A step-down transformer (11 KV / 415V) whose primary winding is energised from the 11 KV bus. Station service transformers are used for supplying 415 V, 3- phase supply to station service board (SSB) which in turn supply power to various station auxiliaries of the power house In large stations where more than one unit is operating, the station transformers should have sufficient capacity to start two units at a time in addition to feeding the common auxiliaries. It is also provided with one load tap changer to cater to the fluctuating voltage of the grid.

d) Neutral Grounding Terminal Equipment

All large hydro electric machines have a wye-connected stator winding with the neutral brought out of the machine housing and grounded via a highresistance circuit consisting of the following components :

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A single-phase distribution type transformer connected between the generator neutral and ground. This transformer should preferably be either a dry-type or epoxy resin, cast coil type having a standard, high-voltage rating approximately equal to 1.5 times the maximum machine phase-toground terminal voltage rating. This higher voltage rating is recommended in order to avoid excessive magnetizing inrush current when a ground fault occurs. The secondary is normally rated 240/120 V. A resistor is connected across the secondary terminals of the distribution transformer. This arrangement makes the machine grounding effectively a high-resistance type wide

2.11 GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR

In view of shortage of space at powerhouse site, it is proposed to install a 400kv GIS. The 400kv GIS shall be placed in transformer cavern above the transformers. The switching scheme proposed would incorporate 4ookv double gas arrangements to ensure reliability and flexibility in switching without interruption. The GIS is connected to generator transformer through GIB ducts. GIS would have a no of GIS bays. The GIS bays have circuit breakers, isolators, current transformer, potential transformer, earth switches, surge arrestors, etc.

2.12 POTHEAD YARD

3 no. of outgoing feeders would be provide in the potyard. The outgoing feeders would have CVT, lightening arrestors, wave traps, etc for generating end only

2.13 SWITCHYARD
An electrical switchyard comprises of electrical components including breakers, inductors, transformers, CTs, CVTs, PTs, LAs, etc. The transmission of electrical power takes place through bus bars. The bus bars are junction points capable of carrying huge power. Bus bars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit breaker, inductor, CT, LA, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short circuit / earth faults.

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Illustrative image of a switchyard

Block diagram of a Switchyard

(a) BUS BARS

The choice of bus bar scheme for a substation depends upon the degree of reliability, availability of space and economic justification. The degree of reliability is evaluated by determining continuity of service and possible faults.

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Bus Bars

(b) CIRCUIT BREAKERS

These switches are used for switching off/on during normal conditions and also are current interrupting devices during abnormal conditions (earth faults / short circuits). Basically a circuit breaker is an insulated chamber and comprises a set of fixed & movable contacts. The contacts can be separated by means of an operating mechanism. The separation of current carrying contacts produces an arc. The arc is extinguished by a suitable medium as transformer oil, vacuum, Air, SF6 gas, etc.

SF6 Circuit Breakers

Sulpharhexa flouride gas is used for extinguishing of arc. It is a heavy non- flammable, non-toxic and colorless gas with a high electric strength which is about 2.5 times that of air. Electro negativity is the best property of the gas. The gas pressure is to be maintained around 6 to 7 kg/ cm^2.

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 SF6 Circuit Breaker

(c) ISOLATOR
These are disconnecting switches which can be used for disconnecting a circuit under no current condition. These are generally installed along with the circuit breaker. After opening the isolator, the earthing switch can be closed to discharge the trapped electrical charges to the ground Line isolators are provided with earthing switches whereas bus selection isolators and by pass isolators are not provided with earthing switches. All these isolators can be operated locally as well as remotely.

(d) CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

The current transformers work on the same principle as the power transformers. The primary winding carries the operating current & the secondary winding is used to measure the current component of the circuit. These are used for transforming the current and voltage to a lower value for the purpose of measurement, protection. CT cores are used for metering and protection purposes. The metering core of measuring CT is required to accurately perform its function over the normal range of loads, where as a protective core of the CT has to satisfactorily perform for the protection over a wide range of fault conditions from a fraction of the full load to many times the full load conditions.

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The outdoor CTs are oil immersed type single phase 50 cycles, self cooled. These are sealed to eliminate breathing and to prevent air and moisture from entering into the tank. The C.T. core used for metering and instrumentation

has to be of specific accuracy class.

245 KV Current transformer (e) LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

Lightning arrestors are used to protect the equipment from over voltages caused by lightning. The lightning arrestor fixes the insulation levels of the equipment.

Lightning Arrestors
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1. Insulator 2. Flange with nozzle 3. Seal 4. Safety diaphragm 5. Compression spring 6. Resistor 7. H.V. terminal 8. Earth terminal

Lightning Arrestors (f) POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

These are used for transforming the current and voltage to a lower value for the purpose of measurement, protection.

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 Potential Transformer

3. POWER POTENTIAL STUDY

1. Q: Discharge in cubic meter 2. FRL: Full Reservoir Level in meter 3. MDDL: Minimum Draw down Level in meters 4. TWL: Tail water level in meters 5. Area capacity curve 6. Head losses in water conductor system
7. Turbine efficiency 8. Generator efficiency

STUDIES DONE: Optimization study:

to select the installed capacity To harness the power of river and

Inputs given: FRL : Full reservoir level MDDL: Minimum draw down level TWL : Tail water level = turbine efficiency Losses

CALCULATION OF HEAD

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Design head is the net head at which peak efficiency of turbine is desired .design head determines the basic dimensions of the turbine. Design head is calculated approximately by the following equations:-

In Case of Dams:
For Francis and Kaplan turbines: Average net head=MDDL+ [2/3(FRL-MDDL)]-TWL-Losses For Pelton turbines: Average Net Head=MDDL+ [2/3(FRL-MDDL)]-TCL-Losses Where TCL is the Turbine central line

In case of Barrage:
Average Net Head=Pond Level-TWL-Losses

DESIGN ENERGY CALCULATIONS:

FOR POWER:

P = ..g.q.h

P = power (J/s or watts) = density of water (kg/m) g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s) h = head (m). For still water, this is the difference in height between
the inlet and outlet surfaces. Moving water has an additional component added to account for the kinetic energy of the flow. The total head equals the pressure head plus velocity head.

FOR ENERGY FROM POWER IN MW : FOR 10 DAYS : P(IN MW) * .24 FOR 11 DAYS : P(IN MW) * .264 FOR 8 DAYS : P(IN MW)* .192

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FOR 90% DEPENDABLE YEAR FOR YEAR PER ENERGIES = (N + 1) * .9 where N is a no. in table of per annum energies placed in descending order

4. AUXILIARY SYSTEMS OF HYDROPOWER PLANT (a) Unit Auxiliaries

Oil Pressure Unit
The oil pressure unit (OPU) stores the energy used for automatic speed regulation of the generating set, its automatic control during starting, varying the load (including changeover to operation as synchronous phase modifier), and ordinary or emergency shutdown of the set. The turbine gates are usually operated by a separate OPU. Energy is supplied to the OPU through the oil pressure in an air-oil (pressure) tank, which is continuously maintained by pumps. The pressure tank is filled with air and oil in a certain ratio. The oil is thus pressurized, so that energy is stored in the tank. This pressure permits the operation of the power members of the regulation and control system, such as distributor and runner servomotors, as well as the servo motors actuating the nozzle needle in a Pelton turbine and the idle-discharge outlet, at any time and under all operating conditions.

Braking and Jacking system

Brakes
Brakes are installed on large hydro machines solely for two functions: (a) On normal shut down, to bring the rotor quickly to standstill to reduce wear of the thrust pads after lubrication ceases. (b) In emergency to stop the machine in case of bearing failure or electrical fault that might lead to fire. Brakes are designed for application at 50% of rated speed but practically brakes are set to apply when speed has fallen to 25-30% of the rated value. In emergency, brakes are applied even at higher speeds. The brake application is carried automatically by a programmable control system based on the feedback obtained from the speed sensor. However ,

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emergency braking is done manually.

Jacks
The same brake mechanism (described above), is used for jacking the machine by applying large air pressure at 100-150 Kg/cm2. Jacking has three applications: (a) For removal of the thrust pads. (b) For the initial operation of new thrust pads, to ensure flooding of the bearing surfaces immediately before starting. (c) For starting the machine to create oil film over bearing surface of thrust pads in the absence of hydro static lubrication system.

Centralized Grease Lubrication System (CGL SYSTEM)

To facilitate grease lubrication of every moving part Centralized Grease Lubrication System is provided. This system gives grease to all moving parts, joints & linkage for smooth operation. Automatic centralized system of grease lubrication is meant for the lubrication of rubbing parts of the guide apparatus (Guide vane lower, middle, and upper bushes, regulating ring, servomotors and other). Once it is switched on, it feeds grease to all points. Different feeders are used to distribute the required amount of grease to different lubricating points. The greasing can be done even when the machine is running. The system consists of a grease reservoir, reciprocating motor driven plunger type pump, a change over type distribution valve, a set of dose feeders, pressure relays, etc. All units are interconnected.

Cooling water system

In a hydro station, water is required for the cooling of following units: Generator stator windings: - The heat exchangers, generally of the finned copper tube type, may be attached to the stator frame, but separate exchangers external to the machine are sometimes installed with suitable air ducting formed either in the concrete work or by independent sheet-metal trunking. In all cases the air is circulated by fans on the generator rotor. Thrust & Guide bearings of machines: - Heat exchanges are installed in the outer periphery of the bearing housing filled with bearing oil. Water while passing through these heat exchangers, cools the bearing oil which in turn cools down the bearing temperature. Shaft seals: - Where the shaft emerges from the turbine cover, a suitable sealing arrangement is fitted to prevent water escaping or air entering.The shaft seal is generally rubber gland pressed over the shaft

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sleeve fitted on turbine shaft. In case the shaft gland is too tight pressed or machine at partial or no load, the rubber seal tends to become overheated. In these cases water is fed in shaft seal for cooling to avoid the damage of seal due to high temperature. Transformer cooling: - The oil used in transformers may be cooled in a number of ways. Cooling by water is not always the most economical method but is frequently adopted as an extension of water services required for other purposes. The heat exchangers are then supplied integrally with the transformers, and special care is taken to ensure that the total loss of head through the transformer heat exchangers does not differ greatly from that through the generator heat exchangers, other wise the cooling system will be hydraulically uneconomical. The water for the cooling purpose may be tapped from penstock, tail race or from tube well in open or closed circuit.

(b) Common Auxiliaries

EOT Cranes & Hoists
It is required to install EOT cranes with certain hook capacity (200T may be) and monorail (of 10T) to travel full length of power house. EOT cranes may be used in tandem to handle the rotor. The capacity of EOT cranes has been selected on the basis of preliminary assessment of rotor weight including lifting arrangement

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system

Powerhouse heating, ventilating, and air conditioning are required to maintain temperature and air quality conditions suitable for operating equipment, plant personnel, and visitors. Maintaining required conditions for operating equipment is essential under all weather conditions at the site.

Compressed-Air system

High pressure compressed air system would be installed to meet the

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requirements of governer oil system. For penstock valves, separate high pressure compressed air system for opening would be installed. A low pressure compressed air system would also be installed to meet the requirements of the generator brakes.

Drinking water system

Drinking water system includes the following water supply piping from in-house treatment plant, storage tank or main at building line, hot water supply and water purifier system. Water Supply a) Cold. Cold water from the potable water system is provided to all fixtures of power house. b) Hot. Hot water should be provided to all fixtures except water closets, urinals, drinking fountains, and deluge shower-eyewash.

Elevator

Powerhouses forming a portion of the dam invariably have considerable foot traffic between the intake deck and powerhouse levels, and the vertical distances are considerable. Such powerhouse locations usually justify one or more elevators.

Drainage and dewatering system

A dewatering system would be provided in powerhouse with suitable no. of pump motor sets arranged to dewater passages of the turbine and draft tube for each unit. A separate station drainage system with suitable no of pump units would be provided to drain and pump off miscellaneous inflows and ground water seepage in the powerhouse

Oil handling system

Oil handling system for transformer oil and lubricating oil will be provided with suitable piping , valves, tanks, purifier, etc.

Workshop
A mechanical workshop with machine tools like lathe, drills, welding machine, grinder, milling machine, work benches, etc would be provided to carryout normal repairs of the equipment in each power house

Testing equipments

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A test laboratory will be provided. The lab will be equipped with custom made CTs , KW meters, HV test set, Oil testing test, meggars, relay testing set, rectifiers, etc

Control, monitoring and protection system

It is generally fully automatic type. Metering include measurement of all standard qualities and recorders for constant monitoring of power generated and transmitted. Control would include all necessary devices and schemes required to efficiently control the various systems of the plant, monitor the systems, their operations and identify points of trouble. The automatic control would include unit start/stop, synchronizing, emergency shut down, etc and joint control of the units. All protection, metering, control and plant supervisory systems will be seamlessly integrated

Illumination system
The power plant lightening will comprise interior and exterior lights as appropriate for entire power house, transformer cavern and GIS building, valve house cavern and pothead yard. A separate emergency lightening system fed from the station battery system would be provided for essential locations, example control room , machine hall, exits, etc.

Equipment grounding
Power house, transformer cavern, GIS building, pothead yard and valve house would be provided with separate main grounding grids and these grids will be interconnected. All non current carrying equipment in powerhouse transformer cavern and GIS building, pothead yard will be grounded separately and connected to main grounding grid. Grounding system will be designed to minimize touch and step potential with acceptable safe limits

Bus reactor
A no. of bus reactors of around 80 MVAR are propsed with neutral reactor and are connected to GIS bus through GIB and are placed in transformer cavern.

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 PLCC ( Power line communication equipment )

For purpose of transmission line protection , remote control , data and voice communication, transmission systems would have provision for installation of PLCC equipments. The PLCC equipment would be provided for each line for both sending and receiving ends by transmission utility

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