UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

MQUINAS SNCRONAS MOTOR DE RELUTNCIA VARIVEL

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motores para aplicaes industriais

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Relutncia Varivel (princpio de funcionamento)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Quando uma pea de um material magntico est livre para se mover em um campo magntico, esta peca ser submetida a um forca que age no sentido de produzir um alinhamento (nova posio) que minimize a relutncia do circuito magntico. Em eletroms, a posio de relutncia mnima corresponde a posio de indutncia mxima. O torque criado por este mecanismo chamado de torque de relutncia.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Relutncia Varivel (tipos de motores de relutncia)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Dentre todas as mquinas eltricas, o motor de relutncia possui o rotor mais simples e uma das mais antigas tecnologias de motores eltricos, fruto da inveno de Robert Davidson's datada de 1838. O rotor no usa imas permanentes ou eletroms, mas feito somente com material ferromagntico mole.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Relutncia Varivel (Locomotiva de Robert Davidson, 1938)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Desenho feito pelo prprio Davidson de sua locomotiva.

Entre 1838 1839, Robert Davidson experimentou uma locomotiva eltrica baseada em um motor de relutncia com chaveamento mecnico. Esta locomotiva tinha 5 metros de comprimento e pesava, com baterias, 6 toneladas. Foi atingida uma velocidade de 4 milhas por hora.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Relutncia Varivel (Motor de Robert Davidson, 1938)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Modelo em escala reduzida do motor de Davidson, usado para acionar uma prensa.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Relutncia Varivel (tipos de motores de relutncia)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Muitas variaes do motor de relutncia tem sido desenvolvidas. Os motores de relutncia varivel e relutncia chaveada operam basicamente segundo o mesmo princpio, mas so otimizados para diferentes aplicaes. Ambos so motores sncronos. Motor de Relutncia Chaveada (Switched Reluctance Motor - SRM) O motor de relutncia chaveado foi desenvolvido para aplicao em acionamentos com velocidade varivel de alta potncia, alta eficincia e com ampla faixa de torque. Estes motores requerem uma malha fechada de posio. Motor de Relutncia Varivel (Variable Reluctance Motor - VRM) O motor de relutncia varivel uma evoluo do motor de passo, sendo geralmente projetado para uso em pequenas potencias, controle de posio em malha aberta e controle de velocidade em aplicaes onde a eficincia no uma questo crtica. Motor Sncrono de Relutncia (Synchronous Reluctance Motor) Este motor similar mquina sncrona convencional, com plos salientes no rotor e um estator com plos suaves e distribudos. (por outro lado, as mquinas de relutncia varivel e chaveada possuem salincias em ambos rotor e estator.) Motor de Passo de Relutncia Varivel

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM x Motor de Passo

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

The switched reluctance motor is similar to the step motor except that it has: 1. Fewer poles 2. Larger stepping angle 3. Usually one tooth per pole 4. Higher power output capability

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Passo (princpio de funcionamento)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Passo (princpio de funcionamento)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Passo (princpio de funcionamento)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

Motor de Passo (princpio de funcionamento)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM - Anlise
UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

The torque is proportional to the square of the current, hence the current can be unipolar to produce unidirectional torque. Note that this is quite contrary to the case for ac machines. This unipolar current requirement has a distinct advantage in that only one power switch is required for control of current in a phase winding. Such a feature greatly reduces the number of power switches in the converter and thereby makes the drive economical. The torque constant is given by the slope of the inductance vs. Rotor position characteristic. It is understood that the inductance of a stator winding is a function of both the rotor position and current, thus making it nonlinear. Because of its nonlinear nature, a simple equivalent circuit development for this motor is not possible.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM - Anlise
UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Since the torque is proportional to the square of the current, this machine resembles a dc series motor; hence, it has a good starting torque. A generating action is made possible with unipolar current due to its operation on the negative slope of the inductance profile. The direction of rotation can be reversed by changing the sequence of stator excitation, which is a simple operation. Due to features 1, 4, and 5, this machine is suitable for fourquadrant operation with a converter. Torque and speed control is achieved with converter control.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM - Anlise
UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

This machine requires a controllable converter for its operation and cannot be operated directly from a three-phase line supply. Hence, for constantspeed applications, this motor drive is expensive in comparison to induction and synchronous motors. Because of its dependence on a power converter for its functioning, this motor drive is an inherently variable-speed motor drive system.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM - Anlise
UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

There is very little mutual inductance between machine phase windings in SRM, and for all practical purposes it is considered to be negligible. Since mutual coupling is absent, each phase is electrically independent of other phases. This is a feature unique to this machine only. Due to this feature, note that a short-circuit fault in one phase winding has no effect on other phases. For one thing, it makes possible operation of other healthy phases of the machine and their operation will not be derated, as the voltage requirement is the same before and after the fault. Such independence of machine phases has tremendous consequence in aircraft actuators and generators, actuators used in defense applications, motors used in coolant pumps in nuclear power plants, and traction and electric vehicles, to mention a few applications. In extreme contrast to the operation of SRM under short-circuit fault, consider a permanent magnet synchronous motor with a single-phase, short-circuit fault condition.
Mquinas Sncronas
Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM - Anlise
UFC

Because the current only needs to be unidirectional for all quadrants of operation, unlike in other machines, all power converter configurations for this machine have a switch in series with a machine phase winding facing the dc source voltage. In case of a machine partial-winding fault or switch misfiring, or short circuit, there is a significant delay time in the rise of the current which allows the protection circuit to be activated to isolate the faults. Also, there is no shoot-through failure mode even when the power switch fails. In contrast, all other ac machine drives require the placement of two power switches in series facing the dc source, with the center point connection of the switches connected to one end of the machine phase winding. Such an arrangement for one phase is called a phase leg or the inverter. Only one switch in a phase leg can be on at any time. Failure in another switch leading to a short circuit or misfiring will lead to a short circuit of the dc source. Such a fault is known as a shoot-through fault.
Mquinas Sncronas
Prof. Srgio Daher

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Single-Phase Motor These are the simplest SR motors with fewest connections between machine and electronics. The disadvantages lie in very high torque ripple and inability to start at all angular positions. Maybe attractive for very high speed applications, but starting problems may preclude their use.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM (Detalhe do im para possibilitar a partida)

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Two-Phase Motor Problems of starting compared with single phase machines can be overcome by stepping the air-gap, or providing asymmetry in the rotor poles. This machine may be of interest where the cost of winding connections is important, but again high torque ripple may be detrimental.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Three-Phase Motor Offers simplest solution to starting and torque ripple without resorting to high numbers of phases. Hence has been the most popular topology in its 6/4 form. Alternative 3-phase machines with doubled-up pole numbers can offer a better solution for lower speed applications. But again watch-out for torque ripple especially in the voltage control single-pulse operating mode.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Four-Phase Motor Maybe popular for reducing torque ripple further, but the large number of power devices and connections will probably limit four phase to a limited application field. Five- and six-phase motors can offer better torque ripple reduction compared with four-phase and three-phase.

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

(a) 1 dente por plo; (b) 2 dentes por plo

UFC

SRM - Configuraes de rotor

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

SRM Vibrao e Rudo

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher

UFC

ACIONAMENTOS DE MQUINAS ELTRICAS

(RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVES, em pdf

R. Krishnan)

Mquinas Sncronas

Prof. Srgio Daher