Digital Thermometer Digital Thermometer

A Minor Project Report Submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Prodhyogik Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal Towards Partial Fulfillment for the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering In Electronics & Communication Engineering 2010-2011 Submitted by Pooja Jain & Wahid Qureshi

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. Farukh Hashmi,

Mr. Kincheet Minda , Ms. Chandrika Sisodiya

(Lecturers Of E.C.E. Deptt. )

MANDSAUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

Rewas Dewda Road, Mandsaur MP- 458001 (www.mitmandsaur.org)

MANDSAUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANDSAUR

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project work entitled

DIGITAL THERMOMETER

Has been carried out successfully by

Pooja Jain and Wahid Qureshi

Of Third Year B.E. Electronics & Communication Engineering During the academic year 2011 In partial fulfillment of requirement of
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDHYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)

For the award of Bachelors Degree

Guided By: Mr. Kincheet Minda (Lect. Department of E.C.E.) Project Incharge :Mr. Farukh Hashmi Mr. Kincheet Minda H.O.D.:Mr. Ashish Parikh Deptt. Of E.C.E

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RECOMMENDATION We are pleased to recommend that study on Digital Thermometer Done by our college students Pooja Jain & Wahid Qureshi
(VI th Sem. Electronics & Communication Engineering)

is a excellent approach towards the partial fulfillment Of the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engg. During Session 2011

Guided By :-

Project Incharge:-

Mr. Kincheet Minda (Lect. of Department of E.C.E.)

Mr. Farukh Hashmi Mr. Kincheet Minda Ms. Chandrika Sisodiya (Lect. Of E.C.E. Department)

MANDSAUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

Rewas Dewda Road, Mandsaur MP- 458001 (www.mitmandsaur.org

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Presenting the project report today remains an unparalleled even for us as it recapitulates all our toils and efforts. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge everyone who made it possible for us to achieve something, which appeared like a Herculean task. We acknowledge the guidance and knowledge received from our project guide Mr. Kincheet Minda. His Dedication to project never wavered and the leadership was critical to timely completion of the project. We are also thankful to Mr. Ashish Parikh for their extensive support and cooperation towards the completion of the project. We have no words for our parents for their constant encouragement and blessings. And also want to convey deep regards to all friends who always support us.

Pooja Jain Wahid Qureshi (VI sem. III year) Electronics & Communication Engineering

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DECLARATION
I, Wahid Qureshi of Mandsaur Institute of Technology, Mandsaur, hereby declare that project report entitled Digital Thermometer is the outcome of my own work and contribution. The project work has not been published or submitted before anywhere else which includes thesis of UG / PG etc.

No text (in part or in full) from other published resources has been included in my project work. In case a piece of text has been borrowed from any other source, an appropriate reference has been mentioned in the reference list and the same has been cited at appropriate place in the report. I shall be responsible for answering the complaints (if any) of plagiarism.

Date: Place:

(Signature)

Wahid Qureshi

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Content
Certificatei Certificate (Examinations)...ii Acknowledgment.iii Contentsiv-ix Abstract..x

1. Chapter 1(Introduction)..1-4
1.1 Introduction.2 1.2 Types of Digital Thermometer..3-4 2 Layout of our Project Report...4

2. Chapter 2 (Objective Study)5-23

2.1Hardware Description6 2.2Software Description..6-8 2.3Software & Hardware description for PCB designing..9-12 2.4Components Description..13-23 2.4.1Microcontroller.12-15 2.4.2LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)15 2.4.3Temperature Sensor (LM-35)16-17 2.4.4 ADC0804....18 2.4.5 Capacitor 19 2.4.6Potentiometer..20 2.4.7Resistances..22 2.4.8Crystal Oscillator22
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2.4.9Constructing the +5 Volt Supply...22-23

3. Chapter 3 (Digital Thermometer)..24-25

Technology used..25

4. Chapter 4 (Problems Formulation & Solution Set)...26-32

4.1Block Diagram.27 4.2Circuit Layout..28 4.3Circuit Diagram...29 4.4Working...30 2.5Flow-Chart31 4.6Component List.32

5. Chapter 5 (Simulation & Results).33-37

5.1 Simulation.........34 5.2 Interpretation of Result.........37

6. Chapter 6 (Advantages and Limitations & Applications)..38-42

6.1 Advantages...39 6.2 Limitations39 6.3 Applications..39 Future Scope...40 Conclusion..41 References...42

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List of Tables
S.No. 1. 2.
Project Components for 5volts power supply 32

Title
Major components of the

Page No.
32

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List of Figures
S.No. 1. 2. 3. Title Figure-1.1 Digital thermometer Figure-1.2 Digital Hygro thermometer Figure-1.3 thermometer 4. 5. 6. Figure-1.4 Digital ear thermometer Figure-2.1 Hardware result on LCD 4 6 Digital Page No. 2 3

Clinical 3

Figure-2.2 Block diagram of 8051u- 13 controller

7. 8. 9. 10.

Figure-2.3 Pin diagram of 8051uc Figure-2.4 A basic view of LCD Figure-2.5 Pin configuration of LM-35 Figure-2.6 converter Pin diagram of

15 15 16

A/D 18

11. 12.

Figure-2.7 Ceramic capacitor Figure-2.8 a) Symbol used

19 for 20

potentiometer in(Europe) b) Symbol used for potentiometer in (U.S.) 13. 14. Figure-2.9 Simple resistor Figure-2.10 oscillator 15. Figure-2.11 Circuit diagram for 5volts 22 voltage supply 16. Figure-2.12 Pin configuration of LM- 22 7805 17. 18. Figure-3.1 Digital thermometer 25 Symbol for 21 crystal 21

Figure-4.1 Block diagram of digital 27

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thermometer 19. 20. Figure-4.2 Layout diagram 28

Figure-4.3 Circuit diagram for digital 29 thermometer

21. 22.

Figure-4.4 Whole process diagram

30

Figure-4.5 Flow chart of proposed 31 circuit diagram

23.

Figure-5.1 5volts power supply circuit 34 diagram

24.

Figure-5.2

A/D

converter

used

in 35

proposed circuit 25. Figure-5.3 LCD display showing the 35 result 26. 27. 28. 29. Figure-5.4 Simulation of circuit Figure-5.5 Soldering side of the PCB Figure-5.6 Interpretation of result Figure- Future scope of project a)NOKIA-3110 LCD displays b) Future block diagram of project 36 36 37 40

Abstract:A temperature sensor is a device that gathers data concerning the temperature from a source and converts it to a form that can be understood either by an observer or another device. The temperature is measure by various types of thermometer, in that list we also thankful to the digital
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technology which can be also use for thermometer and we used the digital technique in the thermometer. In this digital thermometer temperature the temperature will display on the LCD in the form of the digital, and the result will shows the temperature in the form of degree Celsius. The accuracy of the digital thermometer is 1degree Celsius. Keywords: - Learning to manipulate a digital Thermometer system-Temperature sensor, ADC0804, LCD, and Microcontroller-8051.

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Chapter-1 Introduction

Chapter-1 Introduction

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In this chapter we have discussed about the introduction of our project which will contain the basic definition given by different people related to this field.

1. Introduction:Digital thermometers are the best example of the advancement of technology in the field of thermometers. Digital thermometers are the new age temperature sensing devices fitted with digital display screens and permanent probes. These thermometers are easily portable. Digital thermometers run with the help of batteries. They have the unique ability of measuring temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit or in both (in certain dual scale digital thermometers).

Figure1.1 A Digital thermometer

Digital thermometers are designed differently for different applications. These thermometers are characterized as being explosion proof, splash proof and watertight, which makes them perfect for use in rough & tough conditions. These thermometers are available with a host of other features like internal timers, data loggers, recordings of minimum and maximum temperature values, self test and diagnostic capabilities, ability to perform math's and other statistical calculations, etc which make these digital thermometers very user friendly. The best known example of a temperature sensor is the mercury-in-glass thermometer. Mercury expands and contracts based on changes in temperature; when these volume changes are quantified, temperature can be measured with a fair degree of accuracy. The outside temperature is the source of the temperature measurements and the position of the mercury in the glass tube is the observable quantification of temperature that can be understood by observers. Typically, mercury-in-glass thermometers are only used for nonscientific purposes because they are not extremely accurate. In some cases, they can be used in high school or college chemistry labs when a very accurate measurement of temperature is not important.

1.2 Types of Digital Thermometer:-

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a) Digital Hygro Thermometer:-Digital hygro thermometers are used to display the room temperature along with the relative humidity. These two data are displayed on the dual LCD display. These are battery operated digital hygro-thermometer. They come with inbuilt temperature and humidity sensors. The digital hygro thermometers are used in chemistry laboratories and other laboratories in schools and research centers.

Figure1.2 Digital Hygro Thermometer

b) Digital Clinical Thermometer:-Digital clinical thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of humans body. The digital thermometer has LCD display for displaying the temperature in either Celsius and/or Fahrenheit scale. There is no risk of mercury poisoning with it. The thermometer beeps when ready to read your temperature and beeps 60 seconds later when finished. They are easy to handle and use.

Figure1.3 Digital Clinical Thermometer

c) Digital Ear Thermometer: - Digital ear thermometers take temperatures rapidly and easily. They provide accurate reading every time, at the touch of a button. To measure the temperature, you just have to insert the tip into your child's ear and the temperature will automatically appear on the display.

Though they are a bit expensive compared to the glass bulb ones yet they are less invasive than other temperature reading methods. They do require a small learning curve when first used.

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Figure1.4 Digital Ear Thermometer

2. Layout of our Project Report: a. Chapter 1: In chapter 1, we have discussed about the introduction of our project. b. Chapter 2: In chapter 2, we have discussed the objective study of our project. First of all we will discuss the hardware (microcontroller, A/D converter 0804 & 0ther hardware components) used in this project & then we describe software (Kiel m vision) used in project. c. Chapter 3: In chapter 3, we have discussed about the technology used for Digital Thermometer. d. Chapter 4: In chapter 4, we have discussed problem formulation & solution, which contains layout of project, block diagram, circuit diagram, working of Digital Thermometer, proposed flow chart & component list. e. Chapter 5: In chapter 5, we have discussed about the simulation & result of the project. f. Chapter 6: In chapter 6, we have discussed the advantages, applications & limitation. Summary -: In this chapter we disabused the introduction and the types of the thermometer. In the next chapter we will discuss the objective of the project.

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Chapter-2 Objective Study

Chapter-2 Objective Study

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In this chapter we have discussed about the hardware, software &component description of our project.

2.1 Hardware Description: - A digital thermometer can be easily made by interfacing a

temperature sensor to the microcontroller AT89C52. The temperature sensor used in the project is LM35. The LM 35 IC generates a 10mV variation to its output voltage for every degree Celsius change in temperature. The Output of the temperature sensor is analog in nature so we need an analog to digital converter for converting the analog input to its equivalent binary output. The ADC 0804 is the analog to digital converter IC used in the project. 0804 is a single channel converter, which converts the analog input up to a range of 5V to an equivalent 8-bit binary output.

Figure2.1 Hardware Result on the LCD

2.2 Software Description: - The software is written in assembly language and compiled using
Kiel C compiler. The source program is converted into hex code by the compiler. Burn this hex code into 8051 microcontroller with the help of the Flash magic software. The source program is well commented and easy to understand. First include the register name defined specifically for 8051 and also declare the variable. Set port 0 as the output.

Programming Codes:-

org 00h
mov p0,#00h
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mov p1,#0ffh mov p2,#00h mov p3,#03h mov sp,#60h lcall delay lcall intlcd

read: mov a,#84h lcall comand mov a,p1 acall conv_disp lcall delay lcall delay lcall delay sjmp read

intlcd:

mov a,#38h acall comand mov a,#0Eh acall comand mov a,#01h acall comand mov a,#06h acall comand mov a,#80h acall comand mov dptr,#show0 lcall dis_

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mov a,#0c0h acall comand mov dptr,#show1 lcall dis_ lcall delay1 lcall delay lcall delay mov a,#01h acall comand acall delay mov a,#81h acall comand acall delay mov dptr,#show01 lcall dis_ mov a,#0c1h acall comand mov dptr,#show11 lcall dis_ lcall delay1 lcall delay lcall delay mov a,#01h acall comand acall delay mov a,#80h acall comand acall delay mov dptr,#show32 lcall dis_

2.3 Software & Hardware description for PCB designing: -The main purpose of printed
circuit is in the routing of electric currents and signal through a thin copper layer that is
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bounded firmly to an insulating base material sometimes called the substrate. This base is manufactured with an integrally bounded layer of thin copper foil, which has to be partly etched or removed to arrive at a pre-designed pattern to suit the circuit connections, or other applications as required. The term printed circuit board is derived from the original method where a printed pattern is used as the mask over wanted areas of copper. The PCB provides an ideal baseboard upon which to assemble and hold firmly most of the small components. From the constructors point of view, the main attraction of using PCB is its role as the mechanical support for small components. There is less need for complicated and time consuming metal work of chassis contraception except perhaps in providing the final enclosure. Most straight forward circuit designs can be easily converted in to printed wiring layer the thought required to carry out the inversion cab footed high light an possible error that would otherwise be missed in conventional point to point wiring .The finished project is usually neater and truly a work of art. Actual size PCB layout for the circuit shown is drawn on the copper board. The board is then immersed in FeCl3 solution for 12 hours. In this process only the exposed copper portion is etched out by the solution. Now the petrol washes out the paint and the copper layout on PCB is rubbed with a smooth sand paper slowly and lightly such that only the oxide layers over the Cu are removed. Now the holes are drilled at the respective places according to component layout as shown in figure. 2.3.1 Layout Design: - When designing the layout one should observe the minimum size (component body length and weight). Before starting to design the layout we need all the required components in hand so that an accurate assessment of space can be made. Other space considerations might also be included from case to case of mounted components over the printed circuit board or to access path of present components. It might be necessary to turn some components around to a different angular position so that terminals are closer to the connections of the components. Positioning the components on the squared paper can check the scale. If any connection crosses, then one can reroute to avoid such condition.
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All common or earth lines should ideally be connected to a common line routed around the perimeter of the layout. This will act as the ground plane. If possible try to route the outer supply line to the ground plane. If possible try to route the other supply lines around the opposite edge of the layout through the centre. The first set is tearing the circuit to eliminate the crossover without altering the circuit detail in any way. Plan the layout looking at the topside to this board. First this should be translated inversely, later for the etching pattern large areas are recommended to maintain good copper adhesion. It is important to bear in mind always that copper track width must be according to the recommended minimum dimensions and allowance must be made for increased width where termination holes are needed. From this aspect, it can become little tricky to negotiate the route to connect small transistors. There are basically two ways of copper interconnection patterns underside the board. The first is the removal of only the amount of copper necessary to isolate the junctions of the components to one another. The second is to make the interconnection pattern looking more like conventional point wiring by routing uniform width of copper from component to component. 2.3.2 Etching Process:-Etching process requires the use of chemicals. Acid resistant dishes and running water supply. Ferric chloride is mostly used solution but other etching materials such as ammonium per sulphate can be used. Nitric acid can be used but in general it is not used due to poisonous fumes. The pattern prepared is glued to the copper surface of the board using a latex type of adhesive that can be cubed after use. The pattern is laid firmly on the copper using a very sharp knife to cut round the pattern carefully to remove the paper corresponding to the required copper pattern areas. Then apply the resistant solution, which can be a kind of ink solution for the purpose of maintaining smooth clean outlines as far as possible. While the board is drying, test all the components. Before going to next stage, check the whole pattern and cross check with the circuit diagram. Check for any free metal on the copper. The etching bath should be in a glass or enamel disc. If using crystal of ferric- chloride these should be thoroughly dissolved in water to the proportion suggested. There should be 0.5 lt. of water for 125 gm of crystal. To prevent particles of copper hindering further etching, agitate the solutions carefully by gently twisting or rocking the tray.

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The board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than is needed to remove just the right amount of copper. In spite of there being a resistive coating there is no protection against etching away through exposed copper edges. This leads to over etching. Have running water ready so that etched board can be removed properly and rinsed. This will halt etching immediately. Drilling is one of those operations that call for great care. For most purposes a 0.5mm drill is used. Drill all holes with this size first those that need to be larger can be easily drilled again with the appropriate larger size. 2.3.3 Component Assembly:-From the greatest variety of electronic components available, which runs into thousands of different types it is often a perplexing task to know which is right for a given job. There could be damage such as hairline crack on PCB. If there are, then they can be repaired by soldering a short link of bare copper wire over the affected part. The most popular method of holding all the items is to bring the wires far apart after they have been inserted in the appropriate holes. This will hold the component in position ready for soldering. Some components will be considerably larger .So it is best to start mounting the smallest first and progressing through to the largest. Before starting, be certain that no further drilling is likely to be necessary because access may be impossible later. Next will probably be the resistor, small signal diodes or other similar size components. Some capacitors are also very small but it would be best to fit these afterwards. When fitting each group of components mark off each one on the circuit as it is fitted so that if we have to leave the job we know where to recommence. Although transistors and integrated circuits are small items there are good reasons for leaving the soldering of these until the last step. The main point is that these components are very sensitive to heat and if subjected to prolonged application of the soldering iron, they could be internally damaged. All the components before mounting are rubbed with sand paper so that oxide layer is removed from the tips. Now they are mounted according to the component layout.

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2.3.4 Soldering:-This is the operation of joining the components with PCB after this operation the circuit will be ready to use to avoid any damage or fault during this operation following care must be taken. 1. A longer duration contact between soldering iron bit & components lead can exceed the temperature rating of device & cause partial or total damage of the device. Hence before soldering we must carefully read the maximum soldering temperature & soldering time for device. 2. The wattage of soldering iron should be selected as minimum as permissible for that soldering place. 3. To protect the devices by leakage current of iron its bit should be earthed properly. 4. We should select the soldering wire with proper ratio of Pb & Tn to provide the suitable melting temperature. 5. Proper amount of good quality flux must be applied on the soldering point to avoid dry soldering. The process flow chart for PCB designing:-

Figure-2.1 (a) the process flow chart for PCB designing

2.4 Components Description: 2.4.1 Micro-controller: -

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A micro-controller can be compared to a small stand-alone computer it is a very powerful device, which is capable of executing a series of pre-programmed tasks and interacting with other hardware devices. Being packed in a tiny integrated circuit (IC) whose size and weight is usually negligible, it is becoming the perfect controller for robots or any machines requiring some kind of intelligent automation. A single microcontroller can be sufficient to control a small mobile robot, an automatic washer machine or a security system. Any microcontroller contains a memory to store the program to be executed, and a number of input/output lines that can be used to interact with other devices, like reading the state of a sensor or controlling a motor. Nowadays, microcontrollers are so cheap and easily available that it is common to use them instead of simple logic circuits like counters for the sole purpose of gaining some design flexibility and saving some space. Some machines and robots will even rely on a multitude of microcontrollers, each one dedicated to a certain task. Most recent microcontrollers are 'In System Programmable', meaning that you can modify the program being executed, without removing the microcontroller from its place. 2.4.1 (a)architecture of 8051 Microcontroller:-The 8051 is the name of a big family of microcontrollers. The device which we are going to use along this tutorial is the89C52 which is a typical 8051 microcontroller manufactured by Atmel. Note that this part doesn't aim to explain the functioning of the different components of an 8051 microcontroller, but rather to give you a general idea of the organization of the chip and the available features, which shall be explained in detail along this tutorial. The block diagram provided by Atmel in their datasheet showing the architecture the 8051 device can seem very complicated, and since we are going to use the C high-level language to program it, a simpler architecture can be represented as the figure2.2.

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Figure2.2 Block Diagram of 8051-Microcontroller

This figure shows the main features and components that the designer can interact with. You can notice that the 89c52 has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of 32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89c52 have 'dual function' meaning that they can be used for two different functions: the first one is to perform input/output operations and the second one is used to implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses, interrupting the execution of the program according to external events, performing serial data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software.

Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8-bit variable called 'register', each bit being connected to a different Input/output pin.
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Today, microcontrollers are an indispensable tool for the robotics hobbyist as well as for the engineer. Starting in this field can be a little difficult, because you usually can't understand how everything works inside that integrated circuit, so you have to study the system gradually, a small part at a time, until you can figure out the whole image and understand how the system works.

Pin Diagram of 8051: -

Figure2.3 pin diagram of 8051

2.4.2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):-A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements.

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Figure2.4 a basic view of LCD

By using the graphic LCD in a project gives it really a good look and flexibility of displaying different characters and shapes. 2.4.3 Temperature Sensor (LM-35): The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of C at room temperature and C over a full -55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a -40 to +110C range (-10 with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

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Figure2.5 the Pin configuration of LM-35

2.4.3 (a)Features of LM-35:1. Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade). 2. Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor. 3. 0.5C accuracy guaranteed (at +25C). 4. Rated for full -55 to +150C range. 5. Suitable for remote applications. 6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming. 7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts. 8. Less than 60 A current drain. 9. Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air. 10. Non-linearity only C typical.
11.Low impedance output, 0.1 Ohm for 1 mA load. 2.4.3 (b) Applications of LM-35: -

1. The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01C of the surface temperature.
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2. This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature. 3. This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature. This is especially true if the circuit may operate at cold temperatures where condensation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes such as Hum seal and epoxy paints or dips are often used to insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connections. These devices are sometimes soldered to a small light-weight heat fin, to decrease the thermal time constant and speed up the response in slowly-moving air. On the other hand, a small thermal mass may be added to the sensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviations in the air temperature than to the surface temperature. 2.4.3(c) Advantages of using temperature sensor LM-35: 1. Has no effect on the medium it measures. 2. Is precisely accurate. 3. Responds instantly (in most cases).
4. Has an easily conditioned output.

2.4.4 ADC0804:- Analog to digital converters finds huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals from analog to digital form. These digital signals are used for further processing by the digital processors. Various sensors like temperature, pressure, force etc. convert the physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature. ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital converter. It is a single channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog signal as input. The digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. The step size can be adjusted by setting the reference voltage at pin9. When this pin is not connected, the default reference voltage is the operating voltage, i.e., Vcc. The step size at 5V is 19.53mV (5V/255), i.e., for every 19.53mV rise in the analog input the output varies by 1 unit. To set a particular voltage level as the reference value, this pin is connected to half the voltage. For example, to set a reference of 4V (Vref), pin9 is connected to 2V (Vref/2), thereby reducing the step size to 15.62mV (4V/255). ADC0804 needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog value to digital value is dependent on this clock source. An external clock can be given at the Clock IN pin. ADC 0804 also
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has an inbuilt clock, which can be used in absence of external clock. A suitable RC circuit is connected between the Clock IN and Clock R pins to use the internal clock. Pin Diagram: -

Figure2.6 Pin diagram of ADC0804

2.4.5 Capacitor: In electronics, a ceramic capacitor is a capacitor constructed of alternating layers of metal and ceramic, with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. The temperature coefficient depends on whether the dielectric is Class 1 or Class 2. A ceramic capacitor (especially the class 2) often has high dissipation factor, high frequency coefficient of dissipation.

Figure2.7 Different types of ceramic capacitors

Three classes of ceramic capacitors are commonly available:Class I capacitors: -Accurate, temperature-compensating capacitors. They are the most stable over voltage, temperature, and to some extent, frequency. They also have the lowest losses. On the other
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hand, they have the lowest volumetric efficiency. A typical class I capacitor will have a temperature coefficient of 30 PPM/C. This will typically be fairly linear with temperature. These also allow for high Q filters-a typical class I capacitor will have a dissipation factor of 0.15%. Very high accuracy (~1%) class I capacitors are available (typical ones will be 5% or 10%). The highest accuracy class 1 capacitors are designated C0G. Class II capacitors:- Better volumetric efficiency, but lower accuracy and stability. A typical class II capacitor may change capacitance by 15% over a 55 C to 85 C temperature range. A typical class II capacitor will have a dissipation factor of 2.5%. It will have average to poor accuracy (from 10% down to +20/-80%). Class III capacitors:-High volumetric efficiency, but poor accuracy and stability. A typical class III capacitor will change capacitance by -22% to +56% over a temperature range of 10 C to 55 C. It will have a dissipation factor of 4%. It will have fairly poor accuracy (commonly, 20%, or +80/20%). These are typically used for decoupling or in other power supply applications.

2.4.6 Potentiometer:A potentiometer (colloquially known as a "pot") is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used (one side and the wiper), it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load (see infinite switch). Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (e.g. volume controls on audio equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly control the brightness of lamps. Symbols: -

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Figure2.8 (a) Symbol used for Potentiometer In(Europe)

Figure2.8 (b) Symbol used for Potentiometer In(U.S.)

2.4.7 Resistances: -A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm's law: The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current through the resistor while the temperature remains the same. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits

.
Figure2.8 Resistor image

2.4.8 Crystal Oscillator: -A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".

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Figure2.9 symbol for crystal oscillator

2.4.9 Constructing the +5 Volt Supply: 2.4.9 (a) Introduction: The +5 volt supply is useful for both analog and digital circuits. DTL, TTL, and CMOS ICs will all analog and digital signals in various ways. More importantly for our purposes, the +5 volt supply will be used as the primary reference for regulating all of the other power supplies the we will build. We can do this very easily if we use operational amplifiers as the controlling elements in the power supply circuits. We'll see how this works after completing the basic +5 volt supply. 2.4.9 (b) Schematic diagram:-

Figure2.8 circuit diagram of 5volts power supply

2.4.9 (c) Voltage regulator IC: -

Figure2.9 Pin out of the 7805 regulator IC.

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1-Unregulated voltage in 2-Ground 3-Regulated voltage out The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This IC contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage instead. The 1000f capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable input voltage to the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage. The two rectifier diodes keep recharging the reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles of the line voltage, and the capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable load in between charging pulses. The 10f capacitor serves to help keep the power supply output voltage constant when load conditions change. The electrolytic capacitor smoothes out any long-term or low frequency variations. 2.4.9 (d) Summary of circuit features:1. Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA. 2. Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot. 3. Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build. 4. Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation 5. Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components. 6. Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply. 7. Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA. 8. Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer cost. Summary: - In this chapter we have discussed hardware, software & components description of our project.
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Chapter-3 Digital Thermometer

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Chapter-3 Digital Thermometer

In this chapter we have discussed about the technology used for Digital Thermometer. Digital thermometer works by each of the configuration linear analog output from the temperature sensor to produce a stable and accurate digital temperature display. Plug-in type inputs connectors are used for the temperature sensor input to provide quick connect and disconnect capability. It gives extremely accurate readings. The temperature indicator use 8051 to digitize and display the output signal in the form of temperature (degree Celsius).

Figure3.1 Digital thermometer

The value is converted to the Fahrenheit scale by employing the Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion formulae in the microcontroller program. Summary: - In this chapter we have discussed about the technology used for Digital Thermometer.

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Chapter-4 Problem Formulation & Solution Set

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Chapter-4 Problems Formulation & Solution Set

In the previous chapter we have discussed about the technology used in project. In this chapter we will discuss the problem formulation and solutions of the Digital Thermometer that has been faced during this project.

Problems formulation:1. In the digital thermometer first problem is occurred that the wired circuitry that make circuit bulky and something less compatible.

2. Direct supply can be damage to the circuit, so the 5volts power supply also needs to construct, which made circuit more costly.

Solutions: 1. In digital thermometer for overcome the wired problem, we can use wireless technique. 2. We can also use the NOKIA-3110 screen for overcome the problem of visibility from a far. 3. For 5 volts supply we can use the small circuit as we discussed in the previous chapter.

4.1 Block Diagram: -

Temp. Sensor

A/D Converter

8051

Output on LCD

Figure4.1 block daigram of the digital thermometer

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In the above block diagram the steps are shown the operation as below:Step-I: -Temperature Sensor Step-II: -A/D Converter Step-III: -Microcontroller-8051 Step-IV:-Output on LCD

4.2Circuit Layout: -

Figure4.2 Layout Diagram

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4.3Circuit Diagram:-

Figure4.3 Circuit Diagram for LCD Thermometer

4.4Working: 1. Temperature sense by the temperature sensor IC LM-35.

2. The output of LM-35 is in analog form and the temperature read by LM-35 may be ranging

between -55C to +150C and an accuracy of 0.5C. 3. The output voltage is 10mV/C. The A/D convertor 0804 converts the output voltage. 4. The output of the A/D converter is fed on the port -o of the Microcontroller. 5. The temperature is displayed on an LCD module. 6. In this example the thermometer has a range of 0C to 40C and a resolution of 0.5C. 7. If we want to have a read out in Fahrenheit we can use the LM34.

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Figur4.4 Whole procedure diagram

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4.5Flow-Chart: -

Start

Temperature sensor

Error

A/D Converter

Microcontroller

LCD

Output

Figure-4.5 Flow chart of Digital thermometer

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4.6Component Lista) Common Components: S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Component Microcontroller-8051 LCD Temperature Sensor LM-35 Crystal Oscillator (11.92MHz) ADC-0804 Potentiometer (1k) LCD connector Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cost 70 130 45 15 40 5 10

b) Components for Power supply for 5volts-: S.No. 1 2 3 4 Components LM-7805 Capacitors (1000uF, 10uF) Rectifier Transformer (9volts A.C.) Quantity 1 1,1 1 1

10 2 15 35

Summary: - In this chapter we have discussed the problems and the solutions of the project we
also discussed the Layout, Block diagram, Flow chart, Circuit diagram and the working of the circuit.

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Chapter-5 Simulation and Result

Chapter-5 Simulation and Results

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In the previous chapter we have discussed about the problem formulation & solution of project. In this chapter we have discussed the simulation & results.

5.1

Simulation: - Digital Thermometer refers to the design and construction of a

microcontroller based Digital Thermometer. The process of Digital Thermometer is simulation in following steps: Step I: - In the step first the power supply of 5volts giving the supply to the circuitry. The 5volts power supply is initially fed on the IC-LM-35, which is the temperature sensor of the circuit.

Figur5.1 Power supply of 5volts

Step II: - In the step second the Temperature sensor IC- LM-35 giving the output in the analog form. The analog output of the circuit is fed on tConverter0804.

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Figur5.2 A/D converter of circuit

Step III: - In the step third the output of the LM-35 is fed on the A/D converter, which converts the analog signals into the digital form of the signal. The output of the ADC and Microcontroller is fed on the LCD through the externally used crystal oscillator of the frequency of 11.92MHz.

Figure5.3 LCD display of the circuit

Step-IV: - In the step IV the output of the 8051 Microcontroller is fed on the LCD screen through the externally used crystal Oscillator of 11.92 MHz.

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Figure-5.4 Step-iv

Finally the contrast of the LCD screen can be controlled by the potentiometer of 1k. The soldering side of the circuit is shown in the figure given below.

Figure5.6 soldering side of the circuit

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5.2

Interpretation of Result:-

The Interpretation of the digital thermometer is shown in the below figure5.7. the first step of the digital thermometer is the power supply of the 5volts.which is fed to the various components of the digital thermometer that are-Microcontroller8051,A/D Converter,LCD and the LM-35 temperature sensor which is the most important part of the circuitary.

Figure5.7-the interpretation of result

The second step of the circuit is the LM-35 which sense the temperature of the enviroment and gives the output in the form of analog. the output of the LM-35 is fed on the A/D converter which converts the anlog outout of the LM-35 in the Digital. The output of the A/D converter is fed on the Microcontroller-8051,which doubled the output of the A/D converter, because of the LM-35 sense the temperature at just half of the enviroment. Finally the output of the circuit is fed on the LCD through the pull-up resistors of the value of 10k.

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Chapter-6 Advantages, Limitations & Applications

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Chapter-6 Advantages and Limitations & Applications

In the previous chapter we have discussed the simulation & result of our project. Now in this chapter, we will discuss the advantages and limitations & applications

6.1 Advantages:1. The accuracy of the circuit is around the 1 degree Celsius. 2. The digital technique is better as compared to analog technique. 3. The Digital thermometer is easy to use.

6.2 Limitations:1. Circuit cost is high as compared the analog or other thermometers such as mercury thermometer. 2. Soldering precaution is must necessary otherwise microcontroller or the other components can be damage. 3. The LM-35 cannot sense the human body. 4. The circuit is wired.

6.3 Applications:1. Digital thermometers have diverse applications, which include the measuring of ambient temperature of laboratories. 2. The digital thermometers are good for measuring quick temperatures in chemistry laboratories, which helps in preparing the ideal environment for conducting reactions. 3. They are used to record temperatures in most foods.

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Future Scope

In the future of the digital thermometer we can use graphic LCD in project gives it will really a good look and flexibility of displaying different characters and shapes. But, the graphic LCDs are quite costly. So on the other hand the NOKIA 3310 LCD provides a really low-cost solution to add a small graphic display in the thermometer. On the NOKIA 3310 LCD we would be see the temperature also more easily.

Figure- The NOKIA 3110 LCD display and spacing between the pins

We can also modify this circuit in the form of digital temperature indicator and temperature controller by using the relay circuit and the transistor at the port 3 of the microcontroller. We would see the future block diagram of the digital thermometer as below:-

Figure-future block diagram of the project

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Conclusion

Temperature measurement is most important measurement in the daily life, in these days there are many types of the thermometers are available in the markets. But all other thermometers are not capable to reading and the displaying the temperature accurately as compared to the digital thermometers. By using the LM-35 we can measure the temperature in the degree Celsius and also here we used the of the temperature sensor with the accuracy of the 1degree Celsius.

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References

[1] ROBERT BOYLESTAD, R. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. 5th ed. Printed

byPrentice-Hall, Inc.
[2] Microcontroller 8051 Microcontroller Kenneth J. Ayala Publishing by West publishing

Company united state of America.

[3] Microcontroller 8051 Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice Gillispie Rolin, D. McKinlay.

Printice [4] Hall Inc. National Cheng-Kung University Taiwan.

[5] <http://www.engineersguarrage.com> [6] Inoue,

S.

Digital

Thermometer,

Intel

Circuit

Gallery.

October

2005.

<http://www.hobby.com>.

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