Snoring, a harsh or rattling noise that is usually produced during deep sleep.

The sound of snoring is produced when air inhaled through the mouth vibrates the soft palate (the tissue in the roof of the mouth near the throat). Hiccup - characteristic sound that occurs when a sudden rush of air into the nasal and oral passages is abruptly cut off. Hiccups are caused by a spasm, or sudden, involuntary contraction, of the diaphragm (the muscular partition separating the chest and abdominal cavities). Normally during breathing the diaphragm contracts and flattens, drawing air into the lungs and then forcing air out as it relaxes. A spasm of the diaphragm causes air to be inhaled suddenly. As the air rushes through the airway on its way to the lungs, the opening into the windpipe, called the glottis, closes abruptly. As a result, the flow of air is halted and the vocal cords close rapidly, producing the characteristic hic sound. Sighing To exhale audibly in a long deep breath, as in weariness or relief. Yawn, a deep, usually involuntary, intake of air that breaks the shallow breathing that often accompanies drowsiness or boredom. During a yawn there is a sudden increase in the heart rate and watering of the eyes, possibly due to pressure on the tear glands as the air is sucked in. As breathing slows, the oxygen level in the lungs drops and carbon dioxide builds up in the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide-sensitive cells in the brain may trigger a yawn as a means of restoring normal breathing and ventilating the lungs, thereby forcing oxygen through blood vessels in the brain. Cough Involves taking a deep breath, closing the glottis, and forcing air upward from the lungs against the closure. Then the glottis is suddenly opened and a blast of air is forced upward from the lower respiratory tract. Sneezing Is much like a cough, but it clears the upper respiratory tract rather than the lower. Is a reflex act that is usually initiated by a mild irritation in the lining of the nasal cavity and, in response, a blast of air is forced up through the glottis. Laughing Involves taking a breath and releasing it in a series of short expirations. Crying Consists of movements similar to laughing. Hiccup Caused by a sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed. Sound of a hiccup is created by air striking the vocal cords. Yawning Thought to aid respiration by providing an occasional deep breath. Believed to be caused by lower than usual oxygenated blood. The principal muscles are the diaphragm, the external intercostal and the internal intercostal muscles. total lung capacity the amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inhalation. Anatomical dead space is the gas in the conducting areas of the respiratory system, such as the mouth and trachea, where air does not come into contact with the alveoli of the lungs. anatomical dead space the airways of the mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. When we inhale, - The External Intercostal Muscles present between the Ribs contract pulling the ribs, by which ribs make an angular movement, expanding the thoracic area. - At the same time, the diaphragm present below the lungs also contract increasing the thoracic area. As the thoracic area increases, the negative pressure between the pleural membranes force the lungs (which are elastic in nature) to expand. As a result, the air through the nasal cavity and bronchus (and bronchioles) gushes inside the lungs filling the alveoli with fresh air. Fresh air (with oxygen) then diffuses into the blood vessels through the alveolar walls. At the same time carbondioxide also diffuses from blood vessels into the alveoli. All this happens within the time period between inhalation and exhalation. When we exhale, - The Diaphragm muscles are relaxed and diaphragm returns to its normal structure. This decreases the thoracic volume. - The Internal Intercostal Muscles contract, making ribs to return back to their normal position. This also decreases the Thoracic volume.

As the thoracic volume decreases, the lungs are forced contracted. By this the air in alveoli are pushed outside through the bronchioles, bronchus and finally out by nasal cavity.