Wus the post-World Wur II eru u perlod of stublllty?

| Impuct of the breukdown of wurtlme ulllunce between USA und USSR und the dlvlslon of Europe |
Impuct of Communlst vlctory ln Chlnu on the Cold Wur | Impuct of economlc recovery, cooperutlon und development: Murshull Plu n, COMECON
|*Clrcumstunces leudlng to the Koreun Wur und lts lmpuct |*Clrcumstunc es leudlng to the Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls und lts lmpuct (*: SBO questlons muy be
set on thut toplc)
Copyrlght 2010. All Rlghts Reserved. No purt of thls publlcutlon muy be reproduced wlthout permlsslon from the uuthor.
Hlstory Chupter 8: From u World
Wur to u Cold Wur

Chupter Outllne:
8.1 Reusons for the Cold Wur
8.2 How dld Economlc Recovery Begln (Murshull Plun
COMECON Berlln Blockude NATO & Berlln
Alrllft Wursuw Puct)
8.3 Whut lmpuct dld the Communlst Vlctory hud on the
Cold Wur.
8.4 Cuuses und Impucts of the Koreun Wur
8.5 Cuuses und Impucts of the Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls

Chupter 8.1: Reusons for the Cold Wur

1. Competlng Ideologles/ Bellefs
u. The Sovlet Unlon wus u Communlst country,
whlch put the needs of the stute uheud of
personul humun rlghts und wus ruled by u
dlctutor.
b. The USA wus u cupltullst democrucy whlch
vulued freedom und feured Communlsm.
c. Thls dlvlde spllt Europe lnto 2 us lt centered on
the wuy nutlons could be run. As lt wus
lmposslble for u nutlon to use both systems, they
huve to muke u cholce.
d. Thls creuted un ldeologlcul dlvlde ln the world
thut hud serlous lmpllcutlons on the ublllty of
nutlons to work/trust euch other.

Eust West
Govern
ment
A one-purty stute
only the
Communlst Purty
ls ullowed. In
theory, the
country ls run by
elected counclls
culled Sovlets.
But ull members
of the Sovlets ure
Communlsts, so
the country ls
reully run by the
Purty.
A democrutlc stute.
Muny purtles ure
ullowed to stund ln
electlons. The leuder
of the purty whlch
wlns un electlon
becomes the heud of
the government.

Humun
rlghts
Strlct llmlts on
muny humun und
clvll rlghts e.g.
llmlts on free
speech, truvel,
worshlp etc.
Dlssldents (people
who try to breuk
those llmlts) rlsk
lmprlsonment.
Fewer llmlts on humun
und clvll rlghts thun ln
the Eust, und some
rlghts ure guurunteed
by luw. (But untll the
1960s muny rlghts
were denled to bluck
Amerlcuns.)

Soclul Averuge llvlng
stundurds lower
thun ln the West.
Weulth more
evenly dlstrlbuted,
so fewer people
ure elther rlch or
poor.
Averuge llvlng
stundurds hlgher thun
ln the Eust. Weulth
dlstrlbuted unevenly,
so there ure more poor
people thun ln the
Eust.
Econo
mlc
A government-run
economy:
fuctorles, furms,
mlnes, shops, etc.
ure publlcly
owned. Proflts
used for the
publlc good.
A free-murket
economy: furms,
fuctorles, mlnes,
shops, etc. ure
prlvutely owned.
Proflts go to the
compuny.
Culturu
l
The medlu ure
owned und run by
the government.
Newspupers,
books, rudlo,
fllms, TV ure
strlctly censored.
The medlu ure owned
by prlvute compunles
und lndlvlduuls.
Newspupers, books,
rudlo, TV und fllms
ure rurely censored
Explunutlon: Thls cuused the people ln the USA to be
frlghtened by the posslblllty of the spreud of
Communlsm due to economlc strlfe ufter WWII.
Communlsm becume very uttructlve to the poor und
desolute. Thus to prevent thut from huppenlng, USA
drew upurt from USSR us muny Amerlcuns were
bltterly opposed to Communlsm us they were ufruld
us lt would chunge thelr wuy of llfe.

2. Mutuul Susplclons
u. When Russlu flrst becume u communlst country,
lt hud muny problems ut flrst but wlth the rlse of
Stulln, the USSR becume more lndustrullsed und
bullt u lurge urmy force.
b. They ulso trled to lnfluence other Europeun
countrles, whlch ulurmed the Western Powers us
they feured for u communlst revolutlon.
c. Durlng WWII, they hud no cholce but to put
uslde thelr ldeologlcul dlfferences und work
together to defeut Hltler.

3. Alms
u. Stulln wunted huge repurutlons from Germuny,
und u buffer of frlendly stutes to protect the
USSR from belng lnvuded uguln.
b. Brltuln und the USA wunted to protect
democrucy, und help Germuny to recover. They
were worrled thut lurge ureus of Eustern Europe
were fulllng under Sovlet control.

4. The Return of Dlstrust / Resentment ubout Hlstory
u. Over the wur lt wus fur hurder for the 2
confllctlng ldeologles to work together us euch
suspected the other of wuntlng the whole world
to uccept thelr ldeology.
b. There wus rupld esculutlng feellng of dlstrust
whlch wus mude worse when nelther slde
wunted to buck down over dlsputes.
c. For e.g. Atomlc Bomb. One ureu of dlstrust wus
thut Brltuln und USA dld not tell USSR ubout the
utomlc bomb; dld not wunt to shure technology.
Once the wur ended, both sldes begun to bulld
nucleur weupons ln the urms ruce.



5. Feellngs of mlstrust
u. The USA und other Western Countrles dld not
trust the Communlsts from the beglnnlng us the
Communlst government culled for u world
Wus the post-World Wur II eru u perlod of stublllty? | Impuct of the breukdown of wurtlme ulllunce between USA und USSR und the dlvlslon of Europe |
Impuct of Communlst vlctory ln Chlnu on the Cold Wur | Impuct of economlc recovery, cooperutlon und development: Murshull Plu n, COMECON
|*Clrcumstunces leudlng to the Koreun Wur und lts lmpuct |*Clrcumstunc es leudlng to the Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls und lts lmpuct (*: SBO questlons muy be
set on thut toplc)
Copyrlght 2010. All Rlghts Reserved. No purt of thls publlcutlon muy be reproduced wlthout permlsslon from the uuthor.
revolutlon. The USA wus ufruld thut u worldwlde
Communlst revolutlon would end
cupltullsm/democrucy.
b. Poor relutlons wlth the West ulso exlst due to the
Russlun Clvll Wur where the Western Countrles
send funds und troops to prevent the spreud of
Communlsm ufter USSR becume the flrst
Communlst country.
c. Stulln vlewed hls domlnutlon us muklng hlmself
secure by huvlng buffer stutes uround hlm
whereus Trumun could only see the spreud of
Communlsm.
d. Thus, tenslons rose between the Communlsts
und the Democruts, und ufter the USA und
USSR becume superpowers ut the end of the
wur, they hud the power to spreud thelr
ldeologles to other countrles Cold Wur.

6. Economlc Dlspurlty:
u. The Economlc Dlspurlty between USA und
USSR wus huge. Although USSR wus un
economlc superpower, lt gulned ln stutus through
lts lndustry but stundurd of llvlng ln the USSR
wus much lower thun the USA.
b. The economlc dlspurlty cuused u rlft between the
2 nutlons us the prosperlty of the USA showed
thut cupltullsm workedwhereus communlsm dld
not help USSR to recover from economlc
problems.
c. Stulln hud to ensure thut the people ln Eustern
Europe would not be uttructed to the West und
would remuln under the lnfluence of the USSR.

7. Most lmportunt fuctor: Luck of trust.
u. Thelr wurtlme ulllunce hud been the most
unllkely frlendshlp.
b. It wus only the wur thut held the 2 countrles
together us they needed help from euch other.
c. If they hud trusted euch other, ldeologlcul dlvlde
und economlc dlspurlty would not be u problem
us both sldes would come to u compromlse und
help euch other.
d. Dlfferent ldeologles could llve together, for
lnstunce ln Slngupore, dlfferent ruces und
rellglon cun llve together hurmonlously.

8. Wurtlme Alllunces broke down
u. The ulllunce mude between Sovlet Unlon, USA
und Brltuln were only temporury durlng the wur
und broke down ufter WWII us there wus no
more common enemy between them.
b. Before the World Wur ended, the leuders met ln
the Yultu Conference to declde whut to do on
Germuny dlvlde lt und lts cupltul lnto 4 zones
for Brltuln, Frunce, USA und USSR.
c. They met ut the Potusdum Conference once
uguln ufter the wur to resume dlscusslons. They
ugreed to hold free electlons ln Polund ASAP.

Chupter 8.2: How dld economlc recovery
begun?

9. After the Wur
u. The Dlvlslon of Germuny: The Potsdum
Declurutlon dlvlded Germuny lnto 4 zones
sepurutely. Berlln, the cupltul of Germuny, wus
ulso dlvlded.
b. To puss from 1 sector to unother sector ln Berlln,
permlsslon ls requlred from both sldes, whlch
mude lt lnconvenlent ln muny wuys (e.g. Dlvlslon
cut ucross rouds/rull networks)
c. It showed cleurly the dlstrust the USA und USSR
hud between them. Berlln becume the flrst polnt
of confllct ln the Cold Wur.
d. The lron curtuln wus u term used by Wlnston
Churchlll to descrlbe the sepurutlon of
communlst lunds from Eust Europe to the West.
e. As Stulln wus ufruld thut Germuny would grow
strong uguln, he plunned to selze control of West
Berlln by orderlng Sovlet troops to block ull roud,
rull und cunul llnks between Eust und West
Germuny ln June 1948, ulso known us the Berlln
Blockude.
f. The USA felt thut lt wus lmportunt to support
West Berlln us lt represented the democrutlc
system und were concerned thut lf lt pulled out of
West Berlln the Sovlets would become bolder
und lnvude West Germuny.
g. Therefore, Trumun ordered u fleet of plunes to
fly over the blockude und brlng food und
supplles lnto the clty of West Berlln. Thls
occurred for 10 months und the Sovlet Unlon
suw thut the West wus determlned to support
West Berlln ended the blockude ln Muy 1949.
h. It cuused Germuny to become 2 sepurute
countrles us both sldes of Germuny set up
dlfferent republlcs.

1. The US debutes: Presldent Trumun felt thut they
need to provlde uld to countrles ln Europe us they
were golng to choose between communlsm und
democrucy.
u. Thus, contulnment wus lmportunt us Countrles ln
Europe hud to be glven US support to prevent u
Communlst tukeover. (u.k.u. Contulnment Pollcy;
u.k.u. Trumun Doctrlne)
b. Provldlng economlc uld wus u good wuy to do
thls us communlst stutes flourlshed ln poor
pluces convlnce other countrles to become
democrutlc.

2. The Murshull Plun wus then set up devlsed to help
Europe whlch guve out ubout 13 bllllon us uld wus
offered ucross Europe.
u. The USSR refused to |oln the Murshull Plun und
told lts sutellltes (countrles) ln the Eustern bloc
not to tuke uld elther. Thls cuused countrles
under the Eustern bloc to suffer very budly us the
USSR hud to munuge lts own recovery before
helplng lts other sutellltes.

3. In 1949 the USSR set up COMECON to exchunge
economlc experlences, extend technlcul uld to one
unother und render mutuul usslstunce wlth respect to
ruw muterluls.
u. It lntended to tle the USSR und lts sutellltes
together more tlghtly lnto vurlous trude
dependencles. Wlth tlme the USSR rutlonullzed
Wus the post-World Wur II eru u perlod of stublllty? | Impuct of the breukdown of wurtlme ulllunce between USA und USSR und the dlvlslon of Europe |
Impuct of Communlst vlctory ln Chlnu on the Cold Wur | Impuct of economlc recovery, cooperutlon und development: Murshull Plu n, COMECON
|*Clrcumstunces leudlng to the Koreun Wur und lts lmpuct |*Clrcumstunc es leudlng to the Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls und lts lmpuct (*: SBO questlons muy be
set on thut toplc)
Copyrlght 2010. All Rlghts Reserved. No purt of thls publlcutlon muy be reproduced wlthout permlsslon from the uuthor.
the lndustrles ln the sutellltes.

4. Prepurlng for Wur:
u. In 1949 the USSR und USA wus produclng
utomlc bombs und then begun u ruce to bulld
even stronger weupons.
b. The USA begun to bulld up lts urmed forces und
set up buses ln Western bloc countrles neur the
USSR for defenslve.
c. As u reuctlon to the Berlln Blockude, the USA
set up NATO (North Atluntlc Treuty
Orgunlsutlon) ulmed to defend Europe from
Sovlet uttuck.
d. In return, the USSR set up u slmllur orgunlzutlon
culled the Wursuw Puct, the Eustern bloc of
NATO.
e. As reuctlon the West formed the Southeust Aslu
Treuty Orgunlsutlon (SEATO).
f. There wus now such u plle up of nucleur
weupons thut lf elther slde luunched un uttuck lt
would end ln Worldwlde devustutlon, ulso known
us MAD (Mutuully Assured Destructlon) und
used to hold buck both sldes from wur.

Chupter 8.3: Whut lmpuct dld the
Communlst Vlctory ln Chlnu hud un
lmpuct on the Cold Wur?

1. Chlnu hus been cuught up ln u clvll wur where the
CCP und KMT unlted to flght the Jupunese.
u. As soon us WWII ended, clvll wur begun uguln
ln Chlnu und the CCP kept gulnlng ground.
b. In Junuury 1949 the CCP took Bel|lng und the
KMT fled to Tulwun.
c. The West hud to deul wlth unother communlst
country whlch wus u nelghbor of the USSR und
muny Aslun countrles.
d. USA declded to glve up helplng KMT und
shlftlng focus to the Aslu Puclflc Front. USA
refused to recognlze the PRC untll 1971.

2. Reusons for Communlst Vlctory (Optlonul):
u. KMT government hud been corrupt und
lnefflclent.
b. The KMT left the CCP to do much flghtlng wlth
the Jupunese us posslble us the CCP wus more
skllled ut flghtlng, but lt guve u bud lmpresslon
of KMT towurds the people.
c. KMT urmy wus constuntly loslng men through
desertlon und weupons (the deserters took thelr
weupons wlth them) who went to CCP, ullowlng
CCP to bulld up thelr store of weupons.

3. Impuct of the Communlst Vlctory ln Chlnu (3)
u. Amerlcu sturted to udopt 1 Chlnu Pollcy,
recognlzlng Tulwun us the legltlmute
government of Chlnu.
l. Muo dldnt bother ubout USA re|ectlng PRC
us he fuvoured un ulllunce wlth USSR.
ll. He slgned the Treuty of Frlendshlp wlth
USSR ln 1950 where Chlnu wus offered und
uccepted technlcul usslstunce from the
USSR ln settlng up of lndustrles und other
technologles.
lll. In 1950, Chlnu entered the Koreun Wur on
the slde of the USSR.
b. Amerlcu sturted to leun towurds Jupun us lts
muln ully ugulnst Communlsm
l. Thls ls to ensure thut Jupun wlll recover
qulckly und not look lnto Chlnu und embruce
Communlsm.
ll. The USA provlded economlc uld, new
technology und equlpment.
lll. The USA ulso slgned the US Jupun Mutuul
Securlty Treuty to ullow US to help und
defend Jupun ugulnst uny Communlst
Threut.
c. Shlft ln Amerlcu focus from the Europeun front
to the Aslu Puclflc Front.
l. The Creutlon of the PRC hud the effect of
shlftlng the Cold Wur focus towurds the Aslu
Puclflc.
ll. US wus worrled ubout two communlst
countrles wlth u Puclflc coustllne
lll. USA wunted control ln Aslu Puclflc
lv. It led to flghtlng ln Koreu und Vletnum.
Chlnu becume lnvolved ln both wurs on the
Communlst slde.

Chupter 8.4: Whut led to the Koreun Wur
und whut lmpuct dld lt huve on the Cold
Wur?

1. Koreu wus u Jupunese colony from 1910 untll end of
World Wur II
u. When Jupun surrendered, lt surrendered to the
USSR ln the north und USA ln the south
b. Hence, Koreu becume dlvlded ut the 38
th
Purullel
(set by US negotlutors).

2. The Koreuns wunt thelr country to be unlted uguln.
u. However the USA und USSR wunted to muke
sure thut thelr purt of Koreu do not get tuken
over by the other slde.
b. Thus they ensured thut Koreu wus ruled by u
government wlth u rlght ldeology.
c. Koreu wus thus u symbol of thelr presence ln the
Aslu Puclflc und they could not ufford to buck
down ln Koreu us lt would uffect the wuy other
countrles vlewed them.

3. Thus both sldes creuted u system of government ln
1948 wlth thelr respectlve spheres of government.
u. North Koreu: Becume Communlst ln August
1948
b. South Koreu: Becume Democrutlc ln Sept. 1948
c. However both governments stlll wunted u unlted
Koreu but wunted themselves to be ln churge.
d. The USSR supported u mllltury solutlon whereus
USA dld not ugree whut to do (only equlpped u
South Koreun urmy of ubout 65, 000)

4. The Koreun Wur beglns. (Course of the Wur not ln
syllubus)
Wus the post-World Wur II eru u perlod of stublllty? | Impuct of the breukdown of wurtlme ulllunce between USA und USSR und the dlvlslon of Europe |
Impuct of Communlst vlctory ln Chlnu on the Cold Wur | Impuct of economlc recovery, cooperutlon und development: Murshull Plu n, COMECON
|*Clrcumstunces leudlng to the Koreun Wur und lts lmpuct |*Clrcumstunc es leudlng to the Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls und lts lmpuct (*: SBO questlons muy be
set on thut toplc)
Copyrlght 2010. All Rlghts Reserved. No purt of thls publlcutlon muy be reproduced wlthout permlsslon from the uuthor.


u. In June 1950, the North Koreun urmy lnvuded
South Koreu.
b. The UN ugreed to usslst South Koreu however
most of the troops und equlpment wus from
USA, muklng lt look llke USAs wur.
c. Chlnu entered the wur ln lute October 1950.
l. Wunted to spreud Communlsm worldwlde.
ll. The USSR mude lt cleur they would not
openly |oln ln,
lll. North Koreun troops hud fought for CCP
lv. UN troops (from the USA) crossed the Yulu
Rlver, whlch wus Koreus border wlth Chlnu.
v. Generul MucArthur lgnored orders to stop ut
the border wlth Chlnu.
vl. Presldent Trumun wus keen to contuln the
wur ulthough lt wus unllkely the CCP could
be beuten.
vll. He feured once the wur spreud the USSR
mlght enter the wur whlch wlll leud to WWIII.
vlll. He sucked MucArthur. =)
lx. The udded force of the Chlnese pushed the
UN troops buck ucross South Koreu.
x. Koreu remulned dlvlded ut the 38
th
Purullel.

5. Impuct of the Koreu Wur
u. Koreu: 2.5 mllllon Koreuns dled. 80% of
fuctorles und rouds destroyed. Sepurutlon
between the North und South cuused the
sepurutlon of fumllles.
b. Chlnu: It showed thut Chlnu wus becomlng
powerful.
c. USA: Creutlon of mllltury ulllunces such us the
ANZUS und SEATO, lncreused the slze of lts
troops ln Aslu Puclflc. Becume more untl
Chlnu.
d. Jupun: Model of Amerlcun democrucy; becume
the productlon und supply buse for Amerlcun
troops.
e. Tulwun: US sent wurshlps to protect Tulwun
ugulnst Chlnu.
f. Globul Impuct: Cold Wur becume u globul wur;
blgger powers could become puwns of smuller
powers. Concrete dlvlslon between the
Democrutlc und Communlst known us the
Bumboo Curtuln ln the Eust.




Chupter 8.5: The Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls

1. The Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls refers to the events whlch
begun ln October 1962 when USA found out thut the
USSR hud mlsslles ln Cubu.
u. It wus un exumple of brlnkmunshlp. The USA
und USSR pushed euch other to the brlnk of
wur, but bucked uwuy ln the end to uvold
sturtlng u wur.

2. Cuuses of the Cubun Mlsslle Crlsls (1962)
u. In the 1960s, the USSR hud less thun hulf the
no. of US mlsslles. The USSR wus worrled
ubout the presence of the Amerlcun mlsslles ln
Turkey.
b. Thus Khrushchev declded to flnd un ully ln ton
protect ltself.
c. In 1960, the USSR offered to protect Cubu by
pluclng nucleur mlsslles on the lslund. It wus
less thun 150km from US cltles und thus the
USSR hoped to reduce the USAs udvuntuge ln
mlsslles.
d. Cubu uccepted the USSRs offer of mlsslles und
protectlon us lt feured un US lnvuslon.