Note: I just wanted to try making an insert name notes.

Wow, embryo pa talaga I know I kind of spoofed it but I dont mean to disrespect. The original ones are great! I just thought it would be fun. Anyway, I hope this proves useful. Hav a nys day!

JPF Faryngeal Artses!

2009

Figure 15.6 A. Pharyngeal arches. Each arch contains a cartilaginous component, a cranial nerve, an artery, and a muscular component.

Pharyngeal or Branchial Arch - core of mesenchyme (from paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm) some neural crest cells migrate here to aid in forming the facial skeleton o in the hindbrain neural crest cells come from rhombomeres (R1 to R8) R1 and 2 1st arch (also receives crest cells from midbrain) R4 2nd arch R6 and 7 3rd arch R8 4th and 6th arch R3 and 5 few or none Patterning by HOX gene (except 1st arch); Sonic hedgehog and Retinoic acid regulates the HOX, etc. (I dont think Genetics will be asked)

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- covered outside by surface ectoderm - covered inside by epithelium of endodermal origin - mesoderm gives rise to the muscles of the face and neck

Figure 15.3 Development of the pharyngeal arches. A. 25 days. B. 28 days. C. 5 weeks.

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Trigeminal ganglion Facial nerve

Ophthalmic branch nerve V Maxillary branch nerve V

Vagus nerve Arch: 4 sup. Laryngeal branch 6 recurrent branch Mandibular branch nerve V

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Figure 15.4 Pharyngeal pouches as outpocketings of the foregut and the primordium of the thyroid gland and aortic arches.

1st pharyngeal arch - dorsal portion maxillary process o mesenchyme gives rise to the following by membranous ossification: premaxilla maxilla zygomatic bone part of temporal bone - ventral mandibular process o contains Meckels cartilage + mesenchyme + membranous ossification = mandible later disappears except for 2 small portions at its dorsal end w/c form: incus malleus - contributes to formation of bones of the middle ear - musculature o muscles of mastication temporalis masseter pterygoids o Anterior belly of the digastric o Mylohyoid o Tensor tympani o Tensor palatine
Figure 15.8 A. Lateral view of the head and neck region of a 4-week embryo demonstrating the cartilages of the pharyngeal arches participating in formation of the bones of the face and neck.

Figure 15.8 B. Various components of the pharyngeal arches later in development. Some of the components ossify; others disappear or become ligamentous. The maxillary process and Meckels cartilage are replaced by the maxilla and mandible, respectively, which develop by membranous ossification.

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2nd pharyngeal arch cartilage of 2nd or hyoid arch (Reicherts cartilage) gives rise to: o stapes o styloid process of temporal bone o stylohyoid ligament o ventrally: lesser horn and upper part of the body of the hyoid bone o muscles stapedius stylohyoid posterior belly of the digastric auricular muscles of facial expression o innervated by the facial nerve 3rd pharyngeal arch forms the lower part of the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone stylopharyngeus muscle (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve)

4th and 6th pharyngeal arch form the cartilages of the larynx: o Thyroid o Cricoid o Arytenoids o Corniculate o Cuneiform Muscles o Cricothyroid o Levator palatine o Constrictors of the pharynx Innervations: o 4th arch sup. Laryngeal branch of vagus o 6th arch recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus Break time! You should take a rest from studying from time to time. I would suggest eating a snack to replenish your energy. You cant study on an empty stomach! Speaking of eating, heres a nice saying that we tend to go against: At breakfast, eat like a king. At lunch, eat like a prince. At dinner, eat like a pauper. (Theyre going to emphasize it in the nutrition lecture in Biochemistry. ) As we all know, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. (So dont skip it! Get some energy!) For supper, you shouldnt eat and sleep immediately. Else, that food will just get stored as fat and you wouldnt want that (unless youre building up). Do some light exercises before sleeping and with this sort of diet, you can remain healthy and ever active. Fit n Right and drinks with Carnitine DOES NOT instantly cause you to lose weight! It just ensures fatty acid transport. You still need lots of exercise. 4

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Pharyngeal pouches 5 pairs o Last is atypical and considered part of the 4th

1st pharyngeal pouch forms the tubotympanic recess o narrow tube forms the auditory (eustachian tubes) o widens like a sac (primitive tympanic or middle ear cavity) o comes in contact w/ the 1st pharyngeal cleft (future external auditory meatus) o lining of the tympanic cavity later aids in forming the tympanic membrane or ear drum 2nd pharyngeal pouch its epithelium forms buds penetrating surrounding mesenchyme o buds invaded by mesodermal tissue, forming the primordium of the palatine tonsil during the 3rd and 5th month, the tonsil is invaded by lymphatic tissue part of the pouch persists in the adult as the tonsillar fossa 3rd pharyngeal pouch at 5th week, its dorsal wing differentiates into the inf. Parathyroid gland while the ventral the thymus o migrates in a caudal-medial manner o growth and devt of thymus until puberty then atrophies in the adult and replaced by fatty tissue last position of thymus: thorax; behind sternum; ant. To pericardium and great vessels

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4th pharyngeal pouch - dorsal wing forms the sup. Parathyroid gland 5th pharyngeal pouch last to develop; considered part of the 4th pouch gives rise to ultimobranchial body (later incorporated into the thyroid gland) o its cells give rise to the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin (lower blood Calcium) pronounced primarily as kal-see-yum or my favorite kal-shoom! (Ansarap ng Samurai Crepe diba guys? Hahaha!)
Ano? Break ule? Hehehe. Filipino side naman. Kuha ko sa net. So how would you know that you are watching a Pinoy movie? Here are the Top 20 Signs according to a reader who didnt identify him/herself (thanks to you!): 1. Sasayaw ang loveteam sa likod ng puno ng buko kapag nasa beach ang eksena. Alternate na lalabas ang ulo nila from behind the puno. 2. Ang kontrabidang babae yayakap sa bidang lalaki, sabay taas ng kilay at ngingisi. 3. Ang pansit, nagdadala ng malas. Uuwi ang bidang may dalang pansit para sa kanyang nanay na si Anita Linda. Tatawagin ng bida ang mga bata para kumain at kukumustahin niya ang pag-aaral nila habang kumakain sila. Biglang may titigil na sasakyan sa harap ng bahay at pauulanan ng bala ang pamilya. Mamamatay si Anita Linda at sisigaw ang bida ng Inaaayyyy!!! at mangangakong ipaghihigante ito. Moral of the eksena: Ang pansit ay nakakamatay. 4. Kapag may magkaribal na babae, yung mabait derecho ang buhok at may bangs. Yung salbahe, laging kulot. 5. Sa Pinoy action movies, ang bida hindi nauubusan ng bala. 6. Sa Pinoy action movies, kapag tumakbo ang bida, sa lupa lahat ang tama ng bala ng kalaban. 7. Kapag may mob na pupunta sa bahay kubo ng manananggal, si Vangie Labalan ang laging lider. 8. Alam mong moment of truth na kapag sinabi ng bida ang title ng pelikula (sample: Isang Bala Ka Lang or Kapag Puno na Ang Salop). 9. Ang tawag ng kontrabida sa kanyang mga goons, Mga bata. 10. Yung nakababatang kapatid ng bida habang naglalaro, mabibitiwan ang bola at mapupunta sa gitna ng kalsada. Pagkatapos, may darating na sasakyan at itutulak ng bida ang bata at yung bida ang papagitna ng kalsada. Naka-cross ang arms ng bida who is covering his face. Sisigaw ang bata ng, Kuyaaa! Next scene: Nasa ospital sila. Simula na ng drama. 11. Kapag bakbakan, hindi nasasaktan ang bida pero umaaray siya kapag ginagamot na siya ng leading lady. Next scene: Nagla-lovemaking na sila. 12. Kapag sinabi ng kontabida sa bida ang masama niyang plano, sasabibin ng bida, Hayop ka! 13. Ang bidang babae, kapag katulong ang role siguradong iri-reveal ng amo na anak siya nito. 14. Ang nanay ng mayaman ay laging may pamaypay na pang-mayaman at ang nanay ng mahirap ay laging naka-duster. 15. Ang hideout ng kontrabida ay parating mansyon na may chicks na naka-hilira sa paligid ng pool. 16. Ang mga bida sa drama, kapag nakatanggap ng masamang balita laging may pinto sa likod nila para puede sila sumandal habang nagi-slide dahan-dahan pababa, todo iyak at kung minsan with matching uhog. 17. Kapag hindi nahuli ng mga goons ang bida, sasabihin ng boss sa kanila, Mga inutil! 18. Laging nakakapulot ng baril na may bala ang bida kapag kinakailangan niya. 19. Laging mas maganda ang yaya ng bida kaysa sa kontrabidang anak ng amo niya. 20. Kapag ang ending ng movie ay song-and-dance number sa beach o resort, ang huling frame shows the cast na tumatalon, sabay 6 freeze.

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Pharyngeal clefts dorsal part of the 1st cleft penetrates mesenchyme and gives rise to the external auditory meatus o epithelium at meatus bottom aids in forming the eardrum

Clinical correlates Birth defects involving the pharyngeal region Ectopic Thymic and Parathyroid Tissue Thymic tissue remain in the neck during migration. Parathyroids inf. more variable in position than sup. and may be found at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery during migration. Branchial Fistulas 2nd pharyngeal arch fails to grow caudally over the 3rd and 4th leaving remnants of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th clefts in contact with the surface by a narrow canal (Fig.15-14.A). Fistula on lateral neck, ant. to sternocleidomastoid, usually provides drainage for a lateral cervical cyst (Fig.15-14.B). Internal Branchial Fistulas are rare. They result from a rupture of the membrane between the second pharyngeal cleft and pouch during devt (Fig.15-14.C).

Figure 15.15 Patient with a lateral cervical cyst. These cysts are always on the lateral side of the neck in front of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. They commonly lie under the angle of the mandible and do not enlarge until later in life.

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Neural Crest Cells and Craniofacial Defects Disruption of Neural Crest Cell devt. Crest cells are vulnerable to alcohol and retinoic acid due to deficiency of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase that fight free radicals. Crest cells also contribute to the conotruncal endocardial cushions (septate outflow tract of the heart into pulmonary and aortic channels) thus infants w/ defects also have cardiac abnormalities (persistent truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of great vessels).

Figure 15.16 Patients with craniofacial defects thought to arise from insults to neural crest cells. Mostly 1st arch structures A. Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis). Note underdevelopment of the zygomatic bones, small mandible, and malformed ears. Hypoplasia B. Robin sequence. Note the very small mandible (micrognathia). Cleft palate, Glossoptosis (posteriorly placed tongue) C. DiGeorge anomaly. In addition to craniofacial defects, such as hypertelorism and microstomia, these individuals have partial or complete absence of the thymus. CATCH22 (cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasisa, cleft palate and hypocalcemia due to deletion in chromosome 22) D. Hemifacial microsomia (oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, or Goldenhar syndrome). Ear (anotia, microtia), eye (tumor and dermoids in eyeball), vertebral (fused and hemivertebrae, spina bifida)

FIN