1.

Narrative
Definition: Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers. Generic Structure: 1. Orientation : Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place 2. Complication : Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with : 3. Resolution :Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse Example:
Snow White Orientation Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead. Major Complication One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didnt have enough money to take Snow White. Resolution Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods. Complication She was very tired and hungry. Major Resolution Doc said, If you wish, you may live here with us. Snow White said, Oh could I? Thank you. Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

2. DESCRIPTIVE
Definition:
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

Generic Structure:
1. 2.

Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

Example:
Natural Bridge National Park Identification Natural Bridge National Park is a luscious tropical rainforest. Description It is located 110 kilometres south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numinbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park. The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural arch* and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short 1 kilometre walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Nighttime visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms. Picnic areas offer toilets, barbecues, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

3. REPORT
Definition:
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

Generic Structure:
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general 2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

Example:
General Classification Whales are sea-living mammals Description: (behaviours, qualities, parts) They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure: its tail consists ofa pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical) and it has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids. Whales

4. DISCUSSION
Definition:
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

Generic Structure:
1. Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed 2. List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the

presented issue 3. List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point. 4. Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse Example:
Issue Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory due to the development of gene splicing. Arguments for Point On the one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit mankind. Elaboration For example, because it is very expensive to obtain insulin from natural sources, scientists have developed a method to manufacture it inexpensively in the laboratory. Point Another beneficial application of gene splicing is in a agriculture. Argument against Point Not everyone is excited about gene splicing, however. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. Conclusion As a result of this controversy, the government has made rules to control genetic experiments. While some members of the scientific community feel that these rules are too strict, many other people feel that they are still not strict enough. Gene Splicing

5. EXPLANATION
Definition:
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

1.

2.

Generic Structure: General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained. Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena. Example:
A brief Summary of Speech Production General Statement to Position the Reader Speech production is made possible by the specialised movements of our vocal organs that generate speech sounds waves. Explanation Like all sound production, speech production requires a source of energy. The source of energy for speech production is the steady stream of air that comes from the lungs as we exhale. When we breathe normally, the air stream is inaudible. To become audible, the air stream must vibrate rapidly. The vocal cords cause the air stream to vibrate.

6. NEWS ITEM
Definition: News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. Generic Structure: 1. Main event 2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place) 3. Resource of information Example:
Town Contaminated Newsworthy Event Moscow -A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. Background Events Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base ofshkotovo 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chemobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and i.earby town. but was covered up by officials of the then Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victorclass submarine during a refit had been a thermal and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tonnes of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Definition: Exposition is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter. Generic Structure: 1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writers position 2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writers position 3. Reiteration: Restating the writers position Example:
The Importance of English Thesis I personally think that English is the worlds most important language. Why do I say that? Argument Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all around the world, either as a first or second language. Conclusion From the fact above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.

8. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Definition: Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Recommendation Example:
Corruption Thesis (Announcement of issue concern) Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. Its just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia. Argument The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials. Recommendation I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction. Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005

Compiled By:

Rinaldi Aser Tua Muhammar Khadafi

KELAS : XII PLUS IA 3