Workshop on General Informatics

Bruce Mathew
Dept of MCA, U.C College, Aluva

St.Josephs College for Women, Alappuzha - KSHEC

Outline of the discussion

Knowledge Management Internet as a repository and its services Searching Process Cyber Presence E-Mail Blogs, WIKIS Open Access Publishing Free Software Movement Web 2.0
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Knowledge Management

The difficulties and the process Data sources and collection Data quality Document Management

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General Definitions

Data - Simple observations of states of the world; facts Informationdata purpose

endowed

with

relevance

and

Must consider context and time Knowledge valuable information form the human mind; includes reflection, synthesis, context. Knowledge management - processes necessary to capture, codify and transfer knowledge across the organization to achieve competitive advantage
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The difficulties of Data management

Data amount increases exponentially Data: multiple sources Small portion of data useful for specific decisions Increased need for external data

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Data Life Cycle Process and Knowledge Discovery

Data Collection Stored in databases Processed Stored in data warehouse Transformation - ready for analysis Data mining tools - knowledge Presentation
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Data Sources and Collection

Internal data Personal data External data Internet and commercial database services Methods for collecting raw data

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Data Quality (DQ)

Contextual DQ:

Relevancy, value added, timeliness, completeness

Representation DQ:

Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise representation, and consistent representation

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St.Josephs College for Women, Alappuzha - KSHEC

Contrast between Knowledge Management Systems and IT Projects

KM Project Emphasis on value added information Supports org. improvement and innovation Adds value to content Requires on-going user contributions Balanced focus on both technology and culture Variety of inputs often precludes automated capture of knowledge IT Project Emphasis on accessing information Supports existing ops Delivers content only Emphasis on one-way transfer of info Primary focus on tech Assumes all info inputs can be automated

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Internet

A network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources

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Internet Contd

The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.

1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracts with BBN to create ARPAnet 1970 - First five nodes: UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, U of Utah, and 1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf 1984 On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts converts en masse to using TCP/IP for its messaging
BBN

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Internet Growth Trends

1977: 111 hosts on Internet 1981: 213 hosts 1983: 562 hosts 1984: 1,000 hosts 1986: 5,000 hosts 1987: 10,000 hosts 1989: 100,000 hosts 1992: 1,000,000 hosts 2001: 150 175 million hosts 2002: over 200 million hosts By 2015, about 96% of the planet will be on the Internet
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Internet Services

Electronic Mail (e-mail) World Wide Web Telnet File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Internet Telephone Web TV/Radio Internet Relay Chat News Groups
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Internet ...Contd

Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is a global set of documents, images and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Loactors (URLs).
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Internet ...Contd..

URLs allow providers to symbolically identify services and clients to locate and address web servers, file servers, and other databases that store documents and provide resources and access them using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the primary carrier protocol of the Web. HTTP is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the Internet. Web services may also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.
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WWW

The World Wide Web (WWW or W3) and commonly known as the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same.
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WWW

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In contrast, the Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a collection of textual documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, transmitted by web browsers and web servers. In short, the Web can be thought of as an application "running" on the Internet.

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WWW

Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser, or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it. As an example, consider the Wikipedia page for this article with the URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web .

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WWW

First, the browser resolves the server-name portion of the URL (en.wikipedia.org) into an Internet Protocol address using the globally distributed database known as the Domain Name System (DNS); this lookup returns an IP address such as 208.80.152.2. The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP request across the Internet to the computer at that particular address.

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WWW

It makes the request to a particular application port in the underlying Internet Protocol so that the computer receiving the request can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing such as e-mail delivery; the HTTP protocol normally uses port 80. The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to Web server software listening for requests on port 80. If the web server can fulfill the request it sends an HTTP response back to the browser indicating success, which is a string of HTML Page.
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Search Engines

Search engines use automated software programs (spider, crawler, robot) to crawl the WWW by following links. These software programs download web pages into the search engines index (a database). Often every word on a web page will be indexed. Search Engine results are organized in a way that is determined by a special algorithm to rank the results so that the the bestresults listed first.

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How does Google work?

Looks at how many sites link to a site (PageRankGoogles algorithm) Link Analysis - looks at the words people use to link to a site Uses Web crawlers to index (and save) content

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Paid results

Sometimes companies pay to have their results appear on a search results page.

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Invisible (or Deep) Web

"Invisible Web" is the term used to describe all the information available on the WWW that is not found by using general-purpose search engines.

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Tips for searching

Use more than one search engine. Academic/Reference Search Engines

Base - www.base-search.net (Contains links to academic articles) Google Scholar - www.scholar.google.com (Contains links to academic articles) RefSeek - www.refseek.com (Contains links to academic websites Truncation, Wildcard, Phrases, AND, OR & NOT

Use a variety of searching techniques.

Evaluate the information you find.

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Electronic Mail

Electronic mail, or e-mail, is the most frequently used service on the Internet Like a postal address, an e-mail address specifies the destination of an electronic message. An Internet e-mail address looks like this: user name@domain name The user name is a unique name that identifies the recipient. The domain name is the address. Many people can share the same domain name. St.Josephs College for Women, Alappuzha - KSHEC

How Email Works

E-mail is sent and received through electronic "post offices" known as mail servers. To read your e-mail, you must retrieve it from the mail server. Once you enter the address of the recipient, compose your message, and click Send, your e-mail software handles the delivery. If the message doesn't reach its destination the first time, the mail server sends it again. If the message is not delivered, you usually receive a message explaining the problem, along with the full text of the original message. You can correct the problem- usually an incorrect e-mail address--and resend it.
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Anatomy of Email

To contains the e-mail addresses of the recipients. This is a mandatory entry. CC short for Carbon Copy. This is optional. BCC: short for Blind Carbon Copy, contains the e-mail addresses of other recipients who receive copies, but their names and addresses are hidden from the other recipients. This is optional. Subject contains the main topic of the message. Recipients see this in their summaryof incoming e-mails. Attachment contains the names of files that you may be sending. Body contains the message itself.
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E-Mail Etiquette
Things to do when sending e-mail:

Keep emote icons to a minimum; i.e.., :) Use spell checking. Most e-mail software packages have spell checking and it can be set to check each message before sending. Remember the written word, unlike a conversation, can be interpreted/misinterpreted very easily. Choose your words carefully.
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E-Mail Etiquette - Contd..

Also, do not capitalize (i.e.., ALL UPPERCASE) unless you really mean it. CALL ME! is interpreted differently than call me. Even if you dont have time to fully respond to an email, be sure to let the sender know you have received it!

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Blogs
....an up-to-the-minute log of whatever youre doing,
when youre doing it... ...a simple-to-use (but extremely powerful and customizable) personal publishing (blogging) tool, built on open source software.
Combining the words Web + log = Weblog = Blog Started in 1994. 2003 200,000 Blogs, 2008 184 million Blogs;

2011 234 million Blogs as on June 2011.

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Blogs - Contd

Forms of Blogs

Written Photo blogs Vlogs Audio content

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Elements of a Blog

Posts Commenting feature Links Archives

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Why Blogs are powerful

A way to improve writing Provide a real audience for writing An easy way to create a web site quickly Weblogs are a personal writing space. Easy, sharable, automatically archived. Weblogs are easily linked and cross-linked to form learning communities. Weblogs can become digital portfolios of students' assignments and achievements. Weblogs are a novice's web authoring tool.
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Possibilities for weblogs in education

post short current events articles to invite students thoughts, reactions, and possible solutions create a literature circle post photos and ask students to create captions foster book discussions in the form of an online book club post a daily/weekly synopsis of the curriculum taught homework assignments a birdseye view of the class for parents honour and celebrate class achievements
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Get a blog

http://www.edublogs.org http://learnerblogs.org http://www.blogger.com http://www.blogspot.com http://www.schoolblogs.com

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Free Software Movement

Free Software Movement is a social movement with the goal of ensuring software users' four basic freedoms:

The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

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Free Software Movement

Philosophy of the movement is to give freedom to computer users by replacing proprietary software under restrictive licensing terms with free software, with the ultimate goal of liberating everyone "in cyberspace". Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in the free software definition. Richard Mathew Stallman- founder
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Free Software
Free software

Free software does not mean noncommercial. Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. Copyleft is a general method for making a program (or other work) free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well. Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software, with or without changes, must pass along the freedom to further copy and change it. Copyleft guarantees that every user has freedom.
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Copy Left

Open Software

Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is available in source code form for which the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source software projects are built and maintained by a network of volunteer programmers. Prime examples of open source products are the Apache HTTP Server, and the internet browser Mozilla Firefox. As Richard M. Stallman puts it, "Open source is a development methodology; free software is a social movement."
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Common Free/Open Source Applications

Open Office , VLC ,GNU-Linux MINT, SKYPE GOOGLE, Firefox Thunderbird, EKIGA Google Chrome, Python PhP, Perl, JAVA MySQL, Postgre SQL Wordpress LaTeX, SCRIBUS GIMP, INKSCAPE .

CentOS, Debian , Fedora Gentoo, Knoppix, Kubuntu Linux Mint , Mandriva, openSUSE Oracle Enterprise Linux, PCLinuxOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Slackware SUSE Linux Enterprise, Ubuntu, Xubuntu,

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Open Access

Open access (OA) refers to unrestricted online access to articles published in scholarly journals. Open Access comes in two forms, Gratis versus Libre: Gratis OA is no-cost online access, while Libre OA offers some additional usage rights. Open content is similar to OA, but usually includes the right to modify the work, whereas in scholarly publishing it is usual to keep an article's content intact and to associate it with a fixed author.
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Why OA

Cannot afford to subscribe all needed journals Depreciating ability of libraries Libraries are finding alternatives to keep pace with these increase in price
by relying on big deals and consortia discounts

Subscription price persistently escalating at an annual rate of approximately 8% to 10% Cost of journals is rising faster than inflation Monopoly of some of the publishers and escalating the cost every years
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Why OA

Investigators expect free access to publications necessary for research and education IT enables us for cost-effective alternatives available (compare to the traditional publishing model)

In publishing and providing access to intellectual assets at cheaper cost

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Open Access

The main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their research impact. For the most part, the direct users of research articles are other researchers. Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to. One of the great beneficiaries of open access may be users in developing countries. Open access extends the reach of research beyond its immediate academic circle. An OA article can be read by anyone a professional in the field, a researcher in another field, a journalist, a politician or civil servant, or an interested St.Josephs College for Women, Alappuzha - KSHEC hobbyist.

Open Access

The Directory of Open Access Journals lists a number of peer-reviewed open access journals for browsing and searching. Open J-Gate is another index of articles published in English language OA journals, peer reviewed and otherwise, which launched in 2006. One of the arguments for public access to the scholarly literature is that most of the research is paid for by taxpayers through government grants, who therefore have a right to access the results of what they have funded. As argued by open access advocates, open access speeds research progress, productivity, and knowledge translation
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Open Access Journals

American Scientist Open Access Forum Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) Creative Commons, Institutional Repositories Open Archives Initiative (OAI) OpenCourseWare, of Science * Public Library * Open

Publishers of full open access journals

Libertas Academica Ltd Ivyspring International Publisher Public Library of Science BioMed Central Scholarly Exchange Medknow Publications (Publisher's site Publishers of over 30 biomedical journals from India. Copernicus Publications Engg Journals (2 full open access journals from India),

Public Knowledge Project, Knowledge Society

United States National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information Bioline International

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Open Journals
typical copyright line: The Publisher. All rights reserved. Copying and further distribution is not allowed without the written permission from the publisher.

what should be a typical copyright line: The Author. Please copy this article as much as possible and disseminate it further as widely as possible. Just cite the author properly when you do.

Open Access Publishers dont just publish science,

they make science public

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Web 2.0

The participatory web

. It marks the progression from static web pages to dynamic, interactive ones

. Read/write web . Sharing, collaboration, & user involvement . Reviews . Comment on news stories . Upload photos . Share digital videos

The amateurization of the web

The average person can put their work on the web

ex. Photographers, journalists, aspiring writers, students, etc

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Web 2.0
The Social Web
. Social networking and community-oriented sites
ex. myspace.com, friendster.com, facebook.com, multiply.com, tagged.com, twitter,com, etc.

The User-focused Web

. The user needs are catered: participate, organize, read, write & play online

With the advent of Web 2.0, we find ourselves in an age of participation a time when all users are empowered to contribute, regardless of background or position.
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WIKIPEDIA

Wikipedia is a freely licensed encyclopedia written by thousands of volunteers in many languages Free license allows others to freely copy, redistribute, and modify our work commercially or non-commercially Founded January 15, 2001.

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WIKIPEDIA

GNU Free Documentation Licence Allows authors to retain attribution Remains non-proprietary Enhances the popularity of Wikipedia Decreases individual sense of ownership Increases a sense of shared ownership

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WIKIPEDIA

MediaWiki is GPL We use all free software on the website GNU/Linux Apache MySQL PHP

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WIKIPEDIA

English Wikipedia is largest and has over 130 million words English Wikipedia larger than Britannica and Microsoft Encarta combined. In 15 months the publicly distributed compressed database dumps may reach 1 terabyte total size.

How big is Wikipedia Globally?

English 412,000 articles, German 172,000 articles Japanese 87,000 articles, French 66,000 articles Swedish 53,000 articles. Over 1.2 million across 200 languages, 19 with >10,000. 52 with >1000
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WIKIPEDIA

Wikipedia was founded as an offshoot of Nupedia, a nowabandoned project to produce a free encyclopedia. Anyone with Web access can edit Wikipedia, and this openness encourages inclusion of a tremendous amount of content. About 75,000 editorsfrom expert scholars to casual readersregularly edit Wikipedia, and these experienced editors often help to create a consistent style throughout the encyclopedia. Text on Wikipedia is a collaborative work, and the efforts of individual contributors to a page are recorded in that page's history, which is publicly viewable. http://www.wikipedia.org
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Social Bookmarking

Social bookmarking is a method for Internet users to organize, store, manage and search for bookmarks of resources online. Unlike file sharing, the resources themselves aren't shared, merely bookmarks that reference them In a social bookmarking system, users save links to web pages that they want to remember and/or share. These bookmarks are usually public, and can be saved privately, shared only with specified people or groups, shared only inside certain networks, or another combination of public and private domains. The allowed people can usually view these bookmarks chronologically, by category or tags, or via a search engine..
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Social Bookmarking tools

http://www.delicious.com Digg http://digg.com StumbleUpon - www.stumbleupon.com Mixx - www.mixx.com

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Q? & A.

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You can reach me at brucemathew@gmail.com

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