TEN DOH APPROVED HERBAL PLANTS

Lagundi (Vitexnegundo ) Other scientific names Vitexleucoxylon Blanco Common names Dabtan (If.) Dangla (Ilk.) Kamalan (Tag.) Lagundi (Ibn., Tag., Bik., P. Bis.) Ligei (Bon.) Limo-limo (Ilk.) Sagarai (Bag.) Turagay (Bis.)

Botany Erect, branched tree or shrub, 2-5 m high.Leaves usually 5-foliate, rarely with 3 leaflets only.Leaflets lanceolate, entire, 4-10 cm long, slightly hairy beneath. Panicles terminal, slightly hairy, many-flowered, 10-20 cm long; additional axillary ones often present. Flowers blue to lavender, 6-7 mm long. Fruit globose, black when ripe, about 4 mm in diameter. Distribution Widely distributed in the Philippines; in thickets and waste places; flowering year round. Best propagated by use of mature, leafless stem cuttings. Parts utilized Leaves, bark, roots and seeds. Leaves may be harvested three months after establishment. Properties Plant is considered antiinflammatory, astringent, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, alterant, depurative, rejuvinating, stomachic. Roots considered tonic, febrifuge, antirheumatic, diuretic and expectorant. Leaves are considered aromatic, bitter, anti-inflammatory, bronchial smooth muscle relaxant,,vermifuge. Flowers are astringent, carminative, hepatoprotective, digestive, vermifuge and febrifuge. Fruit is considered nervine, cephalic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue and vermifuge. Constituents Volatile oil; resin; alkaloid; lichen acids; glucoside. Constituents of oil: sabinene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, b-caryophyllene, a-guaine and globulol. Study on essential oils showed B-caryophyllene common to leaves, flowers and dried fruits. Leaves contain an alkloidnishindine, flavones, luteolin-7-glucoside, casticin, iridoid glycosides. Seeds contain hydrocarbons, B-sitosterol, benzoic acid and phthalic acid, antiinflammatoryditerpene, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Uses Folkloric Leaf decoction for fever, headache, toothache, cough, asthma.

(1) For fever and toothaches, boil 6 tbsp of the chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes; strain and cool. Divide the decoction in 3 parts and take one part every 3-4 hours. Also, bruised leaves may be applied to forehead. (2) For asthma and cough: Take 1/4 of the decoction three times a day. Pounded leaves applies on the forehead and temples for headaches. (3) Aromatic bath or sponge bathing: Boil 4 handfuls of leaves in a pot of water for 5 minutes; use the lukewarm decoction for sponge bathing. (4) Wounds and ulcers: Use infusion of leaves as wash. In Ayurveda and Unani, leaves and seeds used for rheumatism and joint inflammation. Decoction of leaves taken as a diuretic. Recent Use Lagundi has been proven to be an effective analgesic and antitussive (prepared as a pleasant tasting cough syrup) and has been considered as a replacement for dextromethorphan in the public health system. New Application Studies have shown benefit through reduction of coughing and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles. Being promoted by the Department of Health (DOH) for cough and asthma. One of a few herbs recently registered with the Bureau of Foods and Drugs (BFAD) as medicines. Studies Anti-Venom: Tested against Viperarussellii and Najakaouthia venom, a methanolic extract study of VN showed it possesses potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and suggests further investigation. Anti-Inflammatory: (1) VN significantly potentiated antiinflammatory activity of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in albino rats.(2) Study suggests VN possess anti-imflammatory activity against acute and subacute inflammation probably due to prostaglandin inhibition and reduction of oxidative stress. Anti-Inflammatory / Analgesic: Study showed the fresh leaves of VN have anti-inflammatory and pain suppressing activities possibly mediated through PG synthesis inhibition, antihistmine, membrane stabilizing and antioxidant activities. Antibacterial / Essential Oil: Study showed the essential oils and extracts to have antibacterial activity. Essential oil and extracts showed promising results against B subtilis and E coli. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed prominent antibacterial activity against all tested strains. Antifungal: (1) New antifungal flavonoid glycoside from Vitexnegundo: Study found a new isolated flavone glycoside and a known compound to have significant antifungal activity against Tricophytonmentagrophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans. (2) Ethanol extract of fruit seeds showed significant activity against Fusariumsolani and moderate response against Microsporumcanis with no effect against C albicans. Larvicidal: Differential larvicidal efficacy of four species of Vitex against Culexquinquefasciatus larvae: The methanolic extracts of all Vitex species showed varying levels of larvicidal activity. Anthelmintic: Study of ethanolic extracts of Moringaoleifera and Vitexnegundo on anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheritimaposthuma showed both to have dose dependent activity, with Moringaoleifera showing more activity. Antioxidant: (1) Study of 17 Indian medicinal plants, including the alcoholic extract of VN, all showed dose-dependent nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. (2) Report indicated VN can produce reduction of oxidative stress mainly by reduciing lipid peroxidation. Anticonvulsant / Adjuvant Therapy: Study results suggest that VN possesses anticonvulsant activity particularly against PTZ (pentylenetetarazole) induced seizures, with a significant reduction of number and duration of convulsions.The potentiation of diphenylhydantoin and valproic acid suggests it may be useful as adjuvant therapy to lower the requirements of the drug therapies.

Insecticidal / Pesticidal: Studies have shown the plant products to possess insecticidal activity against mosquite larvae, houseflies and stored product pests. Pharmacokinetic Interaction / Paracetamol: Study showed a significant decline in plasma concentration of paracetamol. Results conclude that if the VN extract or an ayurvedic formulation is coadmiinstered with an allopathic drug like paracetamol, the allopathic drug has to be adjusted for achieve its desired therapeutic response. Antibacterial / Cytotoxic: (1) Sudy showed all fractions with prominent zones of inhibition against B subtilis, B megaterium, S typhi, Vibrio mimicus and a fungal strains, A niger. Results also showed significant cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nayplii. (2) Extracts were tested against five bacterial species (S aureus, P vulgaris, B subtilis, E coli, P aeruginosa) and three fungal species ( Aniger, A flavon, C albicans). Among all extracts the water/ethanol extract showed maximum antimicrobial activity and the water extract, maximum antifungal activity agaiinst all species tested. Gastroprotective / Flavonoids: Study in albino rats investigating the gastroprotective activity of the aqueous extract of VN against aspirin-induced mucosal damage revealed VN to have a pivotal role in treating ulcer. Phytochemical studies yielded the presence of flavonoids probably responsible for its gastroprotection. Hepatoprotective / Negundoside: Negundoside, an iridoid glycoside from the leaves of VN was studied for its hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-induced liver toxicity. Results showed NG exerts a protective effect of CYP2E1-dependent CCl4 toxicity via inhibition of lipid peroxidation, followed by improved intracellular calcium homeostass and inhibition of Ca-dependent proteases. Anxiolytic: Study showed VN is an effective anxiolytic agent. The action of the extract upon anxiety models tested were consistent with the traditional use of VN and presents a potential for use in primary medical care. Essential Oil / Flowers: Study on the essential oil of flowers of VN yielded 45 components. The major compounds were sabinene (20.3%), B-caryophyllene (14.1%) and globulol (19.2%). Antinociceptive / Anti-Inflammatory / Seeds: Study showed ethanol extract of VN seeds interacted with the opioid system and may be more effective3 on inflammatory pain. Further results suggest that the analgesic effectsw may be partially mediated by it anti-inflammatory activuty. The analgesic activity could be due to the abundance of fatty acids with synergistic effects. Anti--microfilarial: Study investigating the antifilarial effect against Brugiamalayi microfilariae, the roots extract of VN caused complete loss of motility of microfilariae after 48 hrs of incubation. Study yielded the presence of alkaloids, saponins and flavanoids from the roots of VN. Preparation How to make lagundi syrup Clean fresh lagundi leaves and chop. In 4 glasses of water, boil 4 tablespoons of minced lagundi leaves for 50 minutes. Strain the liquid extract and add 1 part honey to 4 parts extracts. Boil in an earthen pot or enamel-lined saucepan for 15 minutes until the desired viscosity is attained; cool. Pour the syrup in clear amber-colored bottles.

Yerba Buena (Clinopodiumdouglasii)

Scientific names Menthaarvensis Linn. Menthacrispa Blanco Common names Ablebana (If.) Herbabuena (Tag.) Hilbas (Tag.) Hierbabuena (Span.) Karabo (Surigao del Norte)

Botany Hierbabuena is a prostrate, smooth , much-branched, usually purplish, strongly aromatic herb, with stems growing up to 40 cm long, with ultimate ascending terminal branches. Leaves are elliptic to oblong-ovate, 1.5 to 4cms long, short-petioled with toothed margins, and rounded or blunt tipped. Flowers are hairy and purplish to bluish, borne in axillary headlike whorls. Calyx teeth are triangular or lanceolate and hairy; the corolla is also hairy. Distribution Introduced by the Spaniards. Widely cultivation to some extent in all parts of the Philippines. Thrives well at high elevations; rarely flowers in lowlands. Constituents - Plant yields a volatile oil (0.22%) containing pulegone, menthol, menthene, menthenone and limonene. - Study showed the shoot leaf gave the highest yield of oil, 0.62%; while the stems had negligible yield. Menthol was the major component of all the oils. Other oils identified were: B-caryophyllene oxide, aphellandrene, terpinolene, limonene, menthone and pulegone. Properties Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, sudorific, emmenagogue. Oil is rubefacient and stimulant. Tops and leaves are carminative. Parts utilized Leaves and stems. Uses Nutritional Cultivated as a spice for cooking. Leaves used for tea. Folkloric One of the oldest household remedies known. Carminative, stimulant, aromatic, emmenagogue. Crushed or bruised leaves for insect bites. Decoction and infusion of leaves and stems used for fever, stomach aches, dysmenorrhea, and diuresis. Pounded leaves for insect bites, fevers, toothaches, headaches. For dizziness: Crushed fresh plants or leaves are sniffed. Powdered dried plant as dentrifice. Headaches: Crushed leaves are applied on the forehead and temples. Toothaches: (1) Wet a small piece of cotten with juice expressed from crushed leaves; apply this impregnated cotton bud to the tooth. (2) Boil 6 tbsp. of leaves in two glasses of water for 15 minutes;

strain and cool. Divide the decoction into 2 parts and take every 3 to 4 hours. Flatulence: Boil 4 tbsp of chopped leaves in 1 cup water for five minutes; strain. Drink the decoction while lukewarm. Facilitates expulsion of flatus. Cough: Boil 6 tbsp of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 mins; cool and strain. Divide the decoctioninto three parts; take 1 part 3 times a day. Arthritis: Warm fresh leaves over low flame; then pound. Apply pounded leaves while warm on the painful joints or muscles. Mouthwash: Soak 2 tbsp chopped leaves in 1 glass of hot water for 30 minutes; strain. Use the infusion as mouthwash. Others Peppermint oil is often used in pharmaceutical preparations to subdue unpleasant medicinal smells. Common flavoring in confections and dentrifices. Studies Radioprotective: Study of mint extract on mice showed benefit with pretreatment of mice with reduction in the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality. Anti-candida: A study of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of leaves/roots of 35 medicinal plants in Brazil screened for anti-Candida activity. Menthaarvensis was one of 13 essential oils that showed anticandidal activity. Anti-fertility (1) A study of the ether extract of MA on male mice showed reduction of number of offspring, with decrease in testes weight, sperm count and motility, among others. Results suggest that the ether extract of MA possess reversible antifertility properties. (2) Stiudy of aqueous extract solution in male mice caused inhibition of fertility while maintaining normal sexual behaviour. All induced effects returned to normalcy within 30 days of withdrawal of 60-day treatment. Post-coital Antifertility Effect: A study on the uterotonic fraction of MA caused significant interruption in pregnancy in rats, pronounced in the post-implantation period. Antibiotic Resistance-Modifying: (1) A report on the ethanol extract of MA showed a potentiating effect of the extract on gentamicin and presents a potential against bacterial resistance to antibiotics. (2) Study showed extracts of M arvensis could be used as a source of plant-derived natural products with resistance-modifying activity, wuch as in the case of aminoglycosides - a new weapon against bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as with chlorpromazine. Anti-Gastric Ulcer: Study of various extracts of Menthaarvensis showed a protective effect against acid secretion and gastric ulcers in ibuprofen plus pyloric ligation-induced and 90% ethanol-induced ulcer models. Herbal Liniment / Analgesic: M arvensis provides potent analgseic action and is used externally in rheumatism, neuralgia and headaches. In an herbal liniment where it was combined with four other medicinal plants, the liniment was found effective in ligament or muscle injury pain (sprains, strains, spasms, tennis elbow, etc), less so in osteoarthritis of the joint and periarthritis of the shoulder. No adverse reactions were reported. Efficacy was noted better in synergism with oral or parenteral analgesics. Volatile Constituents / Menthol: Study showed the shoot leaf gave the highest yield of oil, 0.62%; while the stems had negligible yield. Menthol was the major component of all the oils. Other oils identified were: B-caryophyllene oxide, a-phellandrene, terpinolene, limonene, menthone and pulegone. Linarin / Anti-Acetylcholinesterase: Flowers extract of M arvensis yielded linarin (acacetin-7-0-b-Drutinoside), with selective dose-dependent inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase.

Sambong (Blumeabalsamifera L. DC)

Other scientific names Conyzabalsamifera Linn.

Common names Alibum (P. Bis.) Alimon (P. Bis.) Ayoban (Bis.) Bukadkad (S. L. Bis.) Bukodkud (Bis.) Dalapot (C. Bis.) Gabuen (Bis.) Gintin-gintin (Bis.) Hamlibon (Bis.) Kaliban (Tagb.) Kalibura (Tagb.) Kambibon (Bis.) Labulan (Sub.)

Lakad-bulan (Bis.,Sul.) Lalakdan (Bis.) Lakdanbulan (Bis.) Sambun (Sul.) Sambong (Tag.) Sob-sob (Ilk.)` Subusub (Ilk.) Subsob (Ilk.) Sobosob (Ig.) Takamain (Bag.) Blumea camphor (Engl.) Ngai camphor (Engl.)

Botany Sambong is a half woody, strongly aromatic shrub, densely and softly hairy, 1-4 meters high. Stems grow up to 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, elliptic- to oblong-lanceolate, 7-20 cm long, toothed at the margins, pointed or blunt at the tip, narrowing to a short petiole which are often auricled or appendaged. Flowering heads are stalked, yellow and numerous, 6 to 7 mm long, and borned on branches of a terminal, spreading or pyramidal leafy panicle. Discoid flowers are of two types: peripheral ones tiny, more numerous, with tubular corolla; central flowers few, large with campanulate corolla. Involucral bracts are green, narrow and hairy. Anther cells tailed at base. Fruits are achenes, dry, 1seeded, 10-ribbed, hairy at top. Distribution Common in open fields, grasslands and waste areas at low and medium altitudes. Fowering from February to April. Propagation by cuttings and layering. Parts utilized Leaves (fresh or dried). Mature, healthy, fully expanded leaves are harvested while senescent leaves are discarded. Air-dry until they crumble when crushed with the fingers. Store in amber colored bottles in a cool, dry place. Constituents Volatile oil, 0.1 - 0.4% - l-borneol, 25%, l-camphor, 75%, limonene, saponins, sesquiterpene and limonene, tannins, sesquiterpine alcohol; palmitin; myristic acid. Properties Vulnerary, antidiarrhetic, antigastralgic, expectorant, stomachic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, astringent, anthelmintic. Uses Folkloric Leaves as poultice for abscesses.

Decoction of roots and leaves for fevers and cystitis. Sitz-bath of boiled leaves, 500 gms to a ballon of water, for rheumatic pains of waist and back. Applied while hot over the sinuses. Used for wounds and cuts. Fresh juice of leaves to wounds and cuts. Poultice of leaves to forehead for headaches. Tea is used for colds and as an expectorant; likewise, has antispasmodic and antidiarrheal benefits. Postpartum baths. Decoction of leaves, 50 gms to a pint of boiling water, 4 glasses daily, for stomach pains. Preparations Fever: decoction of roots; boil 2 - 4 handfuls of the leaves. Use the lukewarm decoction as a sponge bath. Headaches: apply pounded leaves on the forehead and temples. Hold in place with a clean piece of cloth. Gas distention: boil 2 tsp of the chopped leaves in 1 cup of water for 5 minutes. Drink the decoction while warm. Also used for upset stomach. Postpartum, for mothers' bath after childbirth. Boils: Apply pounded leaves as poultice daily. Diuretic: Boil 2 tbsp chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Take 1/2 of the decoction after every meal, 3 times a day. Camphor cultivation Can be cultivated as a source of camphor. Experiments in China produced 50,000 kilos of leaves per hectare, with a possible borneol yield of 50-200 kilos per hectare. L-borneol is easily oxidized to camphor.source New applications As a diuretic and for dissolution of renal stones. - As a diuretic in hypertension and fluid retention. Also used for dissolution of kidney stones. Some clinical studies, including double blind/placebo radomized studies, have shown encouraging results for Sambong to be both safe and effective in the treatment of kidney stones and hypertension. The National Kidney and Transplant Institute has promoted the use of this herbal medicine for many renal patients to avert or delay the need for dialysis or organ transplantation. - Being promoted by the Department of Health (DOH) as a diuretic and for dissolution of renal stones. One of a few herbs recently registered with the Bureau of Foods and Drugs as medicines. Other benefits Possible benefits in use patients with elevated cholesterol and as an analgesic for postoperative dental pain. Studies Sesquiterpenoids and plasmin-inhibitory flavonoids: Study yielded two new sesquiterpenoid esters 1 and 2. Compound 2 showed to be slightly cytotoxic. Nine known flavonoids were also isolated, two of which showed plasmin-inhibitory activity. source Anticancer: (1) Study of methanolic extract of BB suggest a possible therapeutic potential in hepatoma cancer patients. (2) Study of B balsamifera extract induced growth-inhibitory activity in rat and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells without cytotoxicity. Findings suggest a possible therapeutic role for the B balsamifera methanol extract in treatement of hepatoma cancer patients. Urolithiasis: Study shows sambong to be a promising chemolytic agent for calcium stones. Antifungal / Antibacterial: Phytochemical study of leaves yielded icthyothereol acetate, cyptomeridiol, lutein and -carotene. Antimicrobial tests showed activity against Aniger, T mentagrophytes and C albicans. Results also showed activity against P aeruginosa, S aureus, B subtilis and E coli.

Abrogation of TRAIL Resistance in Leukemia Cells: Study shows combined treatment with a dihydroflavonol extracted from Blumeabalsamifera exhibited the most striking synergism with TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and suggests a new strategy for cancer therapy. Antibacterial: Study of 12 crude alcoholic and aqueous extracts from 5 medicinal plants, including B balsamifera, showed potential antibacterial effect against S aureus. Radical Scavenging: Study of Blumeabalsamifera extracts and flavonoids showed the methanol extract exhibiting higher radical scavenging activity than the chloroform extract. Leaf Volatile Oil Components: Analysis of leaf essential oil revealed 50 components contributing to 99.07 % of the oil: borneol (33.22%), caryophyllene (8.24%), ledol (7.12%), tetracyclo[6,3,2,0,(2.5).0(1,8) tridecan-9-ol, 4,4-dimethyl (5.18%), with phytol(4.63%), caryophyllene oxide(4.07%), guaiol (3.44%), thujopsene-13 (4.42%), dimethoxy- durene (3.59%) and -eudesmol (3.18%).

TsaangGubat (Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.)

Other scientific names Carmona retusa Carmona heterophylla Cav. Ehretiabuxifolia Boxb. Ehretiaheterophylla Spreng. Ehretiamicrophylla Lam.

Common names Alangit (Bis.) Alangitngit (Tag.,Bis.) Balingsaa (C. Bis.) Buntatai (P. Bis.) Buyo-buyo (Sul.) Buyok-buyok (Sul.) Cha (Tag.) Chaang-bundok (Tag.) Chaang-gubat (Tag.) Gari (Bag.) Icha-nga-atap (Ilk.) Icha-ti-bakir (Ilk.) Itsa (Ilk.) Kalamoga (Tag.)

Kalimomog (Tag.) Kalimumog (Tag.) Mangit (Tag.,Bis.) Mara-mara (Bis., S.L. Bis.) Maratia (Ibn.) Mura-mara (P. Bis.) Palupo (Iv.) Putputai (Bik.) Santing (Sul.) Tsa (Tag.) Fukien tea tree (Engl.) Scorpionbush (Engl.) Wild tea (Engl.) Jijishu (Chin.)

Botany Tsaanggubat is an erect, very branched shrub growing up to 1.5 - 4 m high. Leaves are in clusters on short branches, 3-6 cm long, entire or somewhat toothed or lobed near the apex and pointed at the base, short stalked and rough on the upper surface. Flowers are white, small, axillary, solitary, 2 or 4 on a common stalk. Fruit is yellow when ripe, 4-5 mm in diameter, fleshy, with a 4-seeded stone. Distribution Easily found in thickets and secondary forests, at low and medium altitudes. Parts utilized Leaves

Uses Culinary Tea made from the leaves. Folkloric - Leaf decoction or infusion for abdominal colic, cough, diarrhea and dysentery. - Root decoction used as an antidote for vegetable poisoning. - For diarrhea: Boil 8 tbsp of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes; strain and cool. Use 1/4 of the decoction every 2 or 3 hours. Decoction has also been used as a dental mouthwash. - Decoction of leaves used as disinfectant wash after childbirth. - In Sri Lanka, used for diabetes: 50 gm of fresh leaves or roots are chopped; 100 cc of water is added, and 120 cc of juice is extracted by squeezing, and given once or twice daily. New Application Being promoted by the Department of Health (DOH) as an antispasmodic; for stomach/abdominal pains. One of a few herbs recently registered with the Bureau of Foods and Drugs as medicines. Studies Antiallergic Activity: Tsaanggubat, together with Lagundi and Sambong, were studied for possible anti-allergic subtances to counter the histamine release from mast cells that cause type-1 reactions. From tsaang-gubat, rosmarinic acid and microphyllone were isolated. Antibacterial / Antinocicpetive / Anti-inflammatory: Study of CR leaves yielded an intractable mixture of triterpenes a-amyrin, -amyrin and baurenol and a wide range of bioactivity. The mixture showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and antibacterial activities. Antimutagen: An antimutagenic principle was extracted from the leaves of C retusa with ethyl alcohol. Triterpene Bioactivities/ Analgesic / Anti-inflammatory / Anti-diarrheal / Antimicrobial: Study OF Carmona retusa leaves yielded an intractable mixture of triterpenes, a-amyrin (43.7%), -amyrin (24.9%) and baurenol (31.4%). The mixture exhibited analgesic activity (51%), some anti-inflammatory activity (20%), anti-diarrheal activity (29%), and moderate antimicrobial activity against S aureus, C albicans and T mentagrophytes. Anti-Tumor: Carmona retusa leaf extracts were tested for anticancer property and results showed it can be used as an anticancer agent.

Niyog- Niyogan (Quisqualisindica L.)

Scientific names Quisqualisindica Linn. Q. densiflora Q. malabarica Q. pubecens Q. spinosa Common names Balitadham (BIS.) Bawe-bawe (Pamp.) Bonor (P. Bis.) Kasumbal (Bik.) Pinion (Bis.) Piones (C. Bis., Spanish) Tagarau (Tag.) Tagulo (Tag.) Talulong; (Ibn.) Talulung (Ibn.) Tanglon (Bik.) Tangolo (Tag., Bik.) Tagulo (Bik.) Tartaraok (Bik., Ilk.) Tartarau (Iloko) Taungon (Manobo) Tangolan (Tag.) Tontoraok (Tag.) Burma Creeper (Engl.) Chinese honeysuckle (Engl.) LianeVermifuge (Engl.) Rangoon creeper (Engl.) Shih-chun-tzu (Chin.) Yesterday, today, and tomorrow (Engl.)

Botany Niog-niogan is a large climbing, woody shrub reaching a length of 2 to 8 meters. Brown hairs give the younger parts a rusty appearance. Leaves are oblong to elliptic, opposite, 7 to 15 cm long, rounded at the base and pointed at the tip. Flowers are fragrant, tubular, showy, first white, then becoming red, reddish-purple or orange, exhibiting the range of colors in clusters, on the same flower stalk. Fruit is narrowly ellipsoid, 2.5 to 3 cm long, with five, sharp, longitudinal angles or wings; the taste resembling coconuts. Seeds are pentagonal and black. Distribution In thickets and secondary forests, throughout the Philippines. Ornamentally planted for its flowers. Parts utilized Seeds (dried nuts) and leaves. Constituents Plant yields a fatty oil, 15%; gum; resin. The nut yields 12.96 percent moisture; a yellow oil, 28.37 percent of the original nut. Studies yield quisqualic acid, quisqualin A. An analysis of the seed reported the presence of oleic and palmitic acids in the oil, in addition to sitosterol, and an acetyl derivative from the saponifable matter. Properties Oil from the seeds are purgative. Considered anthelmintic, antiinflammatory. Study on ascariasis reported the plant to possess anthelmintic properties. Excessive dosing reported to cause hiccups. Fruit is considered tonic and astringent. Uses Nutrion

Flowers are edible. Folkloric Anthelmintic: Dried seeds preferable for deworming. Adults: Dried nuts-chew 8 to 10 small- to medium-sized dried nuts two hours after a meal, as a single dose, followed by a half glass of water. If fresh nuts are used, chew only 4-5 nuts. Hiccups occur more frequently with the use of fresh nuts. Children 3-5 years old: 4-5 dried nuts; 6 - 8 years old: 5-6 dried nuts; 9-12 years old: 6-7 dried nuts. Caution: Adverse reactions - diarrhea, abdominal pain, distention and hiccups more likely if nuts are eaten in consecutive days or when fresh nuts are eaten. Roasted seeds for diarrhea and fever. Plant used as a cough cure. Leaves applied to the head to relieve headaches. Pounded leaves externally for skin diseases. Decoction of boiled leaves used for dysuria. Ifugao migrants use it for headache. Ripe seeds roasted and used for diarrhea and fever. In Thailand, seeds used as anthelmintic; flowers for diarrhea. In India and Ambonia, leaves used in a compound decoction to relieve flatulent distention of the abdomen. Leaves and fruits are reported to be anthelmintic; also used for nephritis. In India and the Moluccas, seeds are given with honey as electuary for the expulsion of entozoa in children. In Indo-China, seeds are used as anthelmintic and for rickets in children. The Chinese and Annamites reported to use the seeds as vermifuge. In China, seeds are also used for diarrhea and leucorrheal discharges of children. Seeds macerated in oil are applied to parasitic skin diseases. In Bangladesh, used for diarrhea, fever, boils, ulcers and helminthiasis. Studies Polyphenols / Antioxidant: Flower extract yielded high polyphenol contents and showed strong antioxidant acitivity. Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor: Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central or peripheral nervous system. The methanolic extract of Q indica flower dose-dependently inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity. Fixed Oil Storage Effect: Study showed one year storage does not significantly affect the physical constants of the fixed oil. Larvicidal Activity: In a study screening 11 plant species of local flora against the IV instar larvae of Aedesaegypti, Quisqualisindica was one of the plants that showed some larvicidal activity against Aeaegypti, albeit, at comparatively higher doses.

Akapulko (Cassia alata L.)

Common names: Katanda (Tagalog); andadasi (Ilokano); palochina (Bisaya); ringworm bush, seven golden candlesticks, bayabas-bayabasan Indications: Katanda (Tagalog); andadasi (Ilokano); palochina (Bisaya); ringworm bush, seven golden candlesticks Special precautions: Apply thinly twice daily on affected part. Improvement should occur 2 3 weeks after treatment. Traditional uses: As antifungal- Fresh, matured leaves pounded. Apply as soap to the affected part 1-2 times a day

Ulasimang-bato (Peperoniapellucida)
Other scientific names Peperomiabilineata Miq. Peperomiahymenophylla Miq. Peperomiapellucida Linn. Piper pellucida Linn. Micropiperpellucidum Miq. Micropipertenellum Klotz Common names Ikmo-ikmohan Olasiman-ihalas (C. Bis.) Sahica-puti (Tag.) Sida-sida Sinaw-sinaw Tagulinaw Tangon-tangon Ulasimanbato Ulasimangbato Clear weed (Engl.) Shiny bush (Engl.)

Botany Pansit-pansitan is an erect, branched, annual herb, shallow rooted, reaching up to 40 cm high, with very succulent stems. Stems are round, often about 5 mm thick. Leaves are alternate, heart-shaped and turgid, as transparent and smooth as candle wax. Spikes are green, erect, very slender, 1 to 6 cm long. Tiny dotlike flowers scattered along solitary and leaf-opposed stalk (spike); naked; maturing gradually from the base to the tip; turning brown when ripe. Distribution An annual herb, favoring shady, damp and loose soil. Often grows in groups in nooks in the garden and yard. Conspicious in rocky parts of canals. Propagation by seeds. Numerous tiny seeds drop off when mature and grow easily in clumps and groups in damp areas. Pantropic species of American origin.

Parts utilized Leaves and stems. Constituents Study yielded 5 new bioactive compounds: two secolignans, two tetrahydrofuranlignans, and one highly methoxylateddihydronaphthalenone. Proximate analysis of leaves yieleda high ash content, a higher crude fiber content, and a still higher carbohydrate content. Mineral analysis showed low manganese, iron, zinc and copper, with high sodium content. Phytochemical screening yielded alkaloids, cardenolides, saponins and tannins. Properties Considered anti-inflammatory, refrigerant, analgesic, antifungal, anticancer. Uses Nutritional Leaves and stems may be eaten as vegetable. In salads, the fresh plant has the crispness of carrot sticks and celery. Folkloric Infusion and decoction of leaves and stems are used for gout and arthritis. Decoction of leaves used for urinary tract infections. Externally, as a facial rinse for complexion problems. Pounded whole plant used as warm poultice for boils, pustules and pimples. In Bolivia, decoction of roots used for fever; aerial parts for wounds. In Bangladesh, leaves used in the treatment of excited mental disorders. Used for headaches, rheumatic pains, impotence. In Brazil, used to lower cholesterol; for treatment of abscesses, furuncles and conjunctivitis New uses Belongs to the "preferred list" of Philippine medicinal plants, being studied for its use in the treatment of arthritis and gout. For arthritis: Leaves and stems of the fresh plant may be eaten as salad. Or, as an infusion, put a 20-cm plant in 2 glasses of boiling water; and 1/2 cup of this infusion is taken morning and evening. Studies Analgesic / Antiinflammatory: Extract study of aerial parts of PP tested in rats and mice exhibited antiinflammatory and analgesic activities. The antiinflammatory activity was attributed to interference with prostaglandin synthesis. Results also showed low toxicity. CNS Depressant Activity: Study of peperomia leaf extract showed dose-dependent depressant effects probably due to psychoactive substances that are CNS depressant. Antipyretic: Study of PP leaf extract on rabbits showed antipyretic effects comparable to a standard aspirin. Antibacterial: Study of methanolic extract of PP exhibited a very good level of broad spectrum antibacterial activity. PhenologicalAntiedematogenic: P pellucida has a phenological cycle of about 100 days. The aqueous extract is used as antiedematogenic during pheophases 1 and 2 of winter and spring. Anti-Cancer: Study isolated five new compounds, including two secolignans, two

tetrahydrofuranlignans, one highly methoxylateddihydronaphthalenone with known peperomins A, B, C and E. Compound 1 and peperomin E showed growth inhibitory effects on three cancer cell lines. Toxicity Study: Study in mice with P pellucida taken in excessive amounts showed a dose-dependent increase in adverse effects in the major systems of the body. The moderate slope of the dose-response line was suggestive of a moderately wide margin of safety of the plant. Analgesic / Anti-Arthritic Study: Study showed both twice daily P. pellucida decoction and ibuprofen treatment significantly lowered the mean socres on pain, stiffness and disability on the WOMAC arthritis index on patients with knee joint rheumatism. Xanthone Glycoside / Antibacterial: Study isolated patuloside A, a xanthone glycoside from P. pellucida. The compound showed significant antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (B subtilis, B megaterium, S aureus, Strep -hemolyticus) and six Gram-negative bacteria (E coli, S dysenteriae, S sonnei, S flexneri, P aeruginosa and S typhi.) Antihyperuricemic: A randomized controlled study of the effect of freeze-dried aqueous extract powder of P. pellucida in male adult Sprague Dawley rats showed a mean % decrease from hyperuricemic level of 44.1% compared to allopurinol's 64.0%. Results indicate P. pellucida may be used as an alternative medication for hyperuricemia. Anti-Inflammatory / Antioxidant: A petroleum ether extract significantly reduced carrageenaninduced hind paw edema. The methanol extract showed the strongest free radical scavenging activity. Results suggest the plant is a good natural source for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy.

Bawang (Aliumsativum L.)

Scientific names Allium sativum Linn. Common names Ahos (Bis.) Bawang (Tag.) Bauang (Tag.) Garlic (Engl.) Nectar of the Gods (Engl.) Poor Man's Treacle (Engl.) Hsiao Suan (Chin.) Stinking Rose (Engl.)

Botany A low herb, 30 to 60 cm high. Bulbs are broadly ovoid, 2 to 4 cm in diameter, consisting of several, densely crowded, angular and truncated tubers. Leaves are linear and flat. Umbels are globose, many flowered. Sepas are oblong, greenish white, slightly tinged with purple. Distribution Ubiquitous in market places.Commercially grown in Batangas, Nueva Ecija, IlocosNorte, Mindoro, and Cotobato.

Constituents Saponins; tannins; sulfurous compounds; prostaglandins; alkaloids; volatile oils; allicin (bulb). The antihelminthic property is due to allyldisulphie content. The most important chemical constituents are the cysteine sulfoxides (alliin) and the nonvolatileglutamylcysteine peptides which make up more than 82% of the sulfur content of garlic. Allicin, ajoenes and sulfides are degradation products of alliin. Some of garlic's effect is attributed to alicin, its active ingredient, which is converted to ajoene, allylsulfides and vinyldithiins. Aged garlic products lack allicin, but may have activity due to the presence of S-allycysteine. Bulb: allicin; volatile oil, 0.9% - allyldisulfide, allypropyldisulfide; inulin; protein; fat, 1.3%; carbohydrates, 0.2%; ash, 9.4%; choline, 0.7%; myrosinase. Leaves: Protein, i.2%; fat, 0.5%; sulfides. Properties Antibacterial, antihelminthic, antimycotic, antiviral, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, fibrinolytic, hypotensive, promiting leucocytosis, lowering lipids and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Parts utilized Bulbs: Features prominently as a condiment and flavor in Filipino cuisine. Herbalists, with concerns that cooking diminishes medicinal potency, recommends eating raw garlic cloves. Uses Folkloric Arthritis, rheumatism, toothaches: Crush several cloves and rub on affected areas. Headaches: Crush one clove and apply to both temples as poultice. Insect bites: Crush garlic or cut clove crosswise and rub directly to affected area. Athlete's foot. Decoction of leaves and bulbs for fever and as hypotensive, carminative, expectorant, and antihelmintic. Juice from freshly crushed garlic used for colds, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, asthma and bronchitis. Decoction use for tonsillitis. For nasal congestion - a steam inhalation of chopped garlic and a teaspoon of vinegar in boiling water. Fresh garlic has been used as a complement to INH therapy for tuberculosis. Also used for menstrual cramps. Digestive problems and gastrointestinal spasms. For gas pains, drink an infusion of a peeled broild clove. Studies Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic: Topically, ajoene 0.4% cream, has been found 70% effective in certain dermatologic fungal infections. A 0.6% gel was effective in tineacorporis and tineacruris. Anticandidal: Study on the mode of actionof aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against Candida albicans showed garlic treatment affected the structure and integrity of the outer surface of the yeast cells. Growth was affected in a number of ways: decreased total lipid content, higher phosphatidylserines and lower phosphatidylcholines, and decrease oxygen consumption of AGE-treated C. albicans. AGE exerts its effect by oxidation of thiol groups causing enzyme inactivation and subsequent microbial growth inhibition. Hypertension: Studies suggest a beneficial antihypertensive effect but blood-lowering effects probably not dramatic. Other studies show a vascular benefit through improvement of aortic elasticity and

possible slowing of the rate of atherosclerosis progression. Hyperlipidemia / Antioxidant: (1) Controversial, but probably has beneficial effect on serum cholesterol and LDL levels. Some studies have shown a 4% to 12% lowering of total cholesterol. It seems to have no effect on high density lipoprotein (HDL). (2) Study of feeding of fresh garlic bulbs to inducedhypercholesterolemic rats showed decrease in total and LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL levels.(3) Study concluded that garlic extracts may have a beneficial effect on blood lipid profile and antioxidant status. Anti-cancer / Chemoprotective: (1) Possible anticarcinogenic properties, specifically colon, stomach and prostate cancers. In stomach cancers, probably through its inhibitory effect on H. pylori. In epidemiologic studies on stomach and colorectal cancer prevention, the garlic use was 3.5 grams to 30 grams of fresh or cooked garlic per week. (2) Study showed garlic may have an adjuvant effect on various defense mechanisms against DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in sub-maxillary salivary glands of rat through increased availability or utilization of beta-carotene. Hepatoprotective / Hematologic Effects: Study results on female Wistar rats suggest garlic and vitamin C have some hepatoprotective and hematologica effects. Antidiabetic: Study results of ethanolic extracts of AS in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats suggest that A. sativum can be considered an excellent candidate for future studies on diabetes mellitus. Sperm Immobilization Activity : Study of crude extract of A. sativum bulb showed spermicidal activity in vitro. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Treatment: A trial showed garlic may improve oxygenation and symptoms in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Anti-Thrombotic Activity : Study of extracts of Allium sativum and Vernoniaamygdalina showed both extracts offered protection against thrombosis produced by an intravenous injection of ADP and adrenalin, with A sativum showing the stronger activity. DiallylSulfide / Anti-Cancer: Study showed diallylsulfide, a thioether found naturally in garlic, when given by gavage to mice, inhibited by 74% the incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma induced by 1,2dimethyl-hydrazine. Cardiovascular Benefits: Garlic is an ideal herb with its several cardiovascular benefits: blood pressure lowering, antihyperlipidemic effects, platelet inhibition and fibrinolytic effects, antioxidant and antiatherosclerotic effects Antibacterial / Anti-Staph aureus: Study of an aqueous extract of Allium sativum showed concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Antitumorigenesis: Study showed garlic oil may have an adjuvant effect on host defense mechanisms against DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in sub-maxillary glands of rat through increased availability and utilization of beta-carotene. Precautions Anticoagulant Use: Reports have suggested that garlic may decrease platelet aggregation and have antifibrinolytic activity; therefore, should be used with caution in patients on anticoagulant therapy. Induction of Cytochrome P450-34A: Concern for patients on cyclosporine and protease inhibitors. May increase the effects of hypoglycemic drugs.

Ampalaya (Momordicacharantia (L.) DC)

Common names: mpalaya (Tagalog); paria (Ilokano); palia (Bisaya); bitter gourd, bitter cucumber, bitter melon (English) Indications: lowers blood sugar levels; for fertility regulation Special precautions: Blood sugar levels should be monitored regularly. The native variety with small bitter fruit is recommended. Traditional uses:a. To lower blood sugar levels- Gather and wash young leaves very well. Chop.Boil 6 tablespoons in two glassfuls of water for 15 minutes under low fire.Do not cover pot. Cool and strain. Take one third cup 3 times a day after meals. Leaves may be blanched/ steamed and eaten glassful 2 times a day.

Guava (Psidiumguajava L.)

Other scientific names Psidiumcujavus Linn. Psidiumaromaticum Blanco Psidiumpyriferum Linn. Psidiumpomiferum Linn. Common names Bagabas (Ig.) Bayabas (Ilk., Tag.) Bayabo (Ibn.) Bayauas (Bik., Pang.) Bayawas (Bik.) Biabas (Sul.) Gaiyabat (If.) Gaiyabit (If.) Geyabas (Bon.) Guayabas (Tag.) Guyabas(Ilk., Tag.) Kalimbahin (Tag.) Tayabas (Tag.) Guava (Engl.)

Botany Somewhat hairy young branches are 4-angled with opposite leaves. Flowers with in-curved petals, cottony white, coming out in two's or three's in the leaf axils. Numerous stamens form the attractive part of the flower. Inferior ovaries develop into roundish green fruits that turn yellow on ripening and have edible, aromatic, seedy pulp. Distribution Widely distributed in the Philippines. Common in backyards.Well-known because of its edible fruit.Propagation by seeds, budding, grafting, and marcotting. Root cuttings have been tried with success. Parts utilized LeavesChemical constituents and properties Fixed oil, 6%; volatile (essential) oil, 0.365%; eugenol; tannin 8-15%; saponins; amydalin; phenolic acids; malic acid; ash, aldehydes. Contains catequinic components and flavonoids. Major constituents of leaves are tannins, -sitosterol, maslinic acid, essential oils, triterpenoids and flavonoids.

Andiarrheal, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antioxidant hepatoprotective, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cardioactive, anticough, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antinociceptive.

Uses Nutrition Very high in vitamin C (80 mg in 100 gm of fruit) with large amounts of vitamin A. Fruit can be eaten raw or canned, jellied, juiced or powdered. Folkloric Astringent, antispasmodic, anthelminthic and antiseptic properties. Leaves used for wounds and toothache must always be fresh. Decoction or infusion of fresh leaves used for wound cleaning to prevent infection and to facilitate healing. Warm decoction of leaves for aromatic baths. For diarrhea, boil for 15 minutes 4 to 6 tablespoons of chopped leaves in 18 ounces of water. Strain and cool. Drink 1/4 of the decoction every 3 - 4 hours. For toothache, cew 2-3 young leaves and put into the tooth cavity; For gum swelling, chew leaves or use the leaf decoction as mouthwash 3 times daily; chewed leaves. For skin ulcers, pruritic or infected wounds: Apply decoction of leaves or unripe fruit as wash or the leaf poultice on the wound or use the decoction for wound cleansing. It is also popularly used for the wound healing of circumcision wounds. Nosebleeds: Densely roll the bayabas leaves and place into the nostril cavity. Vaginal wash: Because of antiseptic properties, warm decoction of leaves as vaginal wash (after childbirth) or douche. Cosmetic Leaf extract used in skin whitening products. Dental Toothbrush au-natural: Bayabas twigs, chewed at the ends until frayed, used as alternative for toothbrushing with whitening effect. Others Wood is suitalbe for carpentry, turnery, fuel or charcoal. A favorite rural use for tool handles. Studies Assessment of two medicinal plants, Psidiumguajava L. and Achilleamillefolium L., in in vitro and in vivo assays: Study on the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the plants provide info on its safety for use as therapeutic agents. Antihypertensive / Antidiarrheal: In the study, P guajava leaf extracts was more active than D mespiliformis in their antagonistic effects on caffeine-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic retidculum of rat skeletal muscle. Results might explain their use as antihypertensive and antidiarrheal agents in traditional medicine through an inhibition of intracellular calcium release. Anticestodal: Anticestodal efficacy of Psidiumguajava against experimental Hymenolepisdiminuta infection in rats : The study showed anticestodal efficacy and supports folkloric medicinal use in the treatment of intestinal-worm infections in northeast India. Hypoglycaemic / Hypotensive: The leaf of Psidiumguajava is used extensively in African folk medicine. The study shows that the aqueous leaf extract of P. guajava possesses hypoglycemic and hypotensive properties and provides pharmaco credence to the folkloric use of the plant for type-2 diabetes and hypertension in some rural African communities.

Microbicidal: (1) Microbicidal effect of medicinal plant extracts (Psidiumguajava Linn. and Carica papaya Linn.) upon bacteria isolated from fish muscle and known to induce diarrhea in children: Study concludes that guava sprout extracts is a feasible treatment option for diarrhea caused by E coli or S aureus-produced toxins, with quick curative effect, easy availability and low cost. (2) Aequeous extracts of leaves have shown antimicrobial activity against Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., S aureus, B-strep, E coli, P aeruginosa and B subtilis. Guava Extracts and Radiolabelling: Study showed aqueous PG extract could present antioxidant action and affect membrane structures in ion transport altering radiolabelling of blood constituents with Technitium (Tc99m) and precautions applied to nuclear medicine procedures on patients using guava extracts. Antidiabetic: Study of extract of leaves of PG showed to possess antidiabetic effect in type 2 diabetic mice model, the effect in part, mediated via the inhibition of PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B). Phytochemical / Trypanocidal: Study showed that PG leaf extract possessed trypanocidal properties attributed to broad antimicrobial and iron chelating activity of flavonoids and tannins. Iron chelation was suggested as a effective way of killing trypanosomes. Antitumor: Study showed P guajava extracts to be efficacious in preventing tumor development by depressing Tr cells (regulatory). Antioxidant: Study of methanolic extract of PG leaves showed in vitro free radical scavenging activity. Antiproliferative / Anticancer: A study on the antiproliferative activity of essential oil from 17 thai medicinal plants on human mouth epidermal carcioma (KB) and murine leukemia (P388) cell lines. In the KB cell line, Psidiumguajava leaf oil showed the highest anti-proliferative activity, more than 4x more potent than vincristine. The results suggested the potential of Thai medicinal plants for cancer treatment. Antidiarrheal / Microbicidal: (1) A study concludes that guava sprout extracts is a feasible treatment option for diarrhea caused by E coli or S aureus-produced toxins, with quick curative action, easy accessibility and low cost. (2) A morphine-like spasmolytic action involving the inhibition of acetylcholine release and the transmural transport of electrolytes and water has been reported as possible modes of antidiarrheal action of P guajava leaf extracts. The extract also inhibited the growth of causative agents for enteric fecver, food poisoning, dysentery and cholera. Antispasmodic: In a study of acute diarrheic disease, a phytodrug developed from guava leaves, standardized with its quercetin content, exhibited a decrease in the duration of abdominal pain. Antioxidant / Hypocholeterolemic: A study done to determine the effects of guava consumption on antioxidant status and lipid profile in normal male youth showed a significant increase in level of total antioxidants and reduced oxidative stress and also increase the level of HDL cholesterol significantly. Anti-Ulcer: Study showed rats pretreated with P guajava extract from fresh tender leaves showed antiulcer activity in aspirin-induced gastric ulcer model with a significant reduction of ulcer index, pepsin activity, free and total acidity, volume and mucus content of gastric juice.

ALKALOIDS