Definition of physics terms Form 4 Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics QUANTITIES that are measurable PHYSICAL QUANTITIES that cannot

be defined in terms of other physical quantities. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES that are derived from base quantities by multiplication or division or both POWERS of the base number 10 to show a very large or small number GROUP OF LETTERS placed at the beginning of a word to modify its meaning, which act as multipliers QUANTITY which has only magnitude or size (time, temperature, mass, volume, distance, density, power) QUANTITY which has both magnitude or size and direction (force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum) DIFFERENCE between actual value of a quantity and the value obtained in measurement CUMULATIVE ERRORS that can be corrected, if the errors are known. (zero error, incorrect calibration of measuring instrument) ERRORS that arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition, and will produce a different error every time. Random errors are caused by factors that are beyond the control of observers. (human limitations, lack of sensitivity, natural errors, wrong technique) ERROR that arises when the measuring instrument does not start from exactly zero ERROR in reading an instrument because the observers eyes and the pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of scale PROCESS of determining value of a quantity using a scientific instrument with a standard scale ABILITY to register the same reading when a measurement is repeated (to improve eliminates parallax error, greater care, not detective instrument) DEGREE to which a measurement represents the actual value (to improve repeat readings, avoid parallax/zero error, high accuracy instrument) ABILITY to detect quickly a small change in the value of a measurement (thermometer thin wall bulb, narrow capillary) EARLY CONCLUSION that you draw from an observation or event using information that you already have on it GENERAL STATEMENT that is assumed to be true regarding the relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable Chapter 2: Forces and Motion how far a body travels during motion CHANGE IN POSITION of an object from its initial position in a specified direction RATE OF CHANGE of distance RATE OF CHANGE of displacement AMOUNT of matter in the object RATE OF velocity change / increase RATE OF velocity decrease PROPERTY of matter that causes it to resist any change in its motion or state of rest PRODUCT of mass and velocity pulling or a pushing ACTION on an object Zero net force Change in momentum

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 .

Physical quantities Base quantities Derived quantities Scientific notation // standard form Prefixes Scalar quantity Vector quantity Error Systematic errors Random errors Zero error Parallax error Measurement Consistency Accuracy Sensitivity Inferences Hypothesis

19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 28 . 29 . 30

Distance Displacement Speed Velocity Mass Acceleration deceleration Inertia Momentum Force Equilibrium force Impulse

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31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . 35 . 36 . 37 . 38 . 39 . 40 . 41 . 42 . 43 . 44 . 45 . 46 . 47 . 48 . 49 .

Impulsive force Gravity Gravitational field

RATE OF CHANGE of momentum in a collision or explosion. FORCE originated from centre of the Earth that pulls all objects towards the ground A region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational attraction. Gravitational force per unit mass.

Gravitational field strength (g) Weight (W) Free fall Forces in equilibrium Resultant force Work Work done Energy Kinetic energy Gravitational PE Elastic PE Power Efficiency Elasticity Spring constant Elastic limit

Product of mass (m) and acceleration du to gravity (g), W = mg FALLING of an object without encountering any resistance from a height towards the earth with an acceleration due to gravity An object is said to be in a state of equilibrium when forces act upon an object and it remains stationary or moves at a constant velocity SINGLE FORCE which combines two or more forces which act on an object Product of an applied force (F) and displacement (s) of an object in the direction of the applied force. W=Fs Energy is transferred from one object to another // transformed from one form to another. CAPACITY of a system to do work. ENERGY possessed by a moving object. E = mv2 ENERGY STORED in the object because of its height above the earth surface. E = mgh ENERGY STORED in the object as a result of stretching or compressing it. RATE at which work is done // RATE at which energy is transferred Useful energy output X 100 % Energy input PROPERTY of an object that enables it to return to its original shape and dimensions after an applied force is removed FORCE needed to extend a spring per unit length MAXIMUM STRETCHING FORCE which can be applied to an elastic material before it ceases to be elastic Chapter 3: Forces and Pressure FORCE acting normally on a unit surface area. P = hg h = depth; = density and g=gravitational field strength. FORCE per unit area exerted by the gas particles as they collide with the walls of their container (due to the rate of change of momentum) Due to the weight of the atmosphere acting on the Earths surface. Is an application of Pascals Principle which acts as a force multiplier. Output force = output piston area Input force input piston area NET FORCE acting upwards due to the difference between the forces acting on the upper surface and the lower surface of an object. Apparent weight = actual weight buoyant force Chapter 4: Heat DEGREE of hotness of an object PHYSICAL PROPERTY of a substance which is sensitive to and varies linearly with the temperature change E = kx2

50 . 51 . 52 . 53 . 54 . 55 .

Pressure Pressure in a liquid Gas pressure Atmospheric pressure Hydraulic system Buoyant force

56 . 57 .

Temperature Thermometric property

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58 . 59 . 60 . 61 . 62 . 63 . 64 .

Thermal equilibrium Heat capacity Specific heat capacity, c Specific latent heat , l Specific latent heat of fusion Specific latent heat of vaporization Absolute zero

A condition in which there is no net heat flow between two objects in thermal contact. HEAT ENERGY required to raise its temperature by 1C or 1 K HEAT ENERGY (Q) required to raise its temperature () by 1C or 1 K in a mass (m) of 1 kg. c = Q/(m) HEAT ABSORBED OR RELEASED when a substance with 1 kg mass changes its state without a change in temperature. l = Q/m HEAT ENERGY required to change 1 kg of a substance from solid state to liquid state, without a change in temperature HEAT ENERGY required to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid state to gaseous state, without a change in temperature

65 . 66 . 67 . 68 . 69 . 71 . 73 . 74 . 75 .

Chapter 5: Light PHENOMENON where the direction of light is changed when it crosses the boundary between two materials of different optical densities as a result of a change in the velocity of light. Refractive index, n n = sin i / sin r (3 formulae) n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in a medium n = apparent depth / real depth Critical angle, c GREATEST ANGLE OF INCIDENCE in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction, r = 90 Refraction Total internal reflection Focal point Focal length Magnification, m Power of lens TOTAL REFLECTION of a beam of light at the boundary of two mediums, when the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium exceeds a specific critical angle. Convex lens Concave lens Convex lens Concave lens Image distance (v) object distance(u) MEASURE OF ITS ABILITY to converge or diverge an incident beam of light

IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS: Virtual - an image which cannot be projected (focused) onto a screen Real - an image which can be projected (focused) onto a screen Laterally inverted - an image which left and right are interchanged Upright - an image which in vertical position Diminished - image formed is smaller than the object Magnified - image formed is larger than the object Form 5 Chapter 1 Waves A TYPE OF DISTURBANCE produced by an oscillating or vibrating motion in which a point or body moves back and forth along a line about a fixed central point produces waves. LINE OR PLANE on which the vibrations of every point are in phase and are at the same distance from the source of the wave. same direction, same displacement WAVE in which the vibration of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave (water waves, light waves, electromagnetic waves) WAVE in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave (sound waves, ultrasound) MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT from its equilibrium position. TIME TAKEN to complete an oscillation, from one extreme point to the other and back to the same position. NUMBER OF COMPLETE OSCILLATIONS made by a vibrating system in one second DISTANCE between successive points of the same phase in a wave

76 . 77 . 78 . 79 . 80 . 81 . 82 . 83 . 84

Waves Wavefront In phase

Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave Amplitude, a Period, T Frequency. F Wavelength,

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85 . 86 . 87 . 88 . 89 . 90 . 91 . 92 . 93 . 94 . 95 . 96 . 97 . 98 . 99 . 10 0.

Wave speed, v Damping Resonance Natural frequency Reflection of wave Refraction of wave Diffraction of waves coherent DECREASE in the amplitude of an oscillating system. (Internal damping: extension and compression of molecules. External damping: frictional force/ air resistance) a ; f constant Occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by an external force. The resonating system oscillates at its maximum amplitude. FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY of which an object vibrates. It is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without external force Reflection of wave occurs when a wave strike an obstacle direction ; f = ; a = ; = Refraction of wave occurs when a wave travel from one medium to another f = ; v ; ; direction PHENOMENON in which waves spread out as they passed through an aperture or round a small circle. f = ; = ; speed = ; v ; direction same frequency, amplitude and in phase SUPERPOSITION of two waves originating from two coherent sources

Interference of waves Constructive interference Destructive interference Antinode Node

occurs when the both crests or both troughs of both waves coincide to produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude occurs when the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of the other wave, thus cancelling each other with the result that the resultant amplitude is zero. POINT where constructive interference occurs. POINT where destructive interference occurs.

Electromagnetic waves

PROPAGATING WAVES in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation of wave. Electromagnetic spectrum Range of low frequency to high frequency electromagnetic waves. Monochromatic light LIGHT with only one wavelength and colour. Chapter 2 Electricity

10 1. 10 2. 10 3. 10 4. 10 5. 10 6. 10 7. 10 8. 10 9. 11 0. 11 1. 11 2.

Current, I Direct current Alternating current Electric field Circuit Resistance, R Potential difference, V Electromotive force (e.m.f.) Internal resistance, r Superconductor Electrical energy Electrical power

RATE of charge flow. Current which flow in one direction. Current that flows to and fro in two opposite direction. A FIELD in which electric charge experiences an electric force CLOSED LOOP through which charge can continuously flow RATIO of the potential difference across an ohmic conductor to the current flowing through it. MEASURE of the ability of the conductor to resist the flow of an electric current through it. WORK DONE (W) when moving one coulomb of charge (Q) between two points in an electric field. V=W/Q WORK DONE by a source in driving one unit charge AROUND A COMPLERTE CIRCUIT. // TOTAL ENERGY supplied by a cell to move a unit of electrical charge from one terminal to the other through the cell and the external circuit CONDUCTOR in which its resistance will suddenly become zero when it is cooled below a certain temperature called the critical temperature

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11 3.

Power rating

RATE at which it consumes electrical energy. Chapter 3 Electromagnetism A TEMPORARY MAGNET which is produced by a current carrying conductor. REGION in which a magnetic material experiences a force as the result of a magnet or a current-carrying conductor MAGNETIC FIELD with the field lines pointing towards or away from the centre of a circle. PRODUCTION of an electric current by a changing magnetic field (conductor cuts across a magnetic flux // a change of magnetic flux linkage with a coil) VALUE of a steady current/ voltage, which would produce the same heating effect in a given resistor. EQUIPMENT to raise or lower the potential difference of an alternating current supply Chapter 4 Electronics EMISSION of electrons from hot metal surface

11 4. 11 5. 11 6. 11 7. 11 8. 11 9.

Electromagnet Magnetic field Radial field Electromagnetic induction Root mean square current / voltage Transformer

12 0. 12 1. 12 2. 12 3. 12 4. 12 5. 12 6. 12 7. 12 8. 12 9. 13 0. 13 1. 13 2. 13 3. 13 4.

Thermionic emission Work function Cathode ray Cathode ray oscilloscope Conductor Semiconductor diode Insulator Junction voltage Doping Rectification Transistor Capacitor Smoothing Logic gates

MINIMUM ENERGY required to eject electrons from surface fast moving ELECTRONS travel in a straight line in vacuum measuring and testing INSTRUMENT used in study of electricity and electronics MATERIAL which allows current to flow through them. MATERIAL whose resistance is between good conductor and insulator.

MATERIAL which does not conduct electric current. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE acting from n-type to p-type material of a diode across the depletion layer. Adding impurities to semiconductor to increase their conductivity Using diode to convert alternating current into direct current A device used to amplify small current. A device used to maintain a steady output voltage. PROCESS where output is smoothed by connecting a capacitor across load that acts as a reservoir and maintains potential difference across load ELECTRONIC SWITCHES that design to make decision with one or more inputs but give only one output. Chapter 5 Radioactivity consists of a nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus. TYPE of nucleus with particular proton number and nucleon number NUMBER of protons in the nucleus of an atom NUMBER of protons and neutrons in an atom ATOMS of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon number (similar chemical properties but differs in physical properties) SPONTANEOUS DISINTEGRATION of unstable nucleus into a more stable nucleus with the emission of

13 5. 13 6. 13 7. 13 8. 13 9. 14

Atom Nuclide Proton number Nucleon number Isotopes Radioactivity

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14 1. 14 2. 14 3. 14 4. 14 5. 14 6.

Radioactive decay Radioisotope Half life Atomic mass unit (a.m.u) Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion

energetic particles or protons PROCESS where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable nucleus by emitting radiations ISOTOPE that has unstable nucleus that tends to undergo radioactive decay TIME TAKEN for half the atoms in a given sample to decay.

PROCESS involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of roughly equal mass and shooting out several neutrons at the same time. PROCESS involving the fusion of two or more small and light nuclei come together to form a heavier nucleus.

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