Pronunciation / Orthoepy

PUNCTUATION
Alphabet Capitals A B C... Andy Hyphens

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx yz
Consonants

An-dy eye-opener
Colons : Andy s shopping list: -Milk -Honey -Sugar -Fruit

Full stops ... . He said his name, was... Andy.

bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz

Vowels

Commas , The man was old, and he was wearing a colourful hat. Apostrophes ; Andy s book. The Joneses daughter next door.

aeiou

Semicolons

Abdominal exercises help prevent back pain; proper posture is also important. The auditors made six recommendations; however, only one has been adopted so far.

Brackets () He (Andy) walked.

USAGE
Assimilation ten pounds = tem pounds too often = toowoften can on = canon she asked = sheyasked Weak form is / his see schwa forms Homonym Homophone sun / son here / hair / hare knight / night Heteronym (Homograph) live / live desert / desert does / does number / number Assonance I bomb atomically Socrates' philosophies and hypotheses can't define how I be droppin' these mockeries. Alliteration Caring cats cascade off laughing lamas lounging underneath yelling yaks, yelling at roaming rats. Rhyme One, two, buckle my shoe, Three, four, shut the door, Five, six, pick up sticks, Seven, eight, lay them straight. We are the unconquered, The battered and the proud. We sing a song of triumph As our voices ring out loud.

ARTICULATION
Vowel Sounds Monopthong Schwa Phonemes the /k/ sound in the words kit and skill.

The a is schwa in adept. The e is schwa in synthesis. The i is schwa in decimal. The o is schwa in harmony. The u is schwa in medium. The y is schwa in syringe.
Dipthong

Allophones [p ] (as in pin) and [p] (as in spin) are allophones for the phoneme /p/

Consonant Sounds

Place of Articulation

PHONOLOGY
Sentence Stress Syllable stress

PHOtograph phoTOgrapher photoGRAPHic

Punctuation Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE Function Words Pronouns Conjunctions Auxilliary verbs Prepositions Determiners Modal verbs Particles Content Words he, they, anybody, it, Nouns one and, that, when, while, Adjectives although, or be (is, am, are), have, Full verbs got, do of, at, in, without, Adverbs between the, a, that, my, more, Numerals much, either, neither can, must, will, should, Interjections ought, need, used no, not, nor, as Yes/No answers Intonation John, room, answer, Selby happy, new, large, grey search, grow, hold, have really, completely, very, also, enough one, thousand, first eh, ugh, phew, well yes, no (as answers)

Statements Betty lives in \London. Victor works at a \bank. I haven't read this \book. We went to the theater \yesterday. Special questions What is his \name? Where does he \live? When did you \call him? Why are you \late? Commands \Stop it! Sit \down. Close your \books. Exclamatory sentences What a wonderful \present! How \nice of you!
Syllable Teach Tea-cher Pho-to-graph Pho-to-graph-er Monosyllable bed caught great Disyllable Tea-cher Han-dy Cle-ver

General questions Do you visit them /often? Have you seen my /keys? Are you ready to /start? Could you give me a /pen, please?

Polysyllable a-ma-zing in-cre-di-ble un-i-ma-gi-na-ble

Direct address /Peter, can you /help me? Mrs. /Smith, this is Mary \Brown. Enumerating /One, /two, /three, /four, \five. She bought /bread, /cheese, /oranges, and \apples. Introductory phrases If he /calls, tell him about the \conference, please. According to his /words, he was at \home. Alternative questions Do you want /coffee or \tea? Does he speak /English or \German? Tag questions It's a beautiful \town, \isn't it? She \knows him, /doesn't she?

PRONUNCIATION
Alphabet Consonants Vowels Capitals Full stops Commas Apostrophes Hyphens Colons Semicolons Punctuation Letters used to write a language are pronounced with constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract. are pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no buildup of air pressure at any point above the glottis. Upper-case letters used to indicate names, titles, and important words. A punctuation mark indicating the end of a sentence. A punctuation mark indicating a short pause in a sentence. A raised comma used to denote either possession or contraction. A short horizontal mark used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into pairs. A punctuation mark indicating a pause ranking between a semicolon and a full stop. A punctuation mark which indicates a pause longer than a comma, but shorter than a colon. Semicolons should join only those independent clauses that are closely related in meaning. Curved or square punctuation marks enclosing words inserted into a text. Used to contain an idea. Usage When sounds change because of the sound that comes after them. This is often done in linked (connected) speech, where the words run together rather than being pronounced individually. Pronunciation of a word that entails some degree of phonological reduction. They are all function words. The phonological reduction can consist in reducing the number of phonemes in a word, and/or using one of the weak vowels instead of the full vowels. The general rule for using weak forms is that the weak form of a word is used whenever the word is unstressed, unless the word is implicitly stressed. Words that are written and pronounced the same way, but have different meanings.

Brackets

Assimilation

Weak form

Homonym

Homophone Words that sound the same, but are spelled differently. Heteronym(Homograph) Words that don t sound the same, but are spelled the same. Rhyme When words have the same sound so that they work together to produce an effect. Often in raps and poetry. Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds. Alliteration The repetition of consonant sounds usually at the beginning of words.

Stress Intonation (Prosody) Content words Function words

Syllable Monosyllable Disyllable Polysyllable Phoneme Allophone Vowel Sounds Monopthong Dipthong Schwa Consonant Sounds Voiced sounds Unvoiced sounds Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Stops (Plosives) fricatives (spirants) affricates nasals lateral retroflex semivowels (glides) Minimal pairs

Phonology Emphasis placed on words or syllables. Patterns of pitch or tone that carry meaning. Content words are words that have meaning. words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Each syllable is a sound that can be said without interruption. They are usually a vowel that has consonant before and/or after it. One syllable Two syllables Three or more syllables Articulation the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances. A different form of the same sound or phoneme. A single vowel articulated without change in quality throughout the course of a syllable. Two vowel symbols representing the sound of one vowel. The vowel sound in many lightly pronounced unaccented syllables in words of more than one syllable. The vocal chords are vibrated. The vocal chords are not vibrated involving the lips involving the teeth involving the area behind the teeth involving the hard palate involving the velum or soft palate involve the stoppage and sudden release of air involve the constricted flow of air producing a kind of hissing sound a combination of stop + fricative flow of air channeled through the nose, always voiced flow of air channeled through the sides of the tongue, also voiced similar to the lateral but involving a backward curving of the tip of the tongue, also voiced similar to vowels in that the stoppage of the flow of air is very minimal A minimal pair consists of two words that have just one small difference in sound but mean different things.

Glossary of Terms:

PRONUNCIATION / ORTHOEPY

Articulation Phoneme Allophone Vowel Sounds Monopthong Dipthong Schwa Consonant Sounds Voiced sounds Unvoiced sounds Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Stops (Plosives) fricatives (spirants) affricates nasals lateral retroflex semivowels (glides) Minimal pairs

Phonology Stress Intonation (Prosody) Content words Function words Syllable Monosyllable Disyllable Polysyllable

Punctuation Alphabet Consonants Vowels Capitals Full stops Commas Apostrophes Hyphens Colons Semicolons Brackets

Usage Assimilation Weak form Homonym Homophone Heteronym(Homograph) Rhyme Assonance Alliteration