9-14 Skin, fascia, nerves, lymph & vessels

1.

Describe the purpose of skin Protection of the body Heat regulation Sensation Contain body structures

2. Describe the arrangement of the structures in the skin and their function Epidermis superficial epithelial layer Cellular layer, no vessels or lymphatics Keratinized epithelium Supplied with afferent nerve endings Dermis deep connective tissue layer Exchange nutrients & heat, nerve containment Collagen and elastic fibers, providing for skin tone, strength, and toughness Contains nerve fibers (that sense vibrations), sebaceous glands, hair follicles, sweat glands Blood circulation through capillaries Papillary layer Deep CT level Subcutaneous tissue fatty connective tissue Skin ligaments Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves Contain sweat glands Skin ligamentsextend through subcutaneous tissue and attach deep surface of dermis to underlying deep fascia. Deep fascia organized connective tissue layer. Dense CT, acts as a sheath that covers muscles underneath. Often continuous with tendons Infections can spread/be contained by fascia 3 &4. Describe the structure of the blood vessels and their function Lumen space in the interior of the vessel (wider in veins) Valve cusp in veins only. Prevent back-flow of blood against gravity Tunica intimasingle layer of endothelium. Capillaries consist of only this tunic (allow for exchange of nutrients). Elastic laminamore in aorta. Allow expansion of vessel in order to keep blood pressure constant. Tunica media thicker in arteries, consist of smooth muscle. Allow vessels to dilate or constrict, regulating the flow of blood to different parts of the body Tunica adventitia outermost wall, outer CT layer or sheath. Thin walls in vein allow for expansion of vein to fill with blood.

5. Describe the arrangement of the lymph system and the lymph systems function Arrangement Lymphatic Plexusnetworks of lymphatic capillaries Vesselsaccompany blood vessel Trunk Ductsdrain lymph from trunks. Lymph nodessmall masses of lymphatic tissue where lymph is filtered and presented to lymphocytes. Lymphatic organsspleen. Organs where lymph is filtered Lymphtissue fluid that enters the capillaries. Contains tissue fluid, plasma proteins, bacteria cellular debris, and lipids. LymphocytesDendritic cells in skin that identify foreign bodies. Function Drainage of tissue fluid, lymph plasma, and transport of lymph to the venous system Absorption and transport of fat Formation of a defense mechanism for the body 6. Describe the basic structure and function of the central nervous system Structure Brain & spinal cord Gray matter, cell bodies white matter, axon tracts nucleuscollection of functionally integrated nerve cells (Examples: thalamus, hypothalamus), tract bundles of nerve fibers connecting nuclei meninges dura matter extends beyond spinal cord and covers DRG CSFbetween pia and arachnoid matters. Bathes spinal cord and fills the spinal sack below L2, including cauda equina Function Integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals Carry out higher mental functions (learning, memory, motivation, speech) 7. Describe the basic structure and function of the peripheral nervous system Structure Cranial & spinal nerves Function Conduct neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs & sensory receptors throughout the body (afferent/sensory) Convey neural impulses from the CNS to the muscles & glands (efferent/motor)

8. Compare nerve healing in the CNS and PNS CNS: axons do not regenerate. Research continues. PNS: axons can regenerate if cell bodies are still intact. Epineurium must be intact, may require surgery. 9. Compare the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous system Somatic this system relays information to and from the skin and skeletal muscles (conscious control). Provides sensory and motor innervation to skeletal muscle and all parts of the body except the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands. Neuron cell body found in anterior horn; single nerves. Autonomic this system relays information and regulates internal organs (not under conscious control). Stimulate and relays information from the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandlular cells. Cell body found in lateral horn, two-ganglion nerve. Efferent nerves divided into Sympathetic and Parsympathetic systems. Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)catabolic (energy expending), stressresponder Fight or flight Increase HR, respiration, sweating, alertness, shunting of blood from viscera to skeletal muscles Short pre-sympathetic ganglion, long post-ganglion neurons. Synapses occur in paravertebral ganglia Cell bodies found in lateral horn of spinal cord Parasympathetic (craniosacral)anabolic (energy conserving) and homeostatis. When body is at rest or recovering Decrease HR, bronchiole constriction, increase parastalsis Long pre-ganglionic neurons, short post-ganglionic neurons 10. Describe how joints are innervated; Hiltons Law Hiltons law states that the nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint or the skin covering their attachments 11. Describe the purpose of fascia and where it is located in the body Fascias wrap, pack, and insulate deep structures of the bodies. Located almost everywhere under subcutaneous layer. Gives attachment to some underlying muscles. Blends with periosteum over bone 13 & 14. Describe dermatome arrangements and contrast with peripheral nerve innervation See above