Journal of Constructional Steel Research 60 (2004) 10491068 www.elsevier.

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Axial capacity of circular concrete-lled tube columns

Georgios Giakoumelis a, Dennis Lam b,
a

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BU, UK b School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

Received 12 January 2003; received in revised form 24 September 2003; accepted 25 September 2003

Abstract The behaviour of circular concrete-lled steel tubes (CFT) with various concrete strengths under axial load is presented. The eects of steel tube thickness, the bond strength between the concrete and the steel tube, and the connement of concrete are examined. Measured column strengths are compared with the values predicted by Eurocode 4, Australian Standards and American Codes. 15 specimens were tested with 30, 60 and 100 N/mm2 concrete strength, with a D/t ratio from 22.9 to 30.5. All the columns were 114 mm in diameter and 300 mm in length. The eect due to concrete shrinkage is critical for high-strength concrete and negligible for normal strength concrete. All three codes predicted lower values than that measured during the experiments. Eurocode 4 gives the best estimation for both CFT with normal and high-strength concrete. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Composite; High strength; Concrete; Steel design; Columns; Connement; Circular hollow sections; Tubes

1. Introduction Steel members have the advantages of high tensile strength and ductility, while concrete members have the advantages of high compressive strength and stiness. Composite members combine steel and concrete, resulting in a member that has the benecial qualities of both materials. The two main types of composite column are the steel-reinforcement concrete (SRC) column (Fig. 1), which consists of a

Corresponding author. E-mail address: d.lam@leeds.ac.uk (D. Lam).

0143-974X/$ - see front matter # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2003.10.001

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Nomenclature Aa Ac As D fc fcyl fy L Nu Nuo t g1 g2 Cross-sectional area of steel tube Cross-sectional area of concrete Cross-sectional area of steel tube External diameter of steel tube Compressive strength of concrete Cylinder compressive strength of concrete Yield strength of steel tube Length of column Ultimate squash load Ultimate axial strength of composite column Thickness of steel tube Coecient of connement for concrete Coecient of connement for steel

steel section encased in reinforced or unreinforced concrete, and the concrete-lled steel tube (CFT) columns (Fig. 2), which consists of a steel tube lled with concrete. CFT columns have many advantages over SRC columns. The major benets of concrete lled columns are: . Steel column acts as permanent and integral formwork . The steel column provides external reinforcement, and . The steel column support several levels of construction prior to concrete being pumped. Although CFT columns are suitable for tall buildings in high seismic regions, their use has been limited due to a lack of information about the true strength and the inelastic behaviour of CFT members. Due to the traditional separation between structural steel and reinforced concrete design, the procedure for designing CFT column using the American Concrete Institutes (ACI) code is quite dierent from the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method suggested by the American Institute of Steel Constructions (AISC).

Fig. 1. Concrete-encased composite columns.

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Fig. 2. Concrete-lled composite columns.

2. Concrete-lled steel tubes Circular tubular columns have an advantage over all other sections when used in compression members, for a given cross-sectional area, they have a large uniform exural stiness in all directions. Filling the tube with concrete will increase the ultimate strength of the member without signicant increases in cost. The main eect of concrete is that it delays the local buckling of the tube wall and the concrete itself, in the restrained state, is able to sustain higher stresses and strains that when is unrestrained. The use of CFTs provides large saving in cost by increasing the lettable oor area by a reduction in the required cross-section size. This is very important in the design of tall buildings in cities where the cost of letting spaces are extremely high. These are particularly signicant in the lower storey of tall buildings where stubby columns usually exist. CFTs can provide an excellent monotonic and seismic resistance in two orthogonal directions. Using multiple bays of composite CFT framing in each primary direction of a low- to medium-rise building provides seismic redundancy while taking full advantage of the two-way framing capabilities of CFTs [1].

3. Past research Experimental research on CFT columns has been ongoing worldwide for many decades, with signicant contributions having been made particularly by researchers in Australia, Europe, and Asia. The vast majority of these experiments have been on moderate scale specimens (less than 200 mm in diameter) using normal and high-strength concrete. Neogi et al. [2] investigated numerically the elasto-plastic behaviour of pinended, CFT columns, loaded either concentrically or eccentrically about one axis. It was assumed complete interaction between the steel and concrete, triaxial and biaxial eects were not considered. Eighteen eccentric loaded columns were tested, in order to compare the experimental results with the numerical solution. The conclusions were that there was a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical behaviour of columns with L/D ratios greater than 15, inferred that triaxial eects were small for such columns. Where for columns with smaller L/D ratios, it showed some gain in strength due to triaxial eect.

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A series of tests had been carried out by OShea and Bridge [3] on the behaviour of circular thin-walled steel tubes. The tubes had diameter to thickness ratio D/t ranging between 55 and 200. The tests included; bare steel tubes, tubes with unbounded concrete with only the steel section loaded, tubes with concrete inll with the steel and concrete loaded simultaneously and tubes with concrete inll loaded alone. The test strengths were compared to strength models in design standards and specications. The results from the tests showed that the concrete inll for the thin-walled circular steel tubes has little eect on the local buckling strength of the steel tubes. However, OShea and Bridge [4] found that concrete inll can improve the local buckling strength for rectangular and square sections. Increased strength due to connement of high-strength concrete can be obtained if only the concrete is loaded and the steel is not bonded to the concrete. For steel tubes with a D/t ratio greater than 55 and lled with 110120 MPa high-strength concrete, the steel tube provides insignicant connement to the concrete when both the steel and concrete are loaded simultaneously. Therefore, they considered that the strength of these sections can be estimated using Eurocode 4 with connement ignored. The inuence of local buckling on behaviour of short circular thin-walled CFTs has been examined by OShea and Bridge [4]. Two possible failure modes of the steel tube had been identied, local buckling and yield failure. These were found to be independent of the diameter to wall thickness ratio. Instead, bond between the steel and concrete inll determined the failure mode. A proposed design method has been suggested based upon the recommendations in Eurocode 4 [5]. Kilpatrick et al. [6,7] examined the applicability of the Eurocode 4 for design of CFTs which use high-strength concrete and compare 146 columns from six dierent investigations with Eurocode 4. The concrete strength of the columns ranged from 23 to 103 MPa. The mean ratio of measured/predicted column strength was 1.10 with a standard deviation of 0.13. The Eurocode safely predicted the failure load in 73% of the columns analysed. Brauns [8] stated that the eect of connement exists at high stress level when structural steel acts in tension and concrete in compression and that the ultimate limit state of material strength was not attained for all parts simultaneously. In his study, the basis of constitutive relationships for material components, the stress state in composite columns was determined taking into account the dependence of the modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio on the stress level in the concrete. OShea and Bridge [9] tried to estimate the strength of CFTs under dierent loading conditions with small eccentricities. All the specimens were short with a length-to-diameter ratio of 3.5 and a diameter thickness ratio between 60 and 220. The internal concrete had a compressive strength of 50, 80 and 120 MPa. From those experiments, OShea and Bridge concluded that the degree of connement oered by a thin-walled circular steel tube to the internal concrete is dependent upon the loading condition. The greatest concrete connement occurs for axially loaded thin-walled steel with only the concrete loaded and the steel tube used as pure circumferential restraint. Eurocode 4 has been shown to provide the best method for estimating the strength of circular CFTs with the concrete and steel loaded simultaneously.

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For axially loaded thin-walled steel tubes, local buckling of the steel tube does not occur if there is sucient bond between the steel and concrete. For concrete strengths up to 80 MPa, Eurocode 4 can be used with no reduction for local buckling. For concrete strengths in excess 80 MPa, Eurocode 4 can still be used but with no enhancement of the internal concrete connement and no reduction in the steel strength from local buckling and biaxial eects from connement. Thin-walled circular steel tubes lled with medium strength concrete up to 50 MPa subjected to combined axial compression and moment can be design using the Eurocode 4 with no reduction for local buckling.

4. Experiments In order to consider the behaviour of the composite CFT column, 15 specimens were tested with various concrete strength and wall thickness. 114 mm diameter hot nished circular hollow section (CHS) with 3.6 mm and 5.0 mm wall thickness were used for the tests. All specimens were 300 mm in length to reduce end eects and to ensure that the specimens would be stub columns with little eect from column slenderness. The properties for all the specimens are listed in Table 1. All the tests have been carried out at the University of Leeds, Civil Engineering Department. Testing of the columns was carried out using a 3000 kN capacity Toni Pack 3000 testing machine (Fig. 3). The specimens were capped on both ends with rigid steel caps to distribute the applied load uniformly over the concrete and steel. 4.1. Concrete properties 30, 60, and 100 N/mm2 concrete were produced using only commercially available materials with normal mixing and curing techniques. Three trial mix designs had been prepared before the start of the experiments. The mix designs are shown in Table 2. Standard cube tests were used to determine the compressive strength for the concrete in accordance to the British Standards. A typical strength against time (days) of 100 MPa concrete curve is shown in Fig. 4. 4.2. Steel properties In order to determine the strength of the two steel tubes, tests on the bare steel sections were carried out for each wall thickness. From the loaddisplacements curves for the two bare steel specimens, C1 and C2 (Figs. 5 and 6), the steel strength, fy can be obtained. The strength of the steel section is given in Table 1. 4.3. Testing procedure The specimens were loaded at 50 kN intervals at the beginning of the test (i.e. in the elastic region) and at a loading rate of 10 kN intervals after the column began to yield, in order to have sucient data points to delineate the knee of the stress strain curve. All operations and the change of loading rate were operated manually. All the readings were recorded when both load and strain had been stabilised.

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Table 1 Specimens properties D/t 29.4 22.9 28.7 28.7 29.9 29.1 23.4 23.4 22.9 30.5 30.5 29.7 29.6 29.8 29.7 343 365 343 343 343 343 365 365 365 343 343 343 343 343 343 298.9 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.5 300.0 300.5 299.3 300.0 300.0 300.5 300.0 299.5 2.62 2.61 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.62 2.62 2.63 2.62 2.62 Length L (mm) L/D Steel strength fy (MPa) Concrete cube strength fcu (MPa) N/A N/A 31.4 93.6 34.7 97.2 34.7 104.9 57.6 57.6 57.6 31.9 31.9 98.9 98.9

Ref.

Diameter D (mm)

Thickness t (mm)

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5a C6a C7 C8 C9 C10a C11 C12 C13a C14 C15a

114.0 115.04 114.43 114.57 114.43 114.26 114.88 115.04 115.02 114.49 114.29 114.30 114.09 114.54 114.37

3.87 5.02 3.98 3.99 3.82 3.93 4.91 4.92 5.02 3.75 3.75 3.85 3.85 3.84 3.85

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Indicates Greased columns.

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Fig. 3. Test arrangement and instrumentations.

After the immediate drop of the load due to local duckling, the test continued as the load stabilised until the load started again to increase slightly when the testing ended. Then the specimen was removed and carefully examined after the test. 4.4. Instrumentation Two linear variable dierential transducers (LVDTs) were placed in diametrically opposite positions equally spaced at each side of the column to monitor the overall deformation (Fig. 3). Axial deformations were obtained from the average of the LVDTs for any specimen. Three strain gauges were placed on one side and one strain gauge was placed on the diametrically opposite side as shown in Fig. 7. All of the strain gauges were placed on the exterior of the concrete lled tubes. On side A, the top and the bottom gauges were at distance of 50 mm from the top and the bottom of the column respectively. The middle strain gauges on sides A and B were positioned at the
Table 2 30, 60 and 100 MPa concrete mix design Concrete strength N/mm2 30 60 100 Water/ cement ratio 0.65 0.42 0.28 Mix Proportions (to weight of cement) Cement 1.0 1.0 1.0 Fine aggr. 3.0 2.0 1.5 Coarse aggr. W/C ratio 3.5 3.25 2.5 0.65 0.42 0.28 Silica fumes 0.1 Superplasticiser 2%

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Fig. 4. Cube strengthdays curve for 100 MPa concrete.

Fig. 5. Loaddisplacement for C1 (empty, 3.6 mm).

Fig. 6. Loaddisplacement for C2 (empty, 5.0 mm).

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Fig. 7. Strain gauges and LVDTs location.

mid-height of the column. All the data from the LVDTs, Loadcell and strain gauges were recorded and stored in the data logger. 5. Test results Typical mode of failure due to local buckling mechanism is shown in Fig. 8. All of the tested curves of load versus displacement and load versus average strain are shown in Figs. 9 and 10.

Fig. 8. Typical specimen failure mode.

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Fig. 9. Load versus axial deformation.

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Fig. 10. Load versus average strain.

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Fig. 11. Axial loaddisplacement, Non-Greased and Greased, 30 MPa concrete.

In comparing the loaddisplacement curves for Non-Greased and Greased specimens for each concrete strength (Figs. 11, 12 and 13), it is shown that for 30 MPa concrete lled strength, the two curves are more or less the same. The axial capacity of both specimens at 20 mm displacement was approximately 1000 kN. The variation on axial capacity for Non-Greased and Greased specimens is very small for 50 MPa concrete (Fig. 12). The only dierentiation is that the NonGreased column has a higher elastic axial capacity than that of the Greased column. At ultimate load, the two columns attained the same ultimate load capacity. The bonding of the steel and concrete seem to aect the 100 MPa high-strength concrete, the percentage of dierence between the Non-Greased and Greased specimens is 14%. The eect of bond between the concrete and the steel tube on the axial capacity of the composite column is shown in Fig. 13.

Fig. 12. Axial loaddisplacement, Non-Greased and Greased, 50 MPa concrete.

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Fig. 13. Axial loaddisplacement, Non-Greased and Greased, 85 MPa concrete.

By comparing Figs. 11, 12 and 13, it is concluded that the eects of the bond between the concrete and the steel tube is more critical for high-strength concrete. For normal strength concrete, the reduction on the axial capacity due to the loss of bonding between steel and concrete is negligible.

6. Comparison with Eurocode 4 (EC4), ACI 318-95 (ACI) and Australian Standards AS3600 & AS4100 (AS) EC4 is the most recently completed international standard in composite construction. EC4 covers concrete-encased and partially encased steel sections and concrete-lled sections with or without reinforcement. EC4 uses limit state concepts to achieve the aims of serviceability and safety by applying partial safety factor to load and material properties. EC4 is the only code that treats the eects of long-term loading separately. The ultimate axial force of a column is:   t fy Nu0 Aa fy g2 Ac fc 1 g1 1 D fcyl The ACI [10] and Australian Standards [11,12] use the same formula for calculating the squash load. Neither code takes into consideration the concrete connement. The limiting thickness of steel tube to prevent local buckling is based on achieving yield stress in a hollow steel tube under monotonic axial loading which is not a necessary requirement for an in-lled composite column. The squash load is determined by: Nu 0:85Ac fc As fy 2

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Table 3 Results from Eurocode 4 Ref. C3 C4 C5a C6a C7 C8 C9 C10a C11 C12 C13a C14 C15a
a

g1 Concrete 2.896 2.494 2.881 2.480 2.896 2.534 2.754 2.740 2.740 2.910 2.910 2.481 2.480

g2 Steel 0.811 0.825 0.811 0.826 0.811 0.824 0.816 0.816 0.816 0.810 0.810 0.826 0.826

Concrete enhancement t fy factor (1 g1 D fcyl ) 2.402 1.398 2.188 1.377 2.625 1.471 1.951 1.667 1.669 2.318 2.320 1.360 1.362

NEC4 (kN) 911.3 1325.7 912.9 1335.3 1134.2 1584.2 1294.8 1055.8 1052.8 898.3 896.3 1342.9 1341

Indicates Greased columns.

6.1. Comparison with Eurocode 4 In Table 3, the values of g1 and g2, the coecient of connement for concrete and the predicted strength for each specimen are presented. Applying the same approximation as OShea and Bridge [3], the value for the concrete enhancement factor can be calculated by subtracting the bare steel strength from CFT capacity and dividing the remainder by the concrete area and the concrete cube strength. This is shown in Table 4. It showed greater enhance-

Table 4 Comparison of concrete enhancement factor: EC4 vs test Ref. C3 C4 C5a C6a C7 C8 C9 C10a C11 C12 C13a C14 C15a
a

Concrete strength (MPa) 24.6 74.9 27.7 77.8 27.8 83.9 46.1 46.1 46.1 25.5 25.5 79.1 79.1

Concrete enhancement t fy factor (EC4)(1 g1 D fcyl ) 2.402 1.398 2.188 1.377 2.625 1.471 1.951 1.667 1.669 2.318 2.320 1.360 1.362

Concrete enhancement factor (test) 1.731 1.565 2.986 1.032 2.598 1.279 1.565 1.141 1.203 1.897 1.732 1.119 0.819

Indicates Greased columns.

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ment of concrete is obtained for Non-Greased columns with low inll strength. As the concrete strength increases, enhancement of concrete decreases. The behaviour of steel tubes, of 3.6 and 5.0 mm thickness in terms of concrete enhancement are about the same. All the experimental values for Greased column (except C5) are approximately 30% lower than that of the code, which suggested the reduction due to the absence of the bond between the concrete and the steel tube. For the column with highstrength concrete (Greased or Non-Greased), there is little connement of the concrete by the steel tubes. In general, EC4 gives a higher value of concrete enhancement for all the specimens as shown in Fig. 14. For Greased columns, as the concrete strength increases the dierence between EC4 and results from tests starts to reduce. For NonGreased the dierence is remained constant for all the concrete strengths. The ultimate axial loads of test are compared with the predicted load from EC4 as shown in Table 5. All the predicted values from Eurocode 4 are higher than that of values from the tests. The composite Non-Greased column with 85 MPa lled concrete (C14) has the smaller variation. In contrast, OShea and Bridge [3] found that the EC4 is unconservative for thin-walled steel tubes lled with high-strength concrete, the best estimation of Eurocode 4 is achieved for columns lled with high-strength concrete. From the dierence between the predicted values and test results for the Greased columns, it is concluded that there is no signicant reduction in capacity of column if the bond between the concrete and the steel tube is not present. In addition, the average Ntest/NEC4 for the Greased column is 1.001 and for Non-Greased it is 1.085. For both Non-Greased and Greased specimens, the EC4 gives us values lower than that from the experiments (Fig. 15). Based on Fig. 15, it is suggested that EC4

Fig. 14. Comparison of EC4 and test results on concrete connement factor.

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Table 5 Comparison of test results with Eurocode 4 Ref. C3 C4 C5a C6a C7 C8 C9 C10a C11 C12 C13a C14 C15a
a

NEC4 (kN) 911.3 1325.7 912.9 1335.3 1134.2 1584.2 1294.8 1055.8 1052.8 898.3 896.3 1342.9 1341.0

Ntest (kN) 948 1308 929 1359 1380 1787 1413 1038 1067 998 948 1359 1182

Ntest/NEC4 1.040 0.987 1.018 1.018 1.217 1.128 1.091 0.983 1.013 1.111 1.058 1.012 0.881

Indicates Greased columns.

can reliably predict the axial capacity of CFT columns using concrete strengths in the range 3085 MPa. In general, Eurocode 4 provides a good prediction of the axial capacity of CFT columns. 6.2. Comparison with ACI and AS All the experimental results for Non-Greased composite columns are approximately 35% higher than that calculated from the codes. The variation between the values from tests and that from the codes are constant in the entire range of concrete strength (Fig. 16). For the thin (3.6 mm) steel tube the prediction of ACI and

Fig. 15. Comparison of Eurocode 4 with experimental results, for both Non-Greased and Greased Specimens.

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Fig. 16. Axial Loadconcrete strength for Non-Greased specimens.

AS is more reliable than that for the thick one (Fig. 17). From Table 6, the Ntest/ NACI/AS shows a value larger than unity for high-strength concrete. 20% and 30% are the dierences for high-strength concrete between predicted values from the codes and that from the tests, for 3.6 and 5.0 mm respectively. For normal strength concrete, the dierences are much greater. The variation is 31% for the 3.6 mm steel tubes and 39% for the 5.0 mm tubes. For Greased specimens where bonding between the steel and concrete is ignored, the ACI and AS gave a better prediction to the test values (Fig. 18). The ACI and AS appeared to be very conservative, due to the fact that concrete connement is ignored in their estimation of axial load capacity.

Fig. 17. Ntest/NACI/ASconcrete strength for 3.6 and 5.0 mm steel tubes (Non-Greased).

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Table 6 Comparison of test results with ACI and AS Ref. C3 C4 C5a C6a C7 C8 C9 C10a C11 C12 C13a C14 C15a
a

NACI/AS (kN) 659.5 1043.0 665.8 1054.7 823.6 1240.5 971.9 799.3 797.2 651.3 649.7 1060.5 1058.8

Ntest (kN) 948 1308 929 1359 1380 1787 1413 1038 1067 998 948 1359 1182

Ntest/NACI/AS 1.437 1.255 1.395 1.289 1.676 1.441 1.454 1.299 1.338 1.532 1.459 1.281 1.116

Indicates Greased columns.

6.3. Modication for ACI and AS equation A coecient is proposed for the ACI/AS equation to take into account the eect of concrete connement on the axial load capacity of concrete lled steel tube, a revised equation is proposed as follows: NU 1:3 Ac fc As fy Fig. 19 shows the proposed equation compared with the test results. 3

Fig. 18. Comparison of ACI and AS with experimental results, for both Non-Greased and Greased.

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Fig. 19. Comparison of proposed equation with experimental results, for both Non-Greased and Greased.

7. Conclusions This paper presents the ndings of 15 short circular CFT columns tested under axial load. The results show that for high-strength CFT columns, the peak load was achieved for small shortening (% 3.0 mm), whereas for normal concrete the ultimate load was gained with large displacement. As the concrete strength increases the eects of the bond of the concrete and the steel tube became more critical. For normal concrete strength, the reduction on the axial capacity of the column due to bonding was negligible. For high-strength concrete, the variation between Non-Greased and Greased was 17%. Eurocode 4 provides a good prediction of the axial strength of concrete lled steel tube columns, 17% was the largest dierence between the experimental and calculated value on the axial capacity. Excellent prediction was achieved for highstrength CFTs, with Ntest/NEC4 ratio around unity. The predicted axial strengths using ACI and AS were 35% lower than the results obtained from experiments. A coecient is proposed for the ACI/AS equations to take into account the eect of concrete connement on the axial load capacity of CFTs.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Billington Modern Structures Ltd for supplying the steel specimens. The skilled assistance provided by the technical sta in the School of Civil Engineering at Leeds University is also appreciated.

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