AS5950 (2011) Home Work Assignment 01 Please read the problems carefully!

Please feel free to correct mistakes like typo and so on. Please feel free to make necessary assumptions to help solve the problems, if needed; and state explicitly the assumptions you have introduced. The materials taught in the course should be used to solve the problems below. Problem 1: 1.a) Is All2l allowed? What about Bi2j22 ? Here, 1 and 2 are the natural numbers. Explain. 1.b) We have employed ei ej = ijk ek . Show that ijk imn = jm kn jn km ; ijk ai aj = 0; ijk Aij = 0 if Aij = Aji

1.c) Given a matrix A = [Aij ]33 . Verify directly that mnl detA = ijk Aim Ajn Akl = ijk Ami Anj Alk 1.d) Given 2 a = 4 , 3 Write down ai cj and cm ak in detail. Problem 2: Consider two vectors a = ai ei and b = bj ej in (xi ). We have mentioned in class that ai + bj is not allowed, since a + b = (ak + bk ) ek . 2.a) Explain why the following operations are not allowed: ai + Aij ; Aij + Bij bj ; etc. 2.b) What about Aij + Bji and ai + Aikl Blk3 ? Explain. Problem 3: Given the temperature eld T and the velocity eld v of T = in (xi ). 3.a) Find the gradient of T . 3.b) Find the divergence and the gradient of v. 3.c) Find the Laplacian of v. 1 (x1 )2 1 , + (x2 )2 v= (x1 )2 i1 2 i3 + 2 2 + (x + 1)2 + 0.5(x2 ) (x2 ) 3 1/2 c = 1/3 1/4

3.d) Are there any constraints underlying the given elds above? Explain. Problem 4: We have talked about the coordinate transformation between Cartesian coordinate systems (xi ) and (xk ). The base vectors {ei } and {ek } and the coordinates (xi ) and (xj ) are linked through ei = Qij ej , x = x a, Qij = ei ej xj = Qji xi aj

xi ei = xi ei ai ei ,

4.a) Show that Qik Qjk = Qki Qkj = ij . What does this result represent physically or geometrically?
4.b) Show that for a second order tensor B, we have Bij ei ej = Bij ei ej

4.c) Show that for vector bi and second-order tensor Bkl , Bkl bm is a third-order tensor Bkl bl and Bkl bk are rst-order tensors 4.d) Show that if a is a rst-order tensor with its components being zero in Cartesian coordinate system (xi ), then the components of a will be zero in all the other Cartesian coordinate systems. (Is this the reason to formulate the equations of motion in tensoral forms? Explain.) 4.e) Show that if A is a second order tensor with Aij in (xn ) and Aij in (xm ), the following quantities are invariants, (the rst principal invariant) IA := trA := Akk = Akk (the second principal invariant) I A := I 1 2 trA
2 ?

trA2 :=

1 2

Akk

Aij Aji =

1 2

Akk

Aij Aji

(the third principal invariant) IIA := detA = ijk A1i A2j A3k = ijk A1i A2j A3k I 4.f) What are the relations between tensors and matrices? [Hint: You may illustrate them with specic examples.] Problem 5: Given 2 6 0 A = 6 2 0 . 0 0 8 5a) Find the eigenvalues (i) , i = 1, 2, 3, and their corresponding eigenvectors b(i) , i = 1, 2, 3. 2
?

5b) Find the principal invariants IA , I A and IIA directly. Verify that IA = I I (1) (2) (3) IIA = . I 5c) Does the inverse of B := b(1) , b(2) , b(3) exist?

3 i=1

(i) and

Problem 6: Given a 3 3 symmetric matrix B = [Bij ]. We have argued that B can be diagonalized as (1) 0 0 B = QB QT , B = 0 (2) 0 0 0 (3) 6.a) Show that
m=3

aT Ba = Bij ai aj =
m=1

(m) (QT a)m (QT a)m

for any vector a = [a1 , a2 , a3 ]T . 6.b) Show that B is positive denite if and only if all its eigenvalues of (i) are positive. Problem 7: Given 2 6 0 A = 6 2 0 . 0 0 8 7.a) Find its eigenvectors that satisfy b(i) b(j) = ij 7.b) Is A positive denite? Explain. 7.c) Diagonalize A. That is, nd the Q such that A = QA QT , detQ = 1, A being diagonal 7.d) Find A

Problem 8: We have mentioned the 2-dimensional coordinate transformation Q(2) : R2 R2 , x1 x = Q(2) 1 , x2 x2 Q(2) = cos sin , [0, 2]. sin cos

Verify that, for any a = [a1 , a2 ]T and b = [b1 , b2 ]T , ij ai bj is invariant under the transformation, i.e., ij ai bj = ij ai bj

where 1, i = 1, j = 2 ij = 1, i = 2, j = 1 , 0, i = j Problem 9: Given 1 1 0 F= 3 1 0 0 0 1 9.a) Find R and U such that F = RU where R is orthogonal and U is symmetric and positive denite. 9.b) If F can be interpreted physically as characterizing the deformation of a solid cube, what is the meaning of this decomposition? 9.c) Find Fik Fjk and Fik Fki or (FFT and tr(FF)). Problem 10: Consider the case that f is a scalar function of vectors c and d in (xi ) constrained by f (Qc, Qd) = f (c, d) , Q O+ 1, i = 1, j = 2 ij = 1, i = 2, j = 1 0, i = j

10.a) Determine the (invariant) quantities which the f depends on. 10.b) Interpret the geometrical meaning of the above constraint. Problem 11: The following will be one typical problem in some homework assignments. You need to think about the issues involved; and you are required to resolve the problem qualitatively (with the help of words, sketches, mathematical relations, etc.), if a quantitative answer is time-consuming or impossible at this moment. Let us play with sands. We are given ordinary dry sands, the kind you may see littered around the campus, and we are asked to pile it up on a level ground within a base of radius 1 m in a sunny, windless day with plenty of sands available. What shape does the pile look like (most probably) and how high may the pile go up? Explain. Any idea on how to model the process of piling? What would occur if the sand is slightly wet? What if the sands are really wet?