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List of bones of the human skeleton

Human anatomy, which, with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic

medical science (See Anatomy) is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the
adult human body.[1] Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic
anatomy.[1] Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or
anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.[1]
Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with
microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues),[1] and
cytology (the study of cells). Anatomy, physiology (the study of function) and
biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are complementary basic
medical sciences which are usually taught together (or in tandem).
In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative
anatomy and comparative embryology,[1] through common roots in evolution; for
example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present
in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the
vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos.

The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of
tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing
understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also
advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of
preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques
developed in the 20th century.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Study
o 1.1 Regional groups
o 1.2 Major organ systems
• 2 Superficial anatomy
• 3 Internal organs
• 4 Brain
• 5 See also
• 6 References

• 7 External links

[edit] Study
A full articulated human skeleton used in education

Generally, medical students, dentists, physiotherapists, nurses, paramedics, radiographers,

artists, and students of certain biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic
anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures,
and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical
experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in
addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical
experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). A thorough
working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons,
and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and
radiology.

Human anatomy, physiology and, biochemistry are complementary basic medical

sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical
school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;[1] that is, respectively,
studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific
systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's
Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,[2][3]
in line with modern teaching methods.

[edit] Regional groups

 • Head and neck — includes everything above the thoracic inlet
• Upper limb — includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder.
• Thorax — the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic
diaphragm.
• Human abdomen to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
• The back — the spine and its components, the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and
intervertebral disks .
• Pelvis and Perineum — the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to
the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region between the sex organs and the
anus.
• Lower limb — everything below the inguinal ligament, including the hip, the
thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot.

[edit] Major organ systems

• Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and
lungs with heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus,
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus.
• Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by
endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal
body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal glands
• Immune system: protecting against disease by identifying and killing pathogens
and tumor cells.
• Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
• Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues
and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it
including the Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with
leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
• Activity system: movement with muscles and human skeleton (structural support
and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons).
• Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain,
spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves
• Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and
penis.
• Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance,
electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.

[edit] Superficial anatomy

Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study
of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other
reference points on the surface of the body.[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy,
physicians gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.

Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:

• Head — Forehead — Jaw — Face — Cheek — Chin

• Neck — Shoulders
• Arm — Elbow — Wrist — Hand — Fingers — Thumb
• Spine — Chest — Ribcage
• Abdomen — Groin
• Hip — Buttocks — Leg — Thigh — Knee — Calf — Heel — Ankle — Foot —
Toes
• The eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, throat, adam's apple, breast, penis,
scrotum, clitoris, vulva, navel are visible too.

[edit] Internal organs

Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :

Adrenals — Appendix — Bladder — Brain — Eyes — Gall bladder — Heart —

Intestines — Kidney — Liver — Lungs — Esophagus — Ovaries — Pancreas —
Parathyroids — Pituitary — Prostate — Spleen — Stomach — Testicles — Thymus —
Thyroid — Uterus — Veins

[edit] Brain
Main article: Human brain

Amygdala — Brain stem — Cerebellum — Cerebral cortex — Limbic system —

medulla — midbrain — pons

[edit] See also

• Anatomy
• Body orifices
• Death
• Human
• Human biology
• Human body
• Terms for anatomical location
• List of human anatomical features
• List of human anatomical parts named after people
• Visible Human Project
• List of regions in the human brain
 • List of bones of the human skeleton
• List of muscles of the human body
• List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d e f g "Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition.
1918". Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
2. ^ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3".
Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
3. ^ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3".
Retrieved on 27 March 2007.

• "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. In public
domain.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Human anatomy

• Anatomy Dissection videos

• e-Anatomy - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.
• Anatomy Lab - Interactive quizzes, question-of-the-week, and photographs.
• The Anatomy Wiz - An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Index

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomy"

Categories: Human anatomy

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