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1 Real Numbers and the Real Line

EXERCISES 1.1
Decimal Representations
1. Express 1>9 as a repeating decimal, using a bar to indicate the repeating digits. What are the decimal representations of 2>9? 3>9? 8>9? 9>9? 2. Express 1>11 as a repeating decimal, using a bar to indicate the repeating digits. What are the decimal representations of 2>11? 3>11? 9>11? 11>11?

Inequalities
3. If 2 6 x 6 6 , which of the following statements about x are necessarily true, and which are not necessarily true? a. 0 6 x 6 4 x c. 1 6 6 3 2 6 e. 1 6 x 6 3 g. -6 6 - x 6 2 b. 0 6 x - 2 6 4 1 1 1 d. 6 x 6 6 2 f. x - 4 6 2 h. - 6 6 - x 6 - 2

Chapter 1: Preliminaries

4. If -1 6 y - 5 6 1 , which of the following statements about y are necessarily true, and which are not necessarily true? a. 4 6 y 6 6 c. y 7 4 e. 0 6 y - 4 6 2 1 1 1 g. 6 y 6 6 4 b. -6 6 y 6 - 4 d. y 6 6 y f. 2 6 6 3 2 h. y - 5 6 1

Quadratic Inequalities
Solve the inequalities in Exercises 3542. Express the solution sets as intervals or unions of intervals and show them on the real line. Use the result 2a 2 = a as appropriate. 35. x 2 6 2 38. 1 1 6 x2 6 9 4 36. 4 x 2 39. sx - 1d2 6 4 42. x 2 - x - 2 0 37. 4 6 x 2 6 9 40. sx + 3d2 6 2

41. x 2 - x 6 0

In Exercises 512, solve the inequalities and show the solution sets on the real line. 5. - 2x 7 4 7. 5x - 3 7 - 3x 7 1 9. 2x - 7x + 2 6 4 1 11. sx - 2d 6 sx - 6d 5 3 6. 8 - 3x 5 8. 3s2 - xd 7 2s3 + xd 6 - x 3x - 4 6 10. 4 2 x + 5 12 + 3x 12. 2 4

Theory and Examples

43. Do not fall into the trap -a = a . For what real numbers a is this equation true? For what real numbers is it false? 44. Solve the equation x - 1 = 1 - x . 45. A proof of the triangle inequality Give the reason justifying each of the numbered steps in the following proof of the triangle inequality. a + b 2 = sa + bd2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 a2 + 2 a b + b2 = a2 + 2a b + b2 = s a + b d2 a + b a + b 46. Prove that ab = a b for any numbers a and b. 47. If x 3 and x 7 - 1>2 , what can you say about x? 48. Graph the inequality x + y 1 . 49. Let sxd = 2x + 1 and let d 7 0 be any positive number. Prove that x - 1 6 d implies sxd - s1d 6 2d . Here the notation (a) means the value of the expression 2x + 1 when x = a. This function notation is explained in Section 1.3. 50. Let sxd = 2x + 3 and let P 7 0 be any positive number. Prove P that sxd - s0d 6 P whenever x - 0 6 . Here the no2 tation (a) means the value of the expression 2x + 3 when x = a. (See Section 1.3.) 51. For any number a, prove that - a = a . 52. Let a be any positive number. Prove that x 7 a if and only if x 7 a or x 6 - a . 53. a. If b is any nonzero real number, prove that 1>b = 1> b . a a for any numbers a and b Z 0 . b. Prove that ` ` = b b 54. Using mathematical induction (see Appendix 1), prove that n n a = a for any number a and positive integer n.
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Absolute Value
Solve the equations in Exercises 1318. 13. y = 3 16. 1 - t = 1 14. y - 3 = 7 9 17. 8 - 3s = 2 15. 2t + 5 = 4 18. ` s - 1` = 1 2

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Solve the inequalities in Exercises 1934, expressing the solution sets as intervals or unions of intervals. Also, show each solution set on the real line. 19. x 6 2 22. t + 2 6 1 25. ` z - 1` 1 5 20. x 2 23. 3y - 7 6 4 26. ` 3 z - 1` 2 2 21. t - 1 3 24. 2y + 5 6 1 1 1 27. ` 3 - x ` 6 2 1 30. s + 3 2 33. ` r + 1 ` 1 2

2 28. ` x - 4 ` 6 3 31. 1 - x 7 1 34. ` 3r 2 - 1` 7 5 5

29. 2s 4 32. 2 - 3x 7 5