Rain Water Harvesting - e Technical Volume

CURRICULUM VITAE
1. NAME: - JYOTI PANSE. Comprehensive Water Management Solution Pvt. Ltd. (CWMS) M. D. 2. CURRENT/OFFICE ADDRESS: - Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (CWMS) 820 / 2, Runanubandh, Manas Lane Bhandarkar Institute Road, Pune 411 004, India. www.cwms.co.in 3. TEL. NO. :- 91 20 2567 2994 91 20 6500 1518 4. FAX NO. :- 91 20 2565 5545.
5. E-mail
:- jyotipanse@cwms.co.in, admin@cwms.co.in cmwspune@gmail.com 6. Academic Qualification:Degree G.D.Arch M.E. (Town & Country planning) Major field of Specialisation Architecture Institution Abhinavakala Mahavidyalaya, Pune. College of Engineering, Pune. (C.O.E.P.) Year 1975 80
Urban Planning
1980 82
7. SHORT COURSES:SR.NO. 1. INSTITUTION SUBJECT YEAR
2.
3.
4.
5.
Indian Institute of Management Excellence in Services (IIM), Ahmedabad. The course was focused on project management, assessment and planning, timely delivery, quality of work, bar chart etc. Centre of Science and Rain Water Harvesting Environment, New Delhi. Method of roof water harvesting, Calculating water potential, surface water harvesting, Plumbing network, Water quality. Advanced Center for Water Planning, Development and Resources Development and Management of groundwater with Management Supported by the special reference to Watershed FORD FOUNDATION. Management. Centre of Science and Training Programme on Environment, New Delhi. Wastewater and Reuse Details on Conventional technologies, Emerging technologies, Monitoring and regulations. Course on Decentralized Measures in decentralized water water supply and sanitation in supply, its purification, distribution UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The along with sanitation systems 2
1999
2006
2008
2008
2009
6.
Netherlands Short course on River Basin Training on river basin Management (IRBM) at management with its issues on UNESCO-IHE, The economic and development Netherlands, Holland aspects.
2009
While doing course in Integrated River Basin Management actively involved in the study of Sao Francisco, Brasil, Brantas Basin in Indonesia, Makong basin Loas & Combodia and Yellow reiver, China along with UNESCO-IHE river basin team. In addition exhaustive study on Ganga-river basin management with detailed report.
8. MEMBERSHIPS: 1. The core-group member of Women Entrepreneur Wing of Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture. 2. The core group member of Environmental Forum of M.C.C.I.A. 3. Associate Member of Forum for Exchange and Excellence in Design (FEED). 4. 9. AWARDS AND FELICITATION: Builders Association Award for Rain Water Harvesting Project at Bhugaon. 10. ARTICLE & PAPER PRESENTATION : The knowledge and insight thus acquired was put to use on the sites. Alongside she presented papers at International Conferences on various projects of Water Management done by her 1. World Aqua Congress, New Delhi 2008. 2. Maharashtra Knowledge Corporation Ltd. International workshop on Rain water harvesting and Ground water recharge in developing countries HRD and technology transfer partially sponsored by PGTF of G-77 countries. 3. Published articles in various newspapers on water management issues. 4. Our project on National Media circulation. 5. Siyaram Foundation, Murtijapur Seminar on Rain Water Harvesting 2010s 11. SOCIAL PROJECTS : -
1. It started with canal development project in my community, where I live. A group called Hirvaee was instrumental in developing canal-garden with public initiative. We developed a plan, convinced the Pune Municipal Corporation and got it sanctioned. It got delayed by some political intervention. But now the work is in progress. (Yr 2004) 2. Worked with Sakal Rehabilitation Program for Flood- affected people. (Yr. 2004) 3. The group called Citizens Development Society of India who were planning to take active role in Punes development, approached me to work with them. The subject given to me was proposed river development in Pune city. My report along with others was submitted to Pune Municipal Corporation. 4. After a year I joined a group called save river committee (Nadir Bachau Samiti) engaged in development of Mutha River in Pune city. 5. Thereafter I started writing on this topic in the news-paper .About six months back, The State Resource Centre asked me to write on river pollution under adult education scheme. It is an organization, work under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Education, Government of India. I wrote a small book-let for them. 12. WATER MANAGEMENT WORKS : A new company is formed under the name Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt.Ltd. (CWMS) on 7th May 2008, where we work on turn-key as well as consultation jobs on water management. We audit the entire water, plan the available water, give plumbing layouts and implement the project. It is a team of people such as architects, civil engineers, geologists, water quality experts, environmental engineers, waste water management experts. 13. AIM : 1. To assess, capture and collect the total water available in the land through different sources as rain water, ground water, storm water and waste water. 2. To plan, execute and put to use the available water for different usage after studying its quantity and quality. 3. Make water available for drinking, hand wash, sanitation after the detailed water audit, so as to reduce the water dependency from external sources. The entire exercise will be planned and executed in a sustainable way, without disturbing the natural balance. 14. CONCEPT : Integrated water management means managing our water resources in a sustainable way, that is taking into account the needs of present and future users. Water management is a practice of planning, development, distribution and optimum utilization of water resources. It is based on available supply and demand, without disturbing the 4
natural balance. In this, four major sources are considered - rain water, ground water, storm water and waste water .If we consider all this water together and put to use for different purposes like for drinking, washing, hand wash, sanitation, landscaping as per its available quantity and quality, we will never face water shortage. Rain water is in abundance in India. However we get a huge quantity in a short spell of time. This water can be used by direct storing as well as for ground water recharge. Ground water is used for various purposes, such as drinking, other usage as per the quality. It can also be used for storing the excess rain water through the recharge borewells. The locations of these bore-wells will be on the basis of hydrogeological mapping. The survey gives complete picture of rock type, water-table, shallow aquifers, deep aquifers, water recharge rate of the strata. As per these findings, the location of recharge bore-wells can be finalized. The collection of storm water and its use for secondary usage after treatment is possible. Similarly use of waste water is now inevitable. Water is a scarce resource. Now the time has come to plan our water carefully. Check with the supply and demand and plan it accordingly & recharge, reuse and recycle.
15. METHODOLOGY : 1. Studying rock type, soil type, water table, ground recharge rate and such other Hydrogeology study. The experts will be consulted and report will be submitted to you. 2. On the basis of experts findings, planning desilting chamber, recharge bore well and main bore well location as per the site slope, storm water and flow study. 3. Considering the roof water, its desilting, storage and usage. 4. Planning to channelise storm water, collect and use. 5. Also considering the recycling of waste and plant location and its plumbing. 6. Water softening and purification plant its location, underground storage (UG tank) & overhead storage (OH tank). 7. The entire plumbing layout according to all storages of water through rain, ground, storm and waste water. 8. Quality of all water collected & stored. The experts will be consulted and their report will be submitted and as per the experts recommendation planning remedial measures on water quality. FEW OF OUR SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS Our Award Winning RESIDENTIAL PROJECT AT BHUGAON, Awarded by BUILDERS ASSSOCIATION OF INDIA. Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute, Pune. Panse Autocomp Pvt. Ltd. at Moshi. Turnkey project Rain Water Harvesting Autocomp Corporation Panse Pvt. Ltd. at Chakan - Turnkey project Rain Water Harvesting
Farm house at Bhugaon, Pune 3 Nos. - Turnkey project Rain Water Harvesting Rain water harvesting at Endurance Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Pune (Alloy Wheel Divison) Siemens Kalawa, Thane - Storm Water Management Siemens , Goa Rain water harvesting Rain Water harvesting project of Nyati Environs at Vishrantwadi, Pune Rain Water Harvesting & Landscaping project of Deshpande Builders at Bellflower Apartment, Baner, Pune Rain water harvesting project for Kamakshi Construction, Pune. Rain water harvesting project for Kumar Builder, Pune Rain water harvesting for Supriya Garden, Pune Storm water management for Archivista Engineering (Tetra Pak), Pune Rain water harvesting project for FDC Limited, Goa Rain water harvesting project for Indoco Remedies, Goa Construction of reservoirs for Tata Motors, Pune Integrated water management for Amcor Rigid Plastics India Pvt. Ltd., Pune
FEW PROJECTS UNDER ACTIVE CONSIDERATION Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Deepak Fertilisers & Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., Taloja, Mumbai Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for BILT graphics, Bhigwan Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Lupin Pharma, Goa Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Colgate Palmolive, Goa Rain water harvesting for JCB Manufacturing ltd., Talegaon. Rain water harvesting project for Kumar Properties, Pune Integrated water management for Synefra (Suzlon group) Integrated water management for Shreyas Builders Rain water harvesting for Taco group ---------------------------------------------------
Make Every Drop Count . . .
COMPREHENSIVE WATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD. (CWMS)
PRESENTS
PRESENTATION ON
I N T E G R A T E D W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T T
FOR
BUILDERS BUILDERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA, PUNE INDIA
WE NEED WATER FOR -

For Agriculture
For Living For Cultural Activity F C lt l A ti it
For Industries
Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
STANDARD OF WATER USAGE IN URBAN AREAS U.N. STD. Use Drinking Cooking Handwash Bathing Washing-clothes Washing Utensils Flushing Total Lits/person /day 3 7 10 20 20 20 20 100 O OUR S STD. Use Drinking Cooking Handwash Bathing Washing-clothes Washing Utensils Flushing Total Lits/person /day 4 10 13 27 27 27 27 135
The population of Pune (including Pimpri-Chinchwad) Pimpri Chinchwad) as per 2011 census is around 45,00,000. As per the population the daily consumption of Pune region is = 45 00 000 x 135 li /d 45,00,000 lits/day = 60,75,00,000 lits/day = 607 5 MLD 607.5 MLD.
SOME
FACTS...
MORE THAN 71% IS WATER... 29% IS LAND LAND...
WATER IS IMPORTANT
Content
BUT ONLY 0.8% OF THAT IS POTABLE !...
Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt Ltd
3%
9 % 97%
WATER CANNOT BE MANUFACTURED...
WE GET POTABLE WATER FROM THE . . .
Water comes from water cycle
O O G C NATURE IN FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPAL O OF
RECHARGING
REUSING
RECYCLING
REUSE
RECYCLE RECHARGE
THAT IS INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT
TODAY IN ENTIRE WORLD THIS IDEA IS BEING PROMOTED TO OVERCOME THE SHORTAGE OF WATER
MAJOR WATER SOURCES ARE THE PRIMARY SOURCE RAIN GROUND WATER SURFACE WATER WASTE WATER
INDIAS AVERAGE RAINFALL IS 1170 MM. AGAINST WORLD AVERAGE OF 860 MM.
RAINFALL PATTERN IN MAHARASHTRA PUNE - 60 cm. KOLHAPUR 105 cm cm. SOLAPUR 55 cm. NAGPUR 120 cm. NASHIK 280 cm. MUMBAI - 225 cm. GOA- 325 cms.
SURFACE WATER (RIVERS AND LAKES)

LOW LYING SURFACE WATER FORMS RIVERS, WE RELY ON THEM THE MOST. J IF WE SEE OUR MAJOR CITIES GETS WATER FROM RIVERS PUNE- MULA/MUTHA KOLHAPUR PANCHGANGA SOLAPURSOLAPUR HUGLI NAGPUR WAINGANGA NASHIK- GODAVARI GOA - MANDAVI MUMBAI POWAI LAKE, VIHAR LAKE, TULSI LAKE, BHATSA LAKE, TANSA LAKE
GROUND WATER
ABOUT 30 % OF SWEET WATER IS BELOW THE GROUND AVAILABILITY OF GROUND WATER DEPENDS ON LOCATION SOIL AND ROCK TYPE PRECIPITATION PATTERN
WASTE WATER
TODAY'S PICTURE
RAIN WATER IS NOT UNATTENDED SO FLOWS AS RUNOFF BECAUSE OF INCREASING HARD SURFACES CLOGGING OF WATER ON ROADS RESULTING IN FREQUENT FLOODING OF RIVERS FLOODING PROBLEMS IN URBAN AREAS SUCH AS FACTORIES FACTORIES, HOUSING AREAS, ROADS ETC UNTREATED WASTE IS LAID IN THE RIVERS AFFECTING THE AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS UNTREATED WATER GOES TO DOWNSTREAM CITIES AND TOWNS
WE MUST ATTEND Effectiveness in water saving, equity in water sharing Eff i i i i i h i and delivery efficiency are essential for the sustainable use of available water resources. There should be an integrated policy for appropriate use of river, rain, ground, sea, sewage and other water resources. For achieving these goals integrated ware management is the right approach. It includes Rain Water Harvesting Watershed Management Micro-irrigation,
RAIN WATER HARVESTING A NEW SUBJECT FOR WE
IS NOT
INDIANS ...
FOR AGES PEOPLE FROM RAJASTHAN STORE WATER IN TANKAS
WE SEE THESE PERCOLATION PONDS IN ALL THE TEMPLES Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Rain Water Harvesting at Changi Airport, Singapore
Rain Water Harvesting at Domed Stadium in Japan
Up-Down umbrellas to harvest rain water irrigation and to shade the Papago Buttes Corporate Plaza in Tempe, Arizona, USA
Rain Water Harvesting in Presidential Estate, New Delhi
Rain Water Harvesting at Millennium Dome, London
RAIN RAIN WATER HARVESTING WATER HARVESTING IS SIMPLY RAINWATERHARVESTING

CATCHING WATER WHERE IT FALLS FALLS...
EVERY ROOF A CATCHMENT
We get ample quantity of water which otherwise flows unattended We get purest form of water soft water It is free of cost
DIRECT STORAGE METHOD GROUND WATER RECHARGE DEVELOPING WATER LAGOONS
Methods of Rain Water Harvesting varies as per available rainfall and the need.
1 : DIRECT STORAGE METHOD In direct storage method, method the roof water will flow from down take pipe through sand filters. Sand filters to be installed on every down take pipe and then will flow to the storage tank. Though it is costly preposition we can store some part by this method.
2 : GROUND WATER RECHARGE Storm water can be collected through channel and gutters according to the existing topography. This water can be used for ground water recharge by putting it in auxiliary bore well. Other elements Recharge Pits Infiltration Trenches Oil & Grit seperators Desilting Chambers Recharge Bore wells Soakaways Pits
3 : DEVELOPING WATER LAGOONS Water lagoons can be W l b prepared by using HDPE sheets. Laying HDPE sheets will require murum filling. Due to HDPE sheets, there will be less water seepage in the ground surface. Therefore more water will be retained in the water lagoons.
(Roof area) sq.m. x Rainfall X 0.85 sq m 0 85 (Note Annual rainfall in the area mm, run off coefficient is 0.85, as we can not collect the entire water but some will be lost in evaporation, water, evaporation spillage, hence considered as just 0.85) The element of roof water harvesting is catchments, down take pipes, sand filters and storage facility. The types of storage tanks available - are RCC tank, masonary or plastic tanks etc. For example If we have roof area 1000 sq.m., Rainfall in Pune 0.6 m., The roof water potential comes at Roof area = 1000 sq.m. x 0.6 M. x 0.85 = 510 cu.m = 5,10,000 Lits.
ELEMENTS OF ROOF WATER HARVESTING CHANNELIZING THROUGH DOWN TAKE PIPE INSTALLATION OF SAND FILTERS TO REMOVE SILT
DOWN TAKE PIPE WITH SAND FILTER
COLLECTING AND STORING FOR DIRECT USE OR USE IT FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
ELEMENTS OF ROOF WATER COLLECTION

DOWN TAKE FILTER PIPE FOR COLLECTION OF ROOF WATER
Guide to sizing of gutters and downpipes for Rain Water Harvesting systems in Tropical Regions . . . Roof area (Sq.m.) served by one gutter 17 25 34 46 66 128 208 Minimum diameter of downpipe (mm) 40 50 50 63 63 75 90
Gutter width (mm) 60 70 80 90 100 125 150
OTHER ELEMENTS OF ROOF WATER HARVESTING
TANK FOR COLLECTION OF ROOF WATER
M. S. JALI
ROOF WATER GUTTER
DESILTING CHAMBER
Make Every Drop Count . . . DIFFERENT TYPES OF TANKS
DOME SHAPED METAL TANKS POLYETHYLENE TANKS SLIMLINE METAL TANKS
SINTEX TANKS FERRO-CEMENT TANK
RCC TANKS
RAIN & STORM WATER RECHARGE WELL FILTER
UNDERDRAINS SYSTEM
SELF CLEANING RWH FILTER
WATER ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER
(Open space) sq.m x Rainfall x 0.50
(Note Runoff coefficient is 0.5, because in surface water the losses are runoff, evaporation and seepage, therefore only h lf of the water can be ff i d h f l half f h b caught) Elements of storm water harvesting channelisation recharge pits soak channelisation, pits, away pits, infiltration trenches, oil & grit separators, desilting chambers, recharge bore wells. Use of bioretention basins, bioswales (grassed channels, wet swales, and dry swales) y For example If we have open area 10000 sq.m., Rainfall in Pune 0.6 m., The storm water potential comes at Open Area = 10000 sq.m. x 0.6 M. x 0.5 = 3000 cu.m = 30,00,000 Lits. Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
ELEMENTS OF STORM WATER COLLECTION
DESILTING CHAMBER & RECHARGE BORE WELL
STORM WATER Channelising through gutters thro gh g tters Desilting chambers to remove silt l Direct usage or use it for ground water recharge We can use this to water our garden or road side bushes and tress
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT WITH LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS
BIO FILTER INFILTRATION BED VEGETATED FILTER STRIPS GRASSED SWALES POROUS PAVEMENT
Methods to minimize Storm Water volumes Reduce impervious surfaces Detension ponds can be designed to remove contaminants Use of constructed wetland, bioswales, bioretension on basin and vegetated filter strips

D R A W IN G - 2
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TUBE WELL RECAHRGING
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R C C
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RECHARGE BORE WELL
GROUND WATER Constant pumping out the ground water may result in depletion of the yield Excess pumping may result in occurrence of chlorides and fluorides Therefore every bore well needs recharging
WHY GROUND WATER IS IMPORTANT ?
Ground water is the safest source of clean water Ground Water is available at point of use Ground Water plays a vital role in hydrological cycle as well as in the ecological cycle Extremely important for the areas where precipitation is limited (regions of lesser rainfall)
WATER PURIFICATION W t Purification Systems Water P ifi ti S t Filtering Boiling Carbon Filters Distilling Reverse Osmosis ION Exchange
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment as per the requirement Location as per the natural colours Cost effective design We can use this water for landscaping and reflushing
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
1. Bar screen & oil trap 2. Equalization tank 3. Sewage Lifting pump 4. Air Blower 5. Aeration tank 6. Settling tank 7. Clarified water tank 8. Chlorine dosing system 9. Filter feed pump 10. Sand Filter 11. Activated Carbon Filter 11 12.Sludge Drying Bed (not required if sludge dewatering system installed ) 13. Treated Water Storage tank
3 1 4 5 6 7 9 10 11
22@ 12 2 13 Comprehensive Water Management Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
TYPES OF TREATMENTS ON WASTE WATER
CONVENTIONAL STP/ETP AEROBIC METHOD REED BED REED-BED SYSTEM OZONATION CRYSTALLIZATION BIO DISK BIO-DISK FILTER
INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT FOR AUTO INDUSTRY
AIM WAS TO ACHIEVE SELF SUFFICIENCY IN WATER

No tap water source Water demand was 33,000 lits/day
WATER DEMAND TOTAL MANPOWER OF FACTORY : 500 NOS. REQUIREMENT AS PER NORMS:
Drinking 500 x 2 lits Hand wash 500 x 10 lits Sanitation 500 x 30 lits. Water for processing Water for landscaping = = = = = 1,000 lits./day (1.0 cu.m/day) 5,000 lits./day (5.0 cu.m/day) 15,000lits./day (15.0 cu.m/day 2,000 lits./day (2.0 cu.m/day) 10,000 lits./day (10.0 cu.m/day)
HENCE THE TOTAL WATER NEED WAS 33,000 LITS./DAY (33.0 cu.m/day)
NOTE: 1 cu.m = 1,000 lits
HOW TO ARRANGE THIS WITHOUT ANY TAP WATER SOURCE...
Make Every Drop Count . . . PLOT AREA : 12,000.00 SQ.M. SLOPE FROM : SOUTH TO NORTH WITH A DIFF. OF 3.0 M NO TAP WATER SOURCE.
BUILT UP AREA DETAILS BUILT UP AREA OF MAIN FACTORY UTILITY BUILDING TOTAL BUILT UP AREA
: 4,800.00 SQ.M : 200.00 SQ.M : 5,000.00 SQ.M
WATER POTENTIAL OF SITE ROOF WATER (4,800 X 0.6 X 0.85 = 2,448 cu.m) STORM WATER (7,200 X 0.60 X 0.50 = 2,160 cu.m) GROUND WATER WASTE WATER ( (500 X 40 X 0.80 = 16.0 cu.m) ) : 2,400.0 cu.m/day
: 2,100.0 cu.m/day
: 15 .0 cu.m/day : 16.0 cu.m/day
AGAINST THE DEMAND OF 33,000 lits/day i.e. 33 cu.m/day

NOTE: 1 cu.m = 1000 lts.
CONCEPTUAL WATER USAGE PLAN
ROOF WATER
STORM AND GROUND WATER HAND WASH SANITATION PROCESSING
WASTE WATER
DRINKING WATER
LANDSCAPE
ROOF WATER FOR DRINKING 2,100 cu.m/day
ROOF WATER - DOWN TAKE PIPE - SAND FILTER - UG TANK - R O FILTER R.O. DRINKING WATER POINTS & OVERFLOW TO DRY BORE WELL while drinking water requirement is 3,00,000 lits.
RAIN WATER TESTING REPORT
Make 2,100 cu.m/day STORM WATER FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE Every Drop Count . . . 7200 x 0.6 x 0.5 = 2,160 cu.m
S C S O O SURFACE WATER C CHANNEL G GUTTERS - RAW WATER FROM BORE WELL U.G.TANK - SOFTENING PLANT - TOILETS & PROCESSING Because of recharging treatment the borewells started giving more yield every year
IT WAS FOUND THAT DUE TO CONTINUOUS RECHARGING THE GROUND WATER YIELD HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY
SECTION OF RECHARGE BOREWELL

GROUND WATER TESTING REPORT
WASTE WATER RECYCLING WASTE WATER - STP PLANT - COLLECTION TANK - WATER FOR LANDSCAPING
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
WATER USAGE TABLE
USUAGE 1 DRINKING WATER HAND WASH SANITATION AND PROCESSING
SOURCE ROOF WATER
DEMAND 1 cu.m/day
POTENTIAL 2400 cu.m
BALANCE FOR RECHARGING FOR RECHARGING
STORM WATER & GROUND WATER STP PLANT
20.0 cu.m/day. 2.0 cu.m/day 20.0 cu.m/day
2100 cu.m
3 WASTE WATER
16.0 cu.m/day
REUSED FOR LANDSCAPING SC G
NOTE: 1 cu.m = 1,000 lits.
ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS FOR MAXIMUM COLLECTION OF WATER
NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS WITH GUTTER SLOPE ON BOTH SIDES . ROADS SLOPED ON ONE SIDE WITH CAMBER. PUSH COCKS IN TOILET. ALLOCATION OF SERVICES AS PER NATURAL GROUND SLOPE. EMPHASIS ON METICULOUS EXECUTION.
WATER COST WITHOUT ANY WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN WOULD HAVE BEEN Rs. 312,000/yr. 312 x 1,000/- = Rs. 312,000/312= actual working days Rs. 500/tanker and 2 tankers/day / / y
AS AGAINST Actual project cost was Rs. 675,000/p j so the payback time p y was little more than two years
RESULTS
The entire plan of Integrated Water Management was achieved by detail augmentation plan, collection, purification and plumbing net-working plan. Every year the water yield is increasing as ground water table is also improved substantially because of the treatments. No external source of water is needed.
admin@cwms.co.in
COMPREHENSIVE WATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD.
www.cwms.co.in
OUR AIM
To provide sustainable integrated water management solutions at optimal cost to ensure water availability. To understand the water availability and usage in comprehensive manner for any given situation situation, audit water and give cost effective solution. To design, plan and implement water management solutions by integrating various water resources by appropriate technology and at optimal cost cost.
WE ARE A GROUP OF PROFESSIONALS

CIVIL ENGINEERS /ARCHITECTS/LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS CHEMICAL ENGINEERS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATES GEOLOGISTS WATER QUALITY EXPERTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS PLUMBING CONSULTANTS ELECTRICAL CONSULTANTS
METHODOLOGY
Calculate and measure existing water sources Water audit Assess the demand Arrive at appropriate and cost effective solutions Execution Evaluation Monitoring and after sales service
OUR FLAGSHIP PROJECTS

FEW OF OUR SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS
Our Award Winning RESIDENTIAL PROJECT AT BHUGAON, Awarded by BUILDERS ASSSOCIATION OF INDIA. Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute, Pune. Institute Pune Panse Autocomp Pvt. Ltd.at Moshi. Turnkey project RWH Autocomp Corporation Panse Pvt. Ltd. at Chakan. Turnkey project RWH Rain water harvesting at Endurance Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (Alloy Wheel Divison) Siemens Kalawa, Thane - Storm water management Kalawa Siemens , Goa Rain water harvesting Rain Water Harvesting project of Nyati Environs at Vishrantwadi, Pune Rain water harvesting project for Kumar Builder, Pune Rain water harvesting for Supriya Garden Pune Garden, Storm water management for Archivista Engineering (Tetra Pak), Pune Rain water harvesting project for FDC Limited, Goa Rain water harvesting project for Indoco Remedies, Goa Integrated water management for Amcor Rigid Plastics Alandi Pune Plastics, Alandi,
FEW PROJECTS UNDER ACTIVE CONSIDERATION Rain water harvesting and Crstallization plant for Deepak Fertilisers & Petrochemicals Coproration Ltd Mumbai Ltd., Rain water harvesting and Crystallization Plant for Lupin Pharma, Goa Integrated water management for Synefra (Suzlon Group)
Our mission is to promote sustainable WATER MANAGEMENT as per the supply and demand without disturbing the natural balance and make it available for everyone. everyone
MAKE EVERY DROP COUNT
THANKYOU
About the author: Prof. Uday Chipalkatty teaches design at B.N. College of Arch. Pune. After graduating in 1964, he spent many years in Kolkata and Middle East, before settling down in Pune, in 1986. For last 9 years he has been working on rain water harvesting. He has developed a simple method called JALODAY to create artificial aquifers. He has presented his work at International Conferences at many places in many countries as well as in India.
Architect, Interior Designer. C-38, Kumar Elixir,Baner Road, Pune 41104520-27292628 M 9822089993email umuchip@yahoo.com
ARTIFICIAL AQUIFERS by JALODAY METHOD

No top to bottom but bottom to top
A National Program for Rain Water Harvesting

Almost every day, we read news about water, be it Tsunami or flood or drought. Mostly rural or backward areas are affected by these problems. The urban people, who are more organized and privileged due to their economic power, have easy access to most of the comforts including drinking water. But, this may not be the case after few years. There may be more wars for water in future. Last year, Andhra and Karnataka farmers attacked dams in Maharashtra for water. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are fighting for years for Cauvery water. Andhra and Tamil Nadu have feud over Almatti Dam. The statesmen and wise men must rise. Otherwise we have big problem on hand. Lets see how the water has been handled so far and at what cost.
Pumping of ground water has resulted in this problem.
The construction of Ganga Cauvery canal. This project was seriously under consideration, for last 60 years. Had this project been completed, it would have saved people from future floods, create employment for millions, boost agricultural produce, and provide easy transport to millions. This would have also been a constant source of revenue to local and national govt. To achieve this we needed political willpower and nationalistic view. Today we dont have either. Our government spends billions to construct dams. Dams and canals are constructed with misplaced priority and order. Plantation is carried out after the soil has eroded and washed into backwaters. The dam will be called damn thing after few years.
Construction of lakes. This is other option, but, not practical in urban reference for many reasons. The cost per liter of storage is high; land required is huge and expensive. And the transportation is costly. Also, possibly the lake will dry in summer. A constructed well (bavdi). Well for community, of the size of 15mX15mX20 m depth is not possible for obvious reasons. The rulers of past era are no more there to construct such wells for their subjects. Construction of open wells. Deep well for individual use, also, are not practical due to cost and hygiene issues. A 5 mtr.X 15 mtr deep well will cost Rs. 3,00,000/- or more. This will give water only until water table is higher than 15 meters. In most of the cases, these well will have a dry summer. Construction of underground water tanks. To collect and store rain water, is very expensive and costly. The cost of tank is in the range of Rs.5 to Rs.8 per liter storage. A family of four members need (500 liters/day x 60 days) = 30,000 liters of water during summer. To store this water, the investment needed is Rs.150, 000/- to 240,000/-. No average family can afford this. This will also lead to recurring expenses on maintenance, cleaning and protection of tank and water. If the tank is over head, then it will be a structural liability! Soak pits. This is a popular concept. But this has limited success. Water seeps thro the top layers of earth, as per porosity of soil. The rate is very slow and water does not percolate beyond first 4 to 5 meters of depth. Percolated water runs horizontally and merges with streams and runs away.
Such soak pits allows water to disappear, but does not percolate deep in ground. As water spreads horizontally into the ground.
A New Way. The main concern in this article is, to show, a new way to harvest rainwater in urban areas without disturbing urban-rural balance and, that too in a cheapest possible manner. Any rain fall in urban areas adds to rivers and benefit rural areas. Generally, in urban areas, the land, needed for the buildings of various usages, is approximately 55% to 60% of the city area or town. The rest is occupied by roads, services, grounds, parks etc. This percentage is likely to vary from city to city. In short, harvest 55% of urban rain fall. As per the study and available statistics, up to 80% of river water flows in to the sea. We can save this water without depriving any farmer. We can store this water that falls on urban land which holds the buildings. This is possible by a new method called.
JALODAY YOJANA
No top to bottom but bottom to top
The natural process of water seepage is very slow and depends on soil / murrum / rock strata. The percolation depends on the soil strata where porosity of rocks and murrum play a big role. The underground water veins also keep changing due to water, air and movement of creatures. Rainfall on one area may benefit other area. Also, the water percolated through ground joins running streams at a lower level and merge with nullas, rivulets, rivers and flow away to sea. When the rain water falls on the ground and disappears, we think it is going down and down. Whereas, it is only trying to find slope and run away. It is easy to travel horizontally than vertically. Upper layers are softer, and, due to compaction, lower layers are harder. The vertical travel of water under the soil takes years to reach depth of 30 meters and bellow. In the mean time, most of the water runs away to rivers and the sea. There has to be a method to send the water deeper in earth, in a short time. All this led the author to think about individual participation. To a great extent, collectively, we can solve our problems of drinking water. And limit the involvement and dependence on state or local governing bodies. Any residential / commercial / public development project can participate in this national program.
The idea is EACH ONE CELL, ONE BORE WELL.
Any human settlement always starts on the banks of the river or the lakes. For most of the towns and cities, the land gradient is in the range of 5 to 50 meters. In urban areas we build thousands of residential / commercial buildings (units) for millions of people by spending billions of rupees. Each one cell has to bear the cost of one bore well. The bore well may be dug on every 300 to 500 square meters area of land, to a depth of 100 meters, as per vicinity to river or lake as well as rain fall.
All the rain fall in urban area flows into the river, until it can. Because the land is extremely compact due to thousands of buildings. The flooding of river is seen during rainy season, because water flows speedily over the ground. Later, during winter with underground flow of water, river flow full banks. As the soil water dries up by end of winter, the river too dries up and, then, the dry summer follows. If the water is stored below the river or lake bed level, then, it will stay there for good. The 100 meters deep bore well will pass through many strata of soil during its vertical travel. This will include many porous / non-porous strata of different heights. The rain water sent through such bore well will first reach the bottom of the well and then slowly reach the top as the rainy season progresses. Thus, the filling of bore well is- No top to bottom but bottom to top It will also keep spreading horizontally and thus enrich all water zones. These underground water bulbs will merge with one another in later years and the whole city-town will float on water. This is exactly opposite of natural process. What it takes years is done in seconds. EVEN WITH 50% RAIN FALL HARVESTING IS 100%
Average rain fall calculations Rain fall in India Duration of rainy season No. of rainy days No. of heavy shower in a season Volume of heavy shower Heavy Rainfall in one hour
900mm 120 days 35 to 60 days 5 to 7 days 10mm to 15mm 10mm
Total water accumulated

During heavy rains in one hour Bore well calculations 150mm.X100meter
3000 liters. (on 300sq.meters land)
= 1767 Liters. 530 Liters.
Add 30% Swing Of Drill Bit =
Volume Of Bore Well
=2297 Liters.
Each aquifer can store water up to 500,000 liters per year.
The size and depth of the bore well, as shown in the table above, shall store every drop of rain, even during heavy showers.
Practical implementation
All the bores of one project may be linked by a grid of plumbing pipes for charging and discharging water. The grid, so developed, shall be connected to filter tanks made for collecting rainwater. Filter tanks are essential to harvest clean rain water. Each piece of land so punctured, shall be benefited by the water. If everyone contributes to this project, then everyone will benefit. Once this contribution is made mandatory, everyone shall bore the well or bear the cost of the bore well. As this is a national program, the government should form suitable law.
The rainwater collected from vertical pipes, roadside gutters shall be channeled to bore wells after proper physical filtration. The water so collected, will enrich the soil to the depth of 100 meters. And in few years, the water table will rise to earlier levels. The main reason for s. depleting water tables is due to non charging of water sources compared to usage. The non-charging water table in 1950 was 3 to 8 meters. Today it varies from 40 to 200 meters. The modern machines draw water from soil and dry the earth. This results in arid land, s soil, unwanted growth of vegetation and underground creatures. As per site conditions, chamber may be replaced by perforated metal cone. It also helps to use perforated casing pipes.
Each housing society, apartment block, roadside individual building of residential / commercial / public usage should be asked by the local authorities to dig bore wells. The number of bores / depth may be decided by experts after studying the size of the plot, the land strata, the contours, the heights and the availability of rainfall. The state / national government can do this with a single stroke of G.R. (government resolution)
UNDP can play vital role in this matter. They should ask the governments to constitute suitable law. People may stop cheating themselves after realizing the advantages. The authorities may control the usage of water. Drawing water from bore wells may not be allowed until reasonable water table is reached. The right time for digging bore can be any time of the year and at any locations on the plot. Generally, it is done during the months of April and May. This brings pressure on the industry and results in high rates. If the bore is dug during any time of the year, the industry shall have uniform work, enough work and the rates shall be brought down by the market forces. This will also create employment to thousands, revenue to Governments, and guarantee water.
Cost and economics

The cost factor is of great importance. Presently cost of 6 dia bore is Rs.190/- per running meter. So the cost of 6 x 100 mts shall be Rs. 19000/-.Add Rs. 5000/- for the filtration chamber and casing pipe. The average cost thus comes to about Rs. 24,000/- as opposed to the investment of Rs.150,000/- to 240,000/- which was limited to drinking water for a family of four and limited to summer. This proposal is far better and acceptable. There is still more! 300 sq. meters of land, results in construction of minimum 350 sq. meters to 450 sq. meters as per local bylaws. In urban areas this FSI is suitable for 6 nos. 1 BHK units or 4nos. 2 BHK units. The selling price of these units is approximately Rs.15, 00,000/- to 50, 00,000/-. The above 6 or 4 units shall share the cost of one bore well. Maximum cost per unit shall be Rs. 3,000/- to 4,500/-This is just about 0.25 % of the unit cost. We know that in urban areas, people spend Rs.500, 000 to 5,000,000 or even more for a residential cell and similar amount for a commercial cell. If each one is made to spend the cost of one bore well (approx. Rs.5000), the entire urban area shall be floating on water in a short time. The builders who guarantee water may even sell their products faster. The entire money is spent by the user and/or recovered from the user. The results being guaranteed, the builders will find it attractive to invest. The government need not spend any money for this project, This school at Nirvi on Nagar road faced severe water problem which resulted in lack of students attendance. Today not only students love to come to school, even the villagers come to school to fetch water. They have even started summer activities as plenty of water is made available as a result of JALODAY YOJANA. This project was sponsored by Rotary Club of Pune Shivajinagar.
This is a project of the people, by the people and for the people. The author has created artificial aquifers at 40 places in different parts of India. The available results are shown in the following chart.
RESULTS: RESULTS:
Work completed at Site Bhugaon Results of Artificial Aquifer in the year 2002 30% 2003 50% 70% 50% 2004 50% 80% 60% 2005 70% 80% 70% 60% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Not known 90% 80% 70% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 100% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 100% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 95% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 95%
HyderabadHyderabad- 1 HyderabadHyderabad- 2 50% Mumbai Yelhanka Bangaluru Chakan Mann, Hinjewadi Nirvi, Pune Pune SataraSatara-1 ShirvalShirval-1 ShirvalShirval-2 -
100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 100% Results still expected
Collective wisdom must prevail. The wise men in the government and politics must come together and support this concept. In addition to Rain Water Harvesting we must also learn to reuse waste water. With SBR technology, which is available in India, we can get back 95% of water for reuse. This water is as clean as any river water. Due to mental block we are not able to consume this water. Time will force us to clean this water further and use it. Once we learn to recycle and reuse the same water for many times, none of us will ever face the problem of water shortage. We have plenty of water and let us not be ashamed of using it lavishly. I strongly believe my suggestions can solve the drinking water problem of the future, to a great extent. We must implement the bore well project through Jaloday Method. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ar Kanchan Sidhaye
(IGBC AP,Teri Griha Trainer) Environmental Project Architect at VK:e environmental
Kanchan has 3 years professional experience in core Architecture, having graduated from University of Pune. She has pursued her post graduation in the area of environmental design and is a top ranked M.Arch in Environmental Architecture from the University of Pune. Kanchan strongly believes and envisages the integration of architecture with environment, energy and ecology. With this zeal she is working as an Environmental Project Architect with the VK:e environmental team. She is currently working on Facilitation of Green Building rating systems such as LEED, IGBC Green Homes, Green Townships, Green Factories, Griha, Eco Housing etc. energy simulation and environmental performance of designs in architecture. Energy efficient Building design and its performance analysis are her key areas of interest. Kanchan further wants to develop expertise in energy efficient technologies for Building design and Construction.
Rain Water Harvesting What for ???

...legal requirements, , necessity for water conservation .... Sustainability of water resource, fear of future water costs...whatever reasons... bottom line you gotta do it... and you gotta do it the right way!!! The write up highlights the purpose of Rain water harvesting, the issues involved, the possible integrations as an effort to create more awareness and consciousness amongst us all.
Kanchan Sarbhukan Sidhaye (VK:e environmental) Email ksidhaye@vke-environmental.com Rohit Bhagwat (VK:e environmental) M.M.Sarbhukan (Former Director GSDA)
The urban demand for Water a life sustaining resource, is continually escalating with development. It is worth noting that water is not only a human need, but part of a larger natural system. Water use in India has been prioritized with Drinking water as the top priority and environmental flows as the last priority.
Urban water resource development is predominantly dependent on surface water resource in Pune. Additional resources including ground water, storm water, and reuse of treated waste water have not been developed as mainstream water resources. This absence of integration of water resources and reliance or dependability only on one type of water source, has caused over exploitation of the available resource and encroached upon the so called low priority water requirements like environmental flows (natural drainage systems).
The ultimate source of the water the rain has not fully been appreciated in urban scenario. Even though urban settlements require the highest quantities of the water per unit space, rain water has always been looked as the necessity of the rural / forest requirement rather than the requirement of urban settlements as well. Capturing of this rainwater for the benefit of the urban population resulting in the conservation of precious natural resource is utmost important.
Rain water harvesting is linked with the human environment in a dual manner firstly with integrated planning, development and management of surface, ground and run-off water and secondly; the integration of anthropogenic and ecological interfaces of the water environment. The possibilities of these integrations can be worked on at different scales site, society, township and city level. The anthropogenic factors include regulating water demand, water reuse, exploring development of surface, ground and storm water as an integrated resource, recharging, economics of water and energy. The ecological aspects include soil, biodiversity and natural water drainage. It is observed that appreciable water savings can be achieved with simple planning interventions.
RWH meaning Rain water harvesting is one of the age old techniques to collect water during the monsoons and store it for use during non-monsoon periods or as required. Traditionally the kunds of the Thar Desert, the bamboo drip irrigation of the Northeastern region, Kul irrigation of the TransHimalayan region, the stepped wells etc are fine examples of rain water harvesting structures designed conducive to the respective local environments.
In urban agglomerations successful RWH has become a challenge. Rain water harvesting has to be based on simple but technical methods. The details of How to harvest, how much to harvest and where to harvest need to be worked out keeping in mind the water balance of the projects, the geological conditions, run-off calculations and so on. In order to actually undertake rain water harvesting, there are 2 options - Either the harvested water is stored for use or it is used for recharging ground water.
RWH involves simple steps: 1) Collection from a dedicated catchment 2) Conveyance of the rain water run-off from catchment to filter 3) Primary Filtration (can be online or off line) 4) Conveyance of the rain water run-off from filter to RWH Tank 5) The RWH Tank can be sized to either store water for per-decided usage or to convey the same to recharge structures to bring about artificial recharge.
Design considerations: Based on the size of the catchment, the intensity of rainfall and the finish/type of the catchment, the rain water harvesting potential is calculated. This RWH Potential system. enables to size on the the
conveyance
Depending
properties of the catchment areas and the expected water quality, the primary filtration system is designed. For example when
catchment is a roof top, the filtration required is different from when the catchment is a parking lot over the podium; where additional filters like oil and grease traps, grit filters etc may be additionally required.
Photo 1: Water from roof top down-takes led to recharge bores
Further, the gathered rain water can either be stored in water tanks for use or can be led to artificial recharge structures. The stored water may be used up during the monsoons itself; in which case it can be a common water tank or could be used in the dry periods or water scarcity periods, depending on specific requirements. These recharge structures can be designed in form of pits, trenches, bores etc based on the aquifer conditions and hydro-geological conditions.
The RWH system can be designed creatively as a landscaping feature using bio-retentions techniques for filtration, as water streams etc thereby not only enabling RWH but also enhancing bio-diversity of the site. The challenge in open RWH systems are evaporation losses that need to be reflected back in designs.
Image Ref: http://www.smithgroup.com
So in-spite of being an age-old and simple water conservation measure of catch water where it falls, what issues does RWH faces at individual site level?
Design level Issues: 1. In the first place the insensitivity about more and more hard areas amongst architects and planners. The designs do not always consider the site as a live unit having natural systems within it. 2. Large podium areas have added to increased run-offs
Issues involved in Collection of rain water: 1) Mixing of roof-top water and podium or ground level run-off 2) Pre-planning of services so that rather than a problem solving approach. Generally RWH is done as an afterthought. Incorporating RWH in the design documents from initial stages,
shall ensure the implementation appropriately on site.
Issues involved in Storage of harvested rainwater: 1. The storage tank capacity works out to be too high and hence uneconomical to be constructed in RCC. Further the stored water may get exhausted in a few months depending on frequency and intensity of usage; beyond which the RWH Tank is rendered useless. This discourages the storage option for Rain water harvesting. 2. Other low cost measures like storage open ponds, etc that can be integrated as landscaped features etc need conscious land-planning.
Issues involved in Recharge of harvested rainwater: 1. The sizing and recharging capacity of the aquifer can be challenging and needs meticulous technical information. Non-availability of such hydro-geological information can hinder the design development of artificial recharge structures. If the structures are not sized appropriately, most of the harvested water shall overflow from the recharge structures; thereby defeating the purpose. This may occur as in the monsoons the sub-surface and aquifer may already be saturated.
Issues involved in Filtration of harvested rainwater: The filtration system needs to correspond to the catchment type and conveyance (open or closed). If the rain water from different catchment areas is mixed, the filtration system would land up either being under-designed or over-designed.
Beyond the Site Rain water Harvesting Concepts: Rain water harvesting can not only be undertaken at individual site level, but also at a City or Ward level based on the Water Banking concepts planned as a mini-watershed. This can be done by superimposing the political sub-divisions over the hydrological data such as basin map or ground water map of the city. Based on this further smaller planning modules for rain water harvesting can be strategized. Within a ward common spaces such as garden or space allotted for infrastructure could incorporate the common storage tanks for harvested rainwater of that particular planning module; while the zones which are geologically conducive to ground water recharging can also be identified. Thus each planning unit can have their own Rain water bank, from which the water users can withdraw as required. It is definite that the ground water or natural water systems will not follow the political sub-divisions, but it seems to be the best chance to undertake mass level RWH in a coordinated manner including all stake holders water users
group, local authorities PMC, Irrigation department, GSDA, NGOs and so on.
Pune City Prority wise Stormwater base map Source: PMC website
Policy level Interventions: Just like any new development is based on Land-use zoning the project follows the proposed land use and seeks building permissions from the local authorities. Similarly, more specific calculations and RWH design based on the Geo-Hydrological settings of the site should be included in the sanction plan. This can be a step towards ensuring that correct RWH approach is included in mainstream during sanctioning, rather than standard approach. For example if the site is not apt for recharging, then the project has to consider storage or vice versa.
Policies should also include regulations on limiting the hard areas within site and have vegetated open spaces.
Awareness: As citizens we need to ask the developer about such environmentally conscious measures that the project has undertaken should get involved in maintaining and ensuring that these systems are operational once the societies are handed over. The action of buying house not only involves accountability but also contributes to the environment in small or big ways - example if one buys a house with maintained green amenities such as rain water harvesting, vermi-composting, solar water heating, renewable energy, energy efficient lighting etc. shall be contributing to the environment in a good way as against someone, who does not buy a house which does not have any of these.
Mandatory or Voluntary compliances: With gradually increasing awareness on green buildings and environment, the development projects get clearances and green ratings from MoEF, Pollution Control Boards, LEED, IGBC GH, GRIHA etc. These organizations - whether public or private should incorporate more stringent inspections and compliance requirements to ensure working conditions of the proposed green measures such as rain water harvesting.
On these lines, a notification has been issued by the Urban development section, Govt. of Maharashtra on the 23rd of March 2011, specifying that in event of non-maintenance of the Rain water harvesting structures/system a fine of ` 1000/- per 100 sqm of built space shall be levied from the owner.
To conclude, it must be not be forgotten that we need to reduce our potable water demands so as to make RWH more effective. Water demands can be reduced by using low flow taps, faucets,
dual flushing, reuse of treated waste water, reducing distribution losses, water metering and so on. With Integrated water management, RWH can work in a brilliant way if implemented in its true sense, thereby not only fulfilling human needs, but also ensuring environmental flows in our major natural drainages or rivers giving water to the natural systems.
NILESH A GANDHI Proprietor M/s Ace Consultants PHE & FP Services Consultants B.E Civil, Pune University Life Member, Indian Plumbing Association Life Member, Institute of Engineers, Pune Chapter Member, Institute of Fire Engineers Member of Juries Panel for Builders Association of India, Pune Chapter Mr. Nilesh Gandhi is a Civil Engineer from MIT, Pune in 1995. He brings with him, rich experience which he gathered while working with some of the Prestigious companies like Tata Electric Company, Shapoorji Pallonji & Co Ltd. After this he also has worked with a Services Consultancy company in Pune & then started his own company M/s Ace Consultant in Dec 2002 Ace Consultants has been in the field of Engineering Consultancy for PHE & FP for the better part of the decade and has worked with several International Hotel Chains like Marriott, Radisson Group, Oakwood as well as with Multinational companies like John Deere, IBM, Syntel Software, KPIT Software, Barclays Bank, Cognizant and Tech Mahindra. The Company has Projects going on PAN India. The company adheres to all the Codes (both National and International) such as NBC, UPCI, NFPA (American) and FM Global, thus providing Customized services to all its Clients. We have been a part of the Designer team ( PHE & FP ) for the Platinum certified LEED project Yamuna, Corporate office for the KBL. Mr.Nilesh Gandhi is also associated with many Institutions as below 1) Life Member of Indian Plumbing Association 2) Life Member of Institute of Fire Engineers 3) Life Member of Institute of Engineers PROJECT EXPERIENCE I.T Parks: 28,00,000 sq.ft. Software Park EON, at MIDC Kharadi for M/s Panchshil ( SEZ project with MOEF approval) 5,50,000 sq.ft Tech Mahindra Campus at MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune
18,50,000 sq.ft. for M/s Wadhawa Developers, Pune 5,50,000 sq.ft.Techpark-1 M/s IBM, for M/s Panchshil 2,00,000 sq.ft. for M/s Cognizant Technologies 1,25,000 sq.ft. Campus for KPIT-Cummins ph-1, Hinjewadi 1,15,000 sq.ft. for Kanbay Software, Talewade MIDC, Pune 2,25,000 sq.ft for KPIT Cummins ph-2, Hinjewadi 4,00,000 sq.ft. for UGS Software at Hinjewadi for M/s Panchshil 1,80,000 sq.ft. EON Hinjewadi I.T.Project. 3,00,000 sq.ft. COB IT Software Park for M/s Deepak Nitrate Group 1,70,000 sq.ft. I.T. Park for Sathe Thirth JV at Baner Mass Housing Projects: 78,00,000 sq.ft. Dwarka Township at Chakan for M/s Naik Navare Associates 50,00,000 sq.ft. Premier Township for Shapoorji Pallonji at Manjari Pune Park Street Phase-1, 2, 3 about 80 acres of township development UK Valley, Lonavala about 50 acre premium township development inclusive of villas, shopping malls, multiplex, club house etc. 5,00,000 sq.ft. Swiss County project at Wakad 7,00,000 sq.ft Cross Over County project. 5,00,000 sq.ft. Green County project at Narhe, Pune 'Pratham' a 250 Bungalow project at Wakad, 34 acres Infra-structure planning for Kirti Developers at Balewadi Stadium for 70 bungalow plots 'Alstom Project' Colony for French Engineers at Uttranchal state 9,50,000 sq.ft Eagles Nest Townships at Wadgaon Maval for Naiknavare Associates Hotels & Hospital: Court Yard Marriott a 156 rooms 3 - Star Hotel at Hinjewadi. Marriott International at ICC Pune, 430 rooms 5 - Star Hotel 110 rooms, 4 Star Hotel @ Pune for Raddison Group Seasons-III, 4 star 100 rooms service apartment Hotel at Pune. 289 Beds, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Hospital @ Delhi Commercial Complexes & Malls: Nucleus Commercial complex in Camp Pune, for M/s Vascon Eng. Pvt. Ltd. (This project has received the Best commercial complex for 2006 )
7,00,000 sq.ft. Commercial mall at ICC Pune Offices & Institutions: Offices for Barclays in Pune, Chennai & Noida. (We are doing Barclays projects on pan India basis.) Aker Power Gas (APG) Corporate office, Mumbai KBL Corporate office, Pune. (The first Platinum rated LEED certified project in Maharashtra.) Global Design Centre for M/s John Deere at Magarpatta Phase 1,2 & 3 Honeywell (I) Pvt. Ltd. at Hadapsar 2,00,000 sq.ft. Academic building for I2IT @ Hinjewadi for Finolex. Hostel building for I2IT @ Hinjewadi. Pharmacy College for D.Y.Patil @ Nigdi, Pune Hostel building for VIT College @ Pune. High Rise Buildings: Modibaug Project at Pune Kastur-Kunj project at ICS Bhosale Nagar Ved- Vihar project, a 3,50,000 sq.ft. for M/s Amit Enterprises Various residential projects with M/s B.K.Pate group Residential projects with M/s Darode Jog Group Kapil Abhijat for M/s Bal Developers Sankul Condominium, 300000 sq.ft. project in Pune. A 16 storey residental tower at Khar, Mumbai Industrial: Jabil Circuit Phase II at Ranjangaon, Pune Liebherr CMCtec India Pvt. Ltd. at Chaufula, Pune LOREAL India Pvt. Ltd. at Talegaon, Pune ACC Cement Plant, Chandrapur Wirtgen Plant at Yavat, Pune Logistic Park for Real Term Cummins India Projects ETP for Crude Oil Terminals at Mundra & Bhatinda refineries for Hindustan Dorr Oliver Ltd.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING : A CASE STUDY
NILESH GANDHI
Definition of Rain water Harvesting Basic Hydrological Cycle Requirement of RWH Method of Rain water Harvesting Rain water harvesting illustration for a Residential project. Advantages & disadvantages of RWH Overview of RWH.
Definition of Rain water Harvesting : In principle, rainwater harvesting consists of intercepting rainfall where it occurs, storing the water in various storage structures, which can be natural or manmade, percolating it in ground to raise water table level, prevention of losses through evaporation & and beneficially using stored water locally. The principle behind RWH is to prevent excess loss of water by evaporation which occurs in open lakes, river, sea etc. In the universe, life is known to exist nowhere except the Earth. Modern science unequivocally believes that life cannot exist without water. Life has sustained on our Earth for 3.5 billion years because of some extraordinary attributes of the Earth. One such attribute is the hydrological cycle, by which a small fraction of one per cent of all freshwater in the Earth is circulated over and over again. One part of rain falling on land flows in rivers and streams towards the ocean, and one part of it goes back to atmosphere as evaporation, and as transpiration by plants. The remaining part circulates underground as soil water and groundwater. It is within this simple, and yet profound framework that rain harvest needs to be understood.
RWH is the need of time today for following reasons : Growing population Modernization / Industrialization & ill effect associated with it. Global warming, abnormal changes in hydrological cycle. Growing difference between availability & requirement of water globally You will be surprised to know that the Cherapunji in Assam which receives highest rain fall in India to the tune of 11000 mm per year also suffer from acute shortage of drinking water not because rain water is not consumed but allowed to be drained away. This has also resulted into over exploitation of surface sources like wells for drinking and industrial use, resulting to dropping of water levels and drying up of bore wells.
Any rainwater harvesting system will typically have following four elements 1) Catchments area 2) Conduits 3) Settlement Tank 4) Recharge facility or storage facility.
The simplest way to start doing Rain water harvesting
1) Catchment area :The catchment is the area or surface, which receives rainfall directly. It can be any surface such as paved area like a terrace or courtyard of building or an unpaved area, like Lawn or open ground. Temporary structures like sloping sheds can also act as catchments. Run-off factor determines the quantity of water which will be available from the catchment. Run-off factors for wooded or grassy land is very less say 10% rest is absorbed by percolation, whereas run-off factor for paved or terraced area is 70 to 90% as most of the rainwater is available for recharge or storage except for water lost due to evaporation. 2) Conduits : Conduits or the pipes carry rainwater from the catchments or roof tops to harvesting/storage system. The conduits may be of any materials like PVC, HDPE , galvanized or locally available metal like earthen pipes, RCC pipes .
3) Settlement Tank :For rural areas , rain water carries lot of dust, mud, dirt along with it, all this matter is removed by introducing a settlement tank with mud filter. Water settles there & overflow is connected to recharge facility. These settlement tanks are required to be cleaned from time to time.
Recharge facility or storage facility:Whenever we try to store the rain water from terrace directly, we provide grating at the inlet of down take pipes. Also we flush out the first rain to storm water drain & then clean water from further rains are collected in storage tanks. As volume of water generated by RWH is very large it becomes uneconomical to store all the water in tanks, then we try to percolate this water in the nearby aquifer by connecting harvested water to dry bore, existing well, hand pump etc. A typical arrangement of recharge is shown in the sketch below. There is major difference between methods adopted for RWH in Urban area & rural area. In urban areas you have lot of hard terraced area, paved pathways & roads, so you get a good quantity & reasonably pure water from collection. But problem is limited & costly space for storage. So we store bare minimum & try to percolate maximum water to underground aquifer. In case of rural area we do not have much of water from paved or terrace area, but we have major quantity from surface runoff. So we do contour terracing of land & rain water is held at intermediate intervals for percolation.Finally it is diverted to deep wells / ponds.
Rain water recharge (percolation in ground)
Rain water storage for direct use
Rain Water Harvesting for Rural Areas :
Case study of the RWH project for one of the Residential scheme
Rain water discharge calculation after development Sr.No. Type of area Area in m2 Area in Ha 'C' value Avg Rain fall mm/day Discharge m3/day
Terrace area of all buildings
8100.69
0.810069
0.95
18
138.52
Parking slab area
7754.9
0.77549
0.95
18
132.61
Paved area
3595
0.3595
0.65
18
42.06
Open space
3793
0.3793
0.55
18
37.55
Landscape gardens
1290
0.129
0.5
18
11.61
Road in open area
3554
0.3554
0.75
18
47.98
Total of area
28087.6 Total rain water discharge after development Rain water discharge calculation before development 410.33
Sr.No.
Type of area
Area in m2
Area in Ha
'C' value
Avg Rain fall mm/day
Discharge m3/day
Barran land before development Heavily countoured Total rain water discharge before development m3/day
28087.4
2.808743
0.5
18
252.79
252.79 (m3/min)
Total rain water discharge after development Rain water discharge calculation before development We propose to recharge the same through percolation borewells, pits.
410.3318 252.7869 157.5449 m3/day
GEOLOGICAL SET UP AND TERRAIN CONDITIONS:
The area under investigation forms the part of the volcanic sequence of basaltic rocks belonging to the Deccan Volcanic activity, which is one of the largest known geological formations in India, covering over 80 percent area of the state of Maharashtra. The flows exposed in the area are compound type and has limited thickness of 4 to 6 meters. The rock exposed is highly amygdaloidal in nature, the upper flow is mantled by a soil horizon which is followed by weathered basalt (Murum). The area has undulating (Murum). topography. Sub-horizontal and horizontal sheet-joints are Subsheetubiquitous in the lava flows. They are normally restricted to the amygdaloidal (top and base) portions of the flow and to the interflow horizons. Vertical and inclined cooling joints are not as prolific in the flows and are restricted to individual flows only that are unevenly spaced.
Methodology : Electrical Resistivity Method (IS: 1892-1979 Appendix B clause 18923.3 B-2): B By applying this method the resistance to the flow of an electric current through the subsurface materials is measured at intervals on the ground surface. The resistivity is usually defined as the resistance between opposite phases of a unit cube of the material. Each material has its own resistivity depending upon the water content, compaction and composition. The test is conducted by driving four metal spikes to serve as electrodes in to the ground along a straight line at equal distances. A direct voltage is imposed between the two outer potentiometer electrodes and the potential drop is measured between the inner electrodes. To interpret the resistivity data for knowing the nature and distribution of the subsurface formations, it is necessary to make preliminary trial on known formations. The potential V thus obtained divided by the current I applied gives the resistance R of the ground. The product of the resistance and the spacing factor, which is depending upon the disposition of the electrodes, is the resistivity of the ground.
This method is routinely used for: 1. Determining the sub-surface strata classification 2. Determination of hard rock foundation 3. Estimation of overburden thickness and hard rock quantities and 4. Determination of the suitability of the area for quarrying and excavation A great variety of electrode arrangements have been used to measure the earth resistivity but essentially they may be grouped into three classes. 1. Arrangements in which the potential differences between two widely spaced measuring electrodes are recorded. 2. Arrangements in which a potential gradient or electric field intensity is measured using closely spaced pair of measuring electrodes. 3. Arrangements in which the curvature of the potential function is measured using a closely spaced current electrode pair as well as a closely spaced measuring electrode pair.
RESULTS AND DATA PROCESSING: In the area to understand the shallow subsurface geological and aquifer conditions extending up to 70-90 meters depth, vertical electrical soundings were conducted at seven different locations. Using IPI2 WINDOW based software the data obtained from field was processed. This software helps in interactive semi-automated interpretation of the field data. All the sounding data were modeled for the existing sections. The VES data on apparent resistivity values was modeled by using IPI2 WINDOW based software to get different layers depicting their thickness, depth and true resistivity (see appendix I). In nutshell, the above interpretation gives generalized geological situation with depth-wise variations. As discussed above the sounding points with typical curves at selected sites give point information, which was further utilized to build comprehensive picture of subsurface geological situation depth-wise by preparing 2-D geoelectrical sections.
Any one of these arrays may be used to study variations in resistivity with depth or in lateral condition. In studying the variation of resistivity with depth, as in the case of a layered medium the spacing between the various electrodes is gradually increased. With larger spacing, the effect of material at depth on the measurements becomes more pronounced. In studying the lateral as well as vertical variations, various electrode configurations are adopted and the array is moved as a whole along a traverse line. The first type of measurement is called as Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and the second one is Horizontal Profiling (HP). In the present work both VES and HP were conducted at 10 different locations at Chakan-Dwaraka. The L sections generated on the basis of values of electrical resistivity for the site have been used to depict 2-D subsurface images of the strata that are also included in this report.
Profiles Weathered basaltic aquifer Aquiclude (Hard and Compact basalt) 3- 5 -8
Weathered basaltic aquifer
Aquiclude (Hard and Compact basalt)
The geoelectrical cross-sections passing through various points crosshave been presented in the above figures. It is to be noted that these are apparent resistivity L sections, which broadly match the true resistivity of formations. The values of true resistivity have been computed and thickness, depth and true resistivity have been presented in appendix. Using IPI2 software, the values of true resistivity of strata (), its thickness (h) and depth (d) have been obtained after modeling of data and are depicted in table form besides each curve. It can be seen that at at VES point 1 and 2, and 5 the rock strata is conducive as potential aquifer up to variable depth, at point 1 the strata is favourable for occurrence of Ground water beyond 12 meters depth while at point 2 it is good beyond 45 meters and at point 5 it is favourable beyond 12 meters only, as beyond these depths there is sudden drop in the reistivity values indicating highly fractured and therefore more porous strata.
At point 3, 4, and 6 although strata is conducive but of limited nature i.e the strata has limited thickness and so is the aquifer thickness. At point 3it is favourable up to 32 meters, at point 4 up to a depth of 68 meters while at point 6 between the depth of 14 and 80 meters. Of these points point 4 and 6 can be utilized for siting the bore well for the exploration of groundwater, while point three can be used for recharging the aquifer, may be by taking a bore well or by constructing a suitable recharging structure like the recharging pit. Similarly point 7 and 8 also shows presence of favourable hydrgeological conditions but of variable thickness. At point 7 the rock strata is conducive beyond 46 meters and this zone continues up to 64 meters depth, whereas at point 8 the conditions are favourable beyond 50 meters. The point 8 therefore has priority over point 7 for locating the bore well for the exploration of groundwater while point 7 can best utilized for the purpose of groundwater recharging. Point 9 is not recommended for either purpose while point 10 is favourable for the purpose of locating recharging bore well where the strata between depth 15 and 30 meters is favourable for the storage of groundwater.
If we want RWH to become a real success story then it has to be implemented phase wise starting from Government offices & institutions, Corporate world, Public places , large scale residential scheme etc. Government shall encourage people by passing subsidiary & rebates in taxes. If RWH is made compulsory overnight then there are more chances that we will have strong reaction & it might become a political issue like ban on helmet compulsion.
Appendix: Modelled electrical resistivity data output
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
Advantages & Disadvantages of RWH ::We have seen above the different methods of RWH, now let us see Pro & Cons of Rain Water Harvesting. Advantages are as below ::Water which will runoff & join ocean is not useful directly for human consumption; with the help of RWH we can use this water for mankind. 2) We can not generate water artificially on such large scale, RWH is the best way one can capture large volume of water. 3) Hot & arid places like Rajasthan in India where there is huge scarcity of water. Whatever rain falls in desert is absorbed in soil or evaporates, there RWH is a boon. 4) RWH provided of self sufficiency of water supply.
Disadvantages are as below ::-
RWH on a very large scale will reduce the flow of streams to river, which plays important role in transporting sediments & nutrients as well as sustaining the habitats of many plants and animals, collectively referred to as ecosystems. This also had an ill-effect illon hydrological cycle. 2) If the catchments area is polluted with any biological / chemical material then it will have major impact on quality of underground water storage. Also it takes many years to purify these underground resources by natural means. 3) Some time overflow of septic tank is not properly connected to nalla or sulage line. In such cases, during rains sulage water gets mixed with storm water & pollute under ground water
Overview of Rain Water Harvesting ::
One of the oldest water harvesting systems is found about 130 km from Pune along Naneghat in the Western Ghats. A large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient trade route. Each fort in the area had its own water harvesting and storage system in the form of rock-cut cisterns, ponds, tanks rockand wells that are still in use today. A large number of forts like Raigad had tanks that supplied water. In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were built so that each had a rooftop water harvesting system. Rainwater from these rooftops was directed into underground tanks. This system can be seen even today in all the forts, palaces and houses of the region.
Overview of Rain Water Harvesting ::
One of the oldest water harvesting systems is found about 130 km from Pune along Naneghat in the Western Ghats. A large number of tanks were cut in the rocks to provide drinking water to tradesmen who used to travel along this ancient trade route. Each fort in the area had its own water harvesting and storage system in the form of rock-cut cisterns, ponds, tanks and wells rockthat are still in use today. A large number of forts like Raigad had tanks that supplied water. In ancient times, houses in parts of western Rajasthan were built so that each had a rooftop water harvesting system. Rainwater from these rooftops was directed into underground tanks. This system can be seen even today in all the forts, palaces and houses of the region.
Formation of Rain Center ::Rain Center is like a working laboratory. People can walk in, learn about RWH, see actual field installations of the different RWH methods. They display the urban RWH systems. India's FIRST Rain center opened in August 2002 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It is reported that the CM Jayalalitha insisted on installing a RWH system in her own official residence, prior to inaugurating the Rain Centre. It is conceived that this Rain Centre and many related activities played a role in the new ordinance passed across the State of Tamil Nadu, making it mandatory to install RWH in all buildings . Recent Rain Centers have come up in Trichur Kerala and Meerut U.P There is a possibility of a Rain Center at Nature Park in Mahim Mumbai in coming year
Even as rain-harvesting is implemented to meet the water crisis in rainthe short-term, governments at various levels need to formulate shortlong-term plans for integrated water development. Carefully longchosen watersheds of suitable size would constitute ideal units of management. Based on climatic, stream flow, soil, groundwater, and other data, a water budget would help assess overall water availability over the watershed. To beneficially manage the available water, surface water, artificial recharge, groundwater withdrawal, and water conservation practices will become components of integrated water management. Such management cannot be based exclusively on science, technology, or economics. It has to be guided by local values, traditions, and institutions. One should be able to make local people participate in this work. This coming together of science and human values, in a situation of limited resources, presents extraordinary challenges and unprecedented opportunities for shared living.
Rain water discharge calculation after development Sr.No. Type of area Area in m2 Area in Ha 'C' value Avg Rain fall mm/day 18 18 18 18 18 18 Discharge m3/day 138.52 132.61 42.06 37.55 11.61 47.98
1 2 3 4 5 6
Terrace area of all buildings Parking slab area Pav ed area Open space Landscape gardens Road in open area Total of area
8100.69 7754.9 3595 3793 1290 3554
0.810069 0.77549 0.3595 0.3793 0.129 0.3554
0.95 0.95 0.65 0.55 0.5 0.75
28087.6 Total rain water discharge af ter dev elopment Rain water discharge calculation before development Type of area Area in m2 Area in Ha 'C' value Avg Rain fall mm/day 18
410.33
Sr.No.
Discharge m3/day 252.79 252.79
Barran land bef ore dev elopment Heav ily countoured Total rain water discharge bef ore dev elopment m3/day
28087.4
2.808743
0.5
(m3/min) Total rain water discharge after development Rain water discharge calculation before development We propose to recharge the same through percolation borewells, pits. 410.3318 252.7869 157.5449 m3/day
THANK YOU
M/s Ace Consultant Mr. Nilesh Gandhi Email:- nilesh@aceconsultant.in
Downloaded & Compiled by
Er. M. B. Nambiar
WATER HARVESTIN
Overview
CSE started its work on water issues way back in the 80s, when it was becoming apparent that the water management paradigm based on exploitation of surface and groundwater resources even as it neglected capturing rain to recharge or for direct use would lead the country to a huge water crisis. CSE first focused on pushing for policy reforms in the water sector to mainstream harvesting rainwater in both urban and rural areas. To support this policy advocacy, CSE undertook intensive and extensive awareness campaigns, capacity building workshops and informational materials. The outcome of this work was that there were supportive policy initiatives in urban and rural areas to promote water harvesting and all this was met with public support. CSE has been promoting the concept of water harvesting, particularly in urban areas, as a technological solution that can be adopted by all. CSEs campaign to promote water harvesting began with its in-depth research on Indias rich traditions in using rainwater for a sustainable, participatory and equitable management of water. The research culminated in the book, DYING WISDOM: Rise, Fall and Potential of Indias Traditional Water Harvesting Systems. The central message of the book was that harvesting rainwater makes eminent sense in a monsoon-type climate (where most rain occurs in less than 200 hours in a year and engenders community participation. Indians can learn from their traditions to develop new approaches for sustainable water management and meet the water crisis of today. The report provided a comprehensive overview of Indias traditions in community-based water harvesting, their decline and relevance in the modern context. The report was released at 15 different places in India in collaboration with the country's civil society to take the message across India and to establish a network of people interested in promoting community-based water management systems.
Internalizing the message, CSE initiated an advocacy programme to promote the concept of community-based water harvesting and make it a national movement. It produced simple literature and organized dozens of meetings to explain the principles and practice of rainwater harvesting. For urban audiences CSEs programme to build model institutions shows people how rainwater harvesting is done. The CSE building, for instance, captures every drop of rain that falls on its premises. In order to create awareness among opinion and decision-makers, CSE provided them with easily understandable briefing papers that explained how policy options can be developed and implemented. CSEs special website, rainwaterharvesting.org, provides interested people comprehensive information on rainwater harvesting on water crisis, conflicts, solutions, technologies, water crusaders and policy, including a database of different technologies for rural and urban contexts. To provide information on resource persons and experts, CSE has compiled a database of NGOs and individuals knowledgeable about water harvesting across the country. In 2001, CSE published another book, Making Water Everybodys Business: Policy and Practice of Water Harvesting, which captures numerous case studies of village communities involved in water harvesting both in India and abroad.
Technical advice for planning and designing rainwater harvesting

Every Friday between 2:00pm to 6:00pm Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) provides detailed technical guidance to interested individuals, RWAs and institutions to implement rain water harvesting. The technical assistance will be provided on every Friday at CSE office at 41, Tughlakabad institutional area. If you are interested in setting up a water harvesting system at your place, Please get a prior appointment. Water Programme Unit Center for Science and Environment, 41, Tughlakabad institutional area, New Delhi 110062. Phone : 011 29955124, 29956110, 29956394, 29955879 Email : debases@cseindia.org. Mobile : 91 9013338906
What is RWH? Rain water harvesting is collection and storage of rain water that runs off from roof tops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc. This water run off can be either stored or recharged into the ground water. A rainwater harvesting systems consists of the following components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. catchment from where water is captured and stored or recharged, conveyance system that carries the water harvested from the catchment to the storage/recharge zone, first flush that is used to flush out the first spell of rain, filter used to remove pollutants, Storage tanks and/or various recharge structures.
Why do RWH? Rain may soon be the only source of clean water. Rainwater harvesting systems use the principle of conserving rainwater where it falls and have the following benefits: Helps meet ever increasing demand of water. Improves quality and quantity of groundwater. Reduces flooding.
Where? Individual homes Colonies Apartments Institutions Schools/colleges/universities Clubs Hospitals Industries Slums Everywherethe potential for rainwater harvesting is huge How? Setting up a rainwater harvesting is not difficult but requires some sort of understanding of hydrology and architecture and as a result most people find it too complicated to do it themselves. In order to make it simple and convenient for everyone to set up a rainwater harvesting system suitable for their needs, we have prepared a set of guidelines which will help you to set up your own
rainwater harvesting system quickly and efficiently.
RAINFALL DATA FOR PUNE

25 years average (1982-2006)
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr 1.7 1.5 0.6 9.8 Av. Annual Rainfall (mm) Rainy Days 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.9 2.2
May 30.0 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
171.4 9.6 171.0 12.2 139.5 9.8 141.7 7.9 85.8 21.5 7.4 4.7 1.2 0.4
Total 781.9 49.4
CRISIS
Inhumanly Mismanaged
In India, from the 19th century onward, the paradigm of managing water has followed two interconnected routes. One, the state took upon itself the role of sole provider of water. (It was the colonial state that centralized control over water resources. The postindependent state inherited this role, and continued with it.) Among other things, this led to communities and households being no longer the primary agents of water provision and management. Two, the earlier use of rainwater and floodwater declined. In its place, there came a growing reliance on surface water (primarily rivers) and groundwater. Today, the effects of this way of managing water are clearly visible:
There is complete dependence on the state for any kind of water provision. It is a kind of fostered parasitism since the state, via its bureaucratic machinery, does not seem to possess the will to alter such a situation. Such has been the level of extraction from rivers that most of India's river basins have degraded and the rivers are polluted. Large dams are the major source of water storage, and canals are the major distributory route. The former have caused large-scale community displacement and ecological havoc. The latter, large-scale degradation of land via soil salinisation. Groundwater resources have been heavily over-used.
Thus water availability, both in terms of quality and quantity, has declined to such an extent that many parts of India, rural and urban, today face a droughtlike situation. And when drought actually sets in, as it did in Gujarat and other parts of the country most recently in the year 2000, scarcity takes on a frightening visage. An already bleak reality seems even more grim...
WATER CONFLICTS
Summer comes to India every year. Along with it comes water crisis As wells, ponds and taps dry up, women begin to walk the village streets and city roads with pots and pitchers looking for a water-point. As municipality water-tankers and government-run water trains begin to traverse the length and breadth of the country, people gather on street corners, village squares and in front of municipality offices. They murmur, growl, throw stones, and fight... Water is becoming a cause for social conflicts Protests, demonstrations, road-blockades, riots. City-dwellers against farmers. Villages against towns. Towns against cities. Citizens against the government. People against people. Increasingly, these (usually local) conflicts are taking on the general shape of a bitter war for water. Is there a way out? What should we do? Hang down our heads in shame? Or, should we look up?
SOLUTIONS
What is the source of all water? Rain, of course River water; water in lakes, ponds and wells; water that seeps into the ground, collecting in the belly of the earth; tapwater; even bottled water! The source of all water is rain.
Let us understand this: Supply comes from the sky. Let us apply this understanding: in order to meet demand, then, what we actually need to do is harvest the rain. Not dam a river, and block its flow. Not boost water out the ground, and suck the earth dry. Not build canals, lay kilometers of pipes. But merely harvest the rain. In essence, harvesting water means harvesting the rain.
In India, the monsoon is a deluge. Flash floods churn up dry river beds. Dry wells come to life; lakes and ponds brim with water. In India the monsoon is brief. We get about 100 hours of rain in a year. It is this 100-hour bounty that must be caught, stored, and used over the other 8,660 hours that make up a year. The water harvesting rationale: extend the fruits of the monsoon. The water-harvesting basis: catch water where it falls. The water harvesting method: build systems that enable such an extension, and create a structure to manage the extension. These structures are ecoregion specific. The water harvesting experience: millennial and born of local wisdom; scientific and still in use; participatory and the basis of people's movements; the focus of innovation in the present and the best way to a non-scarce future. But, what is the potential of rainwater harvesting? Understand the water arithmetic.
A Lesson There was a thirsty crow. It peered into an earthen pitcher. There was water at the bottom. "Dregs," it cawed alarmed. But it was thirsty. It began to drop pebbles into the pitcher. Drop by drop, the water rose to the top. The crow drank and flew away sated. It could have used a pneumatic drill to smash through to the water. It didn't. This water harvester of a crow could teach us a thing or two. The water arithmetic. We stare at the dregs of our ingenuity, at a resource scientifically misutilized. We are cawing alarmed. But we only keep cawing, raucously at that. Lets get on, like the crow. Fashion a pebble-by-pebble approach to meet our needs. First recognize that the source of all water on earth is not the river, is not the underground aquifer, is not the lake, well or stream. Rain is the source of all water. Second, recognize that in India the monsoon is a deluge. Rain spatters the earth. Fills ponds. Lakes brim. Rivers heave. But the monsoon is also brief. We receive most of its rainfall in just 100 hours out of 8,760 hours in a year. But this is enough to meet our water needs, provide food security and eradicate rural poverty. Water Balance in India According to a study, India receives 400 million hectare meters (mham) of rain and snowfall. Another 20 mham flow in as surface water from outside the country. This total 420 mham provide the country with river flows of 180 mham. Another 67 mham is available as groundwater. About 173 mham is lost as evaporation or becomes soil moisture - which can be captured directly as rainwater or as runoff from small catchments in and near villages or towns. If even 20 - 3- mham can be captured through rainwater harvesting, tremendous
pressure can greatly extend the availability of clean water. Why is Cherrapunji today short of drinking water when it gets more than 11 meters of rainfall annually? Simply because it does not capture the rain that falls over it. Third, recognise the rainwater needs to be harvested through capturing, storing and recharging it and later using it during prolonged parched periods. The key component of water management is 'storage' especially in India. Small means even more water. Michael Evenari, an Israeli scientist's study clearly demonstrates that ten dams with one hectare catchment will store more water than one dam of ten hectare. Several other studies conducted by the Central Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute in different parts of the country revealed similar results. Any land can be used to harvest rainwater. (See potential) In tune with the terrain, with nothing imposed. It is just a matter of using material locally abundant - stones, mud, bamboo etc. The hidden link: The most beautiful thing about water harvesting is that there is a human-rain-land synergy. What the table shows clearly is that rainwater harvesting is possible in all human-land-rain scenarios. Synergies exist between rainfall, human population density and land availability
Number of people whose Surface Rain yield Annual Region level of potential from one land (*) Human population density Land availabili ty for water harvesti ng quality for water on efficien cy water needs can be met at per person per day from one hectare of land Ruralarid Ruralhumid 100 mm 2,000 mm 1 million litres 20 million litres Low High High Low More rooftops and built-up Urban Very high Very low surfaces available with high runoff (*)Assuming rainwater collection efficiency of 100 per cent 27 553
rainfall hectare of
collecti 100 litres
URBAN HARVESTING
Urban rainwater harvesting Urban centres in India are facing an ironical situation today. On one hand there is the acute water scarcity and on the other, the streets are often flooded during the monsoons. This has led to serious problems with quality and quantity of groundwater. This is despite the fact that all these cities receive good rainfall. However, this rainfall occurs during short spells of high intensity. (Most of the rain falls in just 100 hours out of 8,760 hours in a year). Because of such short duration of heavy rain, most of the rain falling on the surface tends to flow away rapidly leaving very little for recharge of groundwater. Most of the traditional water harvesting systems in cities have been neglected and fallen into disuse, worsening the urban water scenario. One of the solutions to the urban water crisis is rainwater harvesting capturing the runoff.
This is practiced on a large scale in cities like Chennai, Bangalore and Delhi where rainwater harvesting is a part of the state policy. Elsewhere, countries like Germany, Japan, United States, and Singapore are also adopting rainwater harvesting. Why to harvest rain? In areas where there is inadequate groundwater supply or surface resources are either lacking or insufficient, rainwater harvesting offers an ideal solution. Helps in utilising the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from going into sewer or storm drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment plants. Reduces urban flooding.
Recharging water into the aquifers help in improving the quality of existing groundwater through dilution.
Influencing factors Among the several factors that influence the rainwater harvesting potential of a site, eco-climatic conditions and the catchment characteristics are considered to be the most important. a. Rainfall i)Quantity: Rainfall is the most unpredictable variable in the calculation and hence, to determine the potential rainwater supply for a given catchment, reliable rainfall data are required, preferably for a period of at least10 years. Also, it would be far better to use rainfall data from the nearest station with comparable conditions. ii) Pattern: The number of annual rainy days also influences the need and design for rainwater harvesting. The fewer the annual rainy days or longer the dry period, the more the need for rainwater collection in a region. However, if the dry period is too long, big storage tanks would be needed to store rainwater. Hence in such regions, it is more feasible to use rainwater to recharge groundwater aquifers rather than for storage.
b. Catchment area characteristics Runoff depends upon the area and type of the catchment over which it falls as well as surface features. All calculations relating to the performance of rainwater catchment systems
involve the use of runoff coefficient to account for losses due to spillage, leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all contribute to reducing the amount of runoff. (Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface). POLICY
From now to the future Sometimes, you have to grab an existing problem by the scruff of its neck. It will cringe and cry. It will bring tears to your eyes. Give it a hard shake. To its demands, say "NO!" In this way, you stop focusing on the problem, and move on to the solution. You say: "YES!" You move from "NO!" to "YES!". From despair to problem-solving. From now to the future. This is what the CSE water campaign is about. Think rain, people. Catch water where it falls. From rain will come local food security. From rain will come biomass-wealth that will eradicate ecological poverty. From rain will come social harmony. Rainwater harvesting is what nations can choose. The CSE water campaign, when it looks into the future, sees only hope. It sees a world as an agglomeration of ecological - water harvesting - democracies. We promise you, the future is bound to look up
WATER HARVESTING
Overall Objective of the National Water Harvesters Network (NWHN)
To promote a peoples water management programme based on water harvesting. Rationale of the Formation of a NWHN: One of the main recommendations of the CSE conference on water harvesting was the setting up of a national water harvesters network to promote water harvesting. The need for a forum was strongly felt, and it was recommended that CSE take the lead and provide leadership. Accordingly the National Water Harvesters Network was set up in CSE. The objectives of the network is to create awareness, undertake policy research and lobby to bring about change in policy as required so that water management is decentralized and water availability increased. The Mission of the Network To harness the power and knowledge of individuals and communities to revive and develop the ancient techniques of water harvesting together with modern inputs from scientific knowledge for conservation and better management of freshwater resources. To serve as a forum for advocacy for appropriate change in policies, programmes and institutional structures to help the civil society to act as affective pressure group Goals of the Network To accomplish this overreaching objective, the network proposes to achieve the following goals: Build coalitions by bringing like-minded people together Promote communication amongst them by providing a forum that facilitates the coming together of people and exchange of ideas and perspectives. Create and disseminate information on exemplary action and technologies The network seeks to create water literacy and provide informational support to the
researcher, writer and practitioner of water harvesting. It also seeks to work towards improving access to information by serving as a clearinghouse for information on activities, issues and technological developments related to water harvesting Educate the public and policy makers. Empower the marginalized people and their knowledge systems in order to help them consolidate their power and efforts. Advocate relevant changes in policy and legislations. Provide information about technical, legal and financial support and , if possible provide these different types of support directly. Provide support to local initiatives to overcome obstacle and impediments in implementation. Work with all levels of the government, especially Panchayati Raj institutions to promote water harvesting at the local level. The network will take special care to reinforce and not replace existing local initiatives. Activities of the Network In order to accomplish these goals the network will undertake the following activities: Produce a newsletter Create and maintain a database on people, projects, organizations and technologies related to water harvesting Create a network website Establishing a clearinghouse to provide technical, legal and financial information. Document on an on-going basis the experiences and lessons learnt of outstanding government and non-government efforts. Establish a documentation centre of educational and training materials prepared by field action groups for easy dissemination. Promote active links between field action groups and research, professional and academic institutions. Promote cultural connections an d rituals associated with water and water harvesting Organize public meetings, workshops and exhibitions around the theme of water harvesting. Organize a volunteer network in support of water harvesting. Develop links with people involved in water harvesting in South Asia and other parts of the
world. Organize training workshops Set up investigates missions/working groups on important issues raised by local initiatives. Documentation of on-going research and study on specific issues of relevance Organize regional and national conferences. Organize interactions with government and other policy makers. Membership of the Network The membership fee for joining the national water harvesters network is free. (refer : www. cseindia.org) to register yourself as a member. Structure of the Network The structure of the network should be one that fosters promotion of water harvesting. The structure should be one that is flexible and evolves as the needs, aspirations and the capacity of the network grows. It should also be a structure that can balance the need for infrastructure (and financial requirement for it) with that of accountability. Small regional level networks should be invited to become a formal part of the proposed Water Harvesters Network.
Secretariat of the Network The Centre for Science and Environment has been appointed the Central Secretariat of the National Water Harvesters Network.
Institutional Members and Individuals of the National Rain Water Harvesting Network
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 ACADEMY OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT ACTION FOR FOOD PRODUCTION AFPRO ACTION FOR SOCIAL ADVANCEMENT (ASA) ADCSW SOCIETY AGRAGAMEE ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE RESOURCE CENTRE ANDHRA PRADESH POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD ASSOCIATION FOR RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BAIF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION BHORUKA CHARITABLE TRUST CENTRAL SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTIONRESEARCH & DEVP. CENTRL GROUND WATER BOARD CHAITANYA RURAL EDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY CHARAK PHARMACEUTICALS CRISPINO LOBO CROP DALBARI GAON UNNAYAN SOMITY DEVELOPMENT PROMOTION GROUP DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT CENTRE DEVIKA BEVERAGES Pvt.Ltd DHAN FOUNDATION ELGITREAD (INDIA) Ltd. ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH FOUNDATION (INDIA) GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA GAVIPURAM GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GRAM VIKAS NAVYUG MANDAL LAPOTIA GRAM VIKAS NAVYUVAK MANDAL HBLNIFE POWER SYSTEMS LIMITED INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT INDIAN INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERS INDIA INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOP. OF WEAKER SECTIONS INDIA INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES ION EXCHANGE (INDIA) Ltd K.R.G. RAIN WATER HARVESTING Co. KERALA WATER AUTHORITY LAYA MADRAS INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MAHARASHTRA WATER & IRRIGATION COMMISSION MANAV KALYAN TRUST
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
MEHRANGARH MUSEUM TRUST MEWAD KRISHAK VIKAS SAMIT MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DEPTT. OF AGRICULTURE AND NAGARIKA SEVA TRUST NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WOMEN CHILD & YOUTH DEVE. NATIONAL SPIRITUAL ASSEMBLY OF THE BAHAI`S NATIONAL TREE GROWERS' COOPERATIVE FEDERATION LTD NAVA JYOTHI NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL INST OF WATER & LAND MGT. OFFICE OF THE CONTROLLER OF DEFENCE` P.H.E.D. PARTNERS IN CHANGE PRABHAT PRINTING WORKS PROJECT SWARAJYA PUNE CONSTRUCTION ENGG. RESEARCH FOUNDATION RAJPARIS CIVIL CONSTRUCTIONS LTD. RAMAKRISHNA MISSION ASHRAMA READ CENTRE ROYAL DANISH EMBASSY RURAL EDUCATION FOR ACTION AND DEVELOPMENT S.P.E.Q.L. S.V.U. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SAHABHAGI VIKASH ABHIYAN SEBA. SHREE VIVEKANAND RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE SIRDI PROJECT SOCIO-ECONOMIC UNIT FOUNDATION SWISS DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION TANTRY & ASSOCIATES THE ASSOCIATION OF BENGAL THE JUDGE`S COURT THE SOCIAL WORK & RESEARCH CENTRE (SWRC) THODAYA TIMES SYNDICATION SERVICES UNICEF INDIA COUNTRY OFFICE UNITED NGO MISSION UNIVERSAL SUBSCRIPTION AGENCY UTKAL ALUMINA INTERNATIONAL LIMITED VANARAI TRUST. VASUNDHARA VIKSAT WATER & LAND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE WATER AND POWER CONSULTANCY WATERAID YOUTH WELFARE CLUB YUSUF MEHERALLY CENTRE
Individuals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 V. HARANATHA BABU, A.P.STATE IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION K. KISHORE, AICRP ON WATER MANAGEMENT (ICARD) V.C. JACOB, BETHEL M.K. MAITRA, INDIA CANADA ENVIRONMENT FACILITY PRAKASH KESKAR, C/O. MANGAL MURTI STD BOOTH K.C. NAIK, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD SURESH CHAND SHARMA, CENTRAL GROUND WATER AUTHORITY M.K. GARG, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD S. DAS, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD S. DAS, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD S.C. BEHERA, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD G.K. ROY, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD P. BALAMURUGAN, CENTRE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT JANARDAN CHOUBEY, CHAKRIYA VIKAS NIWAS (SHRMS) KISHOR D SHROFF, CHARAK PHARMA Pvt. Ltd. V.P. JACOB, COMET MEDIA FOUNDATION MADHAV D. NANDESHWAR, CWRDM SUNIL BHATT, DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS T.S. ANURAGA, ECOPATH C.S. RADHAKRISHNAN, GOA INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ADMIN. C.D. KHOCHE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Y.B. KAUSHIK, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA M.K. GARG, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA LIBY T JOHNSON, GRAM VIKAS M.S. KODARKAR, INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF AQUATIC BIOLOGY (IAAB) P.B.S. SARMA, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY B.S THANDAVESWARA, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY S.N. PANDA, INDIAN ISNTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY B.N. CHETTY, JANA VIKAS SOCIETY C.N. MALPANI, JANAKEE NURSING HOME KAPIL SHAH, JATAN R.R. SHUKLA, KERALA FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION MANUBHAI K MEHTA, KUNDLA TALUKA GRAM SEWA VINOD SRIVASTAVA, LARSEN & TOURBO LIMITED N GOVINDAN, MARGO BIOCONTROLS PVT.LTD S.A. CHAR, MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES R.N. ATHAVALE, NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE D. MURALIDHARAN , NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OM PRAKASH MATHUR, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC FINANCE AND POLICY ASHOK KUMAR DWIVEDI, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY BLAISE MIRANDA, NEW INDIAN COOPERATIVE
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
DUNGLENA , P.H.E.D. JURGEN PUTZ, PALMYRA TEJ RAZDAN, PAMPOSH NURSING HOME J. PAUL BHASKAR, PEACE TRUST JACOB THUNDYIL, PEOPLE`S RURAL EDUCATION MOVEMENT S.K. GUPTA, PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY ASHOK C TANURKAR, RELEGAN SIDDHI PARIVAR V. TAMILARASAN, REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS AREA UDAY BHAT, ROTARY CLUB OF PUTTUR DEBASIS RATH, RUSH G. RAMPRASAD , S.V.U. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NEELIMA KHETAN, SEVA MANDIR I.J. SINGH, SITECH CONSULTANTS T.V. KRISHNA REDDY, SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY N. RAMACHANDRAN, TOTAL WATER MANAGEMENT SERVICES INDIA Ltd. MANOJ MISHRA, TRAFFIC (INDIA) Y. NARASIMHAIAH, TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT CENTRE A.K. SINHA, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN SALIL MEHTA, UTTHAN TRUST SWAMI KRISHNANANDA, VIVEKANANDA KENRA NARDEP B.J. VASOYA, WATER MANAGEMENT FORUM A. ACHYUTHAN A.G. RAODI AKSHAY KAUL ALMITRA PATEL AMAR HEBLEKAR ARIJIT DEY ARVIND A BOAZ ASHOK GHOSH B. PRASAD RAO BHARAT KUMAR BAWEJA BHASKAR SHARMA BINOD C SHARMA C. LALLUNGHNEMA C. SARVOTHAM RAO CAMELLIA SATIJA D. CHAKRABORTY D.V. SUBRAMANIAN DILIP RANGACHARI EKKEHARD SCHWEHN G SAMPATHRAO G.S. PANDIAN G.T. BHIMTE GANESH PANGARE H. A. B. PARPIA HARISH L. DAWARE JAYA ELLAPPAN JAYACHANDRAN B.A
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137
K. NARAYANA SWAMY K. SUBBARAO IFS K.G. MEHTA K.S. RAMAN KUMAR SHUBNURTHI M.D. SREENIVAS M.L. LATH M.SRIMAN NARAYAN MOHAN RAO MOHO CHATURVEDI N.K. CHOUDHARY N.N. MEHROTRA N.V. PUNDARIKANTHAN P.C. SHARMA P.P. BHATT PANKAJ KUMAR POONAM MULCHANDANI PRADEEP MUNOT PUNEET KUMAR R. RAMANI R. RANGARAJAN R.K. GUPTA R.K. SIVANAPPAN R.S. VERMA RAJENDRAN RAMESH MURDESHWAR RANA CHATTERJEE RANBIR SINGH RITU BATRA ROBERT D COSTA S. CHANDRA SHEKHAR S. VISWANATH S.P. VASUDEVA S.R. MENDIRATTA S.S. KHOBRAGAR SACHIN K TENDULKAR SANDEEP JADHAV SANJAY P. BANSAL SANJIV G PANDYA SARVAGYA KUMAR SRIVASTAVA SATISH GHALI SEHBA FAROOQUI SEKHAR RAGHAVAN SHAMJIBHAI ANTALA SHREE PADRE SNEHANSHU MUKHERJEE SRINIVAS SUBBAYYA VARMUDI
138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148
SUJIT PATWARDHAN SURENDRA KUMAR JAIN SURESH MISHRA SURESH PATEL SWAMY THAYAMMAL U. RANA RAO UDAYA SHANKARA. D V.HARANATHA BABU VARGHESE V DEVASIA VIJAY SHINGARE VIKRAM SINGH RAJAVAT

Rain Water Harvesting - e Technical Volume

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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