Topic Outline The following outline for an AP Chemistry course is intended to be a guide to the level and breadth of treatment

expected rather than to be a syllabus. The percentage after each major topic indicates the approximate proportion of multiple-choice questions on the exam that pertain to the topic. I. II. III. IV. V. Structure of Matter (20%) States of Matter (20%) Reactions (35-40%) Descriptive Chemistry (10-15%) Laboratory (5-10%)

Chemical Calculations I. Structure of Matter (20%) 1. Atomic theory and atomic structure 1. Evidence for the atomic theory 2. Atomic masses; determination by chemical and physical means 3. Atomic number and mass number; isotopes 4. Electron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals 5. Periodic relationships including, for example, atomic radii, ionization energies, electron affinities, oxidation states 2. Chemical bonding 1. Binding forces 1. Types: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London dispersion forces) 2. Relationships to states, structure, and properties of matter 3. Polarity of bonds, electronegativities 2. Molecular models 1. Lewis structures 2. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bonds 3. VSEPR 3. Geometry of molecules and ions, structural isomerism of simple organic molecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to structure 3. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity; chemical applications II. States of Matter (20%) 1. Gases 1. Laws of ideal gases 1. Equation of state for an ideal gas 2. Partial pressures 2. Kinetic-molecular theory 1. Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theory 2. Avogadro's hypothesis and the mole concept 3. Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperature 4. Deviations from ideal gas laws 2. Liquids and solids 1. Liquids and solids from the kinetic-molecular viewpoint

2. Phase diagrams of one-component systems 3. Changes of state, including critical points and triple points 4. Structure of solids; lattice energies 3. Solutions 1. Types of solutions and factors affecting solubility 2. Methods of expressing concentration (The use of normalities is not tested.) 3. Raoult's law and colligative properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosis 4. Non-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects) III. Reactions (35-40%) 1. Reaction types 1. Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Brnsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination complexes; amphoterism 2. Precipitation reactions 3. Oxidation-reduction reactions 1. Oxidation number 2. The role of the electron in oxidation-reduction 3. Electrochemistry: electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faraday's laws; standard halfcell potentials; Nernst equation; prediction of the direction of redox reactions 2. Stoichiometry 1. Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems: net ionic equations 2. Balancing of equations including those for redox reactions 3. Mass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole concept, including empirical formulas and limiting reactants 3. Equilibrium 1. Concept of dynamic equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chatelier's principle; equilibrium constants 2. Quantitative treatment 1. Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kc 2. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution 1. Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH 2. Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds 3. Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysis 4. Kinetics 1. Concept of rate of reaction 2. Use of experimental data and graphical analysis to determine reactant order, rate constants, and reaction rate laws 3. Effect of temperature change on rates 4. Energy of activation; the role of catalysts 5. The relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanism 5. Thermodynamics 1. State functions 2. First law: change in enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction; Hess's law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetry 3. Second law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of change in free energy on enthalpy and entropy changes 4. Relationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials

IV. Descriptive Chemistry (10-15%) Knowledge of specific facts of chemistry is essential for an understanding of principles and concepts. These descriptive facts, including the chemistry involved in environmental and societal issues, should not be isolated from the principles being studied but should be taught throughout the course to illustrate and illuminate the principles. The following areas should be covered: 1. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions 2. Relationships in the periodic table: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal with examples from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and the first series of transition elements 3. Introduction to organic chemistry: hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties). Physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds should also be included as exemplary material for the study of other areas such as bonding, equilibria involving weak acids, kinetics, colligative properties, and stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas. V. Laboratory (5-10%) The differences between college chemistry and the usual secondary school chemistry course are especially evident in the laboratory work. The AP Chemistry Exam includes some questions based on experiences and skills students acquire in the laboratory: making observations of chemical reactions and substances; recording data; calculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained; and communicating effectively the results of experimental work. Colleges have reported that some AP candidates, while doing well on the exam, have been at a serious disadvantage because of inadequate laboratory experience. Meaningful laboratory work is important in fulfilling the requirements of a college-level course of a laboratory science and in preparing a student for sophomore-level chemistry courses in college. Because chemistry professors at some institutions ask to see a record of the laboratory work done by an AP student before making a decision about granting credit, placement, or both, in the chemistry program, students should keep reports of their laboratory work that can be readily reviewed. Chemical Calculations The following list summarizes types of problems either explicitly or implicitly included in the topic outline. Attention should be given to significant figures, precision of measured values, and the use of logarithmic and exponential relationships. Critical analysis of the reasonableness of results is to be encouraged. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Percentage composition Empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data Molar masses from gas density, freezing-point, and boiling-point measurements Gas laws, including the ideal gas law, Dalton's law, and Graham's law Stoichiometric relations using the concept of the mole; titration calculations Mole fractions; molar and molal solutions Faraday's law of electrolysis Equilibrium constants and their applications, including their use for simultaneous equilibria Standard electrode potentials and their use; Nernst equation Thermodynamic and thermochemical calculations

11. Kinetics calculations

Topic Outline
Following is an outline of the major topics covered by the AP Statistics Examination. The ordering here is intended to define the scope of the course but not necessarily the sequence. The percentages in parentheses for each content area indicate the coverage for that content area in the examination. I. II. III. IV. Exploring Data: Describing patterns and departures from patterns Sampling and Experimentation: Planning and conducting a study Anticipating Patterns: Exploring random phenomena using probability and simulation Statistical Inference: Estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses

I. Exploring Data: Describing patterns and departures from patterns (20%-30%)

Exploratory analysis of data makes use of graphical and numerical techniques to study patterns and departures from patterns. Emphasis should be placed on interpreting information from graphical and numerical displays and summaries. 1. Constructing and interpreting graphical displays of distributions of univariate data (dotplot, stemplot, histogram, cumulative frequency plot) 1. Center and spread 2. Clusters and gaps 3. Outliers and other unusual features 4. Shape 2. Summarizing distributions of univariate data 1. Measuring center: median, mean 2. Measuring spread: range, interquartile range, standard deviation 3. Measuring position: quartiles, percentiles, standardized scores (z-scores) 4. Using boxplots 5. The effect of changing units on summary measures 3. Comparing distributions of univariate data (dotplots, back-to-back stemplots, parallel boxplots) 1. Comparing center and spread: within group, between group variation 2. Comparing clusters and gaps 3. Comparing outliers and other unusual features 4. Comparing shapes 4. Exploring bivariate data 1. Analyzing patterns in scatterplots 2. Correlation and linearity 3. Least-squares regression line 4. Residual plots, outliers, and influential points 5. Transformations to achieve linearity: logarithmic and power transformations 5. Exploring categorical data

1. 2. 3. 4.

Frequency tables and bar charts Marginal and joint frequencies for two-way tables Conditional relative frequencies and association Comparing distributions using bar charts

II. Sampling and Experimentation: Planning and conducting a study (10%-15%)

Data must be collected according to a well-developed plan if valid information on a conjecture is to be obtained. This plan includes clarifying the question and deciding upon a method of data collection and analysis. 1. Overview of methods of data collection 1. Census 2. Sample survey 3. Experiment 4. Observational study 2. Planning and conducting surveys 1. Characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted survey 2. Populations, samples, and random selection 3. Sources of bias in sampling and surveys 4. Sampling methods, including simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling 3. Planning and conducting experiments 1. Characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted experiment 2. Treatments, control groups, experimental units, random assignments, and replication 3. Sources of bias and confounding, including placebo effect and blinding 4. Completely randomized design 5. Randomized block design, including matched pairs design 4. Generalizability of results and types of conclusions that can be drawn from observational studies, experiments, and surveys

III. Anticipating Patterns: Exploring random phenomena using probability and simulation (20%-30%)
Probability is the tool used for anticipating what the distribution of data should look like under a given model. 1. Probability 1. Interpreting probability, including long-run relative frequency interpretation 2. 'Law of Large Numbers' concept 3. Addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional probability, and independence 4. Discrete random variables and their probability distributions, including binomial and geometric 5. Simulation of random behavior and probability distributions

6. Mean (expected value) and standard deviation of a random variable, and linear transformation of a random variable 2. Combining independent random variables 1. Notion of independence versus dependence 2. Mean and standard deviation for sums and differences of independent random variables 3. The normal distribution 1. Properties of the normal distribution 2. Using tables of the normal distribution 3. The normal distribution as a model for measurements 4. Sampling distributions 1. Sampling distribution of a sample proportion 2. Sampling distribution of a sample mean 3. Central Limit Theorem 4. Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample proportions 5. Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample means 6. Simulation of sampling distributions 7. t-distribution 8. Chi-square distribution

IV. Statistical Inference: Estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses (30%-40%)
Statistical inference guides the selection of appropriate models. 1. Estimation (point estimators and confidence intervals) 1. Estimating population parameters and margins of error 2. Properties of point estimators, including unbiasedness and variability 3. Logic of confidence intervals, meaning of confidence level and confidence intervals, and properties of confidence intervals 4. Large sample confidence interval for a proportion 5. Large sample confidence interval for a difference between two proportions 6. Confidence interval for a mean 7. Confidence interval for a difference between two means (unpaired and paired) 8. Confidence interval for the slope of a least-squares regression line

I. History and Approaches (24%)

1. Logic, Philosophy, and History of Science 2. Approaches: 1. Biological 2. Behavioral 3. Cognitive 4. Humanistic 5. Psychodynamic

6. Sociocultural 7. Evolutionary/Sociobiological

II. Research Methods (68%)

1. Experimental, Correlational, and Clinical Research: 1. Correlational (e.g., observational, survey, clinical) 2. Experimental 2. Statistics: 1. Descriptive 2. Inferential 3. Ethics in Research

III. Biological Bases of Behavior (810%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Physiological Techniques (e.g., imaging, surgical) Neuroanatomy Functional Organization of Nervous System Neural Transmission Endocrine System Genetics

IV. Sensation and Perception (79%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Thresholds Sensory Mechanisms Sensory Adaptation Attention Perceptual Processes

V. States of Consciousness (24%)

1. Sleep and Dreaming 2. Hypnosis 3. Psychoactive Drug Effects

VI. Learning (79%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Processes in Learning Biological Factors Social Learning

VII. Cognition (810%)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Memory Language Thinking Problem Solving and Creativity

VIII. Motivation and Emotion (79%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Biological Bases Theories of Motivation Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain Social Motives Theories of Emotion Stress

IX. Developmental Psychology (79%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Life-Span Approach Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal, cross-sectional) Heredity-Environment Issues Developmental Theories Dimensions of Development: 1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Social 4. Moral 6. Sex Roles, Sex Differences

X. Personality (68%)
1. 2. 3. 4. Personality Theories and Approaches Assessment Techniques Self-concept, Self-esteem Growth and Adjustment

XI. Testing and Individual Differences (57%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Standardization and Norms Reliability and Validity Types of Tests Ethics and Standards in Testing Intelligence Heredity/Environment and Intelligence Human Diversity

XII. Abnormal Psychology (79%)

1. Definitions of Abnormality 2. Theories of Psychopathology 3. Diagnosis of Psychopathology 4. Anxiety Disorders 5. Somatoform Disorders 6. Mood Disorders 7. Schizophrenic Disorders 8. Organic Disorders 9. Personality Disorders 10. Dissociative Disorders

XIII. Treatment of Psychological Disorders (57%)

1. Treatment Approaches: 1. Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic/Humanistic Approaches 2. Behavioral Approaches 3. Cognitive Approaches 4. Biological Approaches (psychopharmacology/psychosurgery) 2. Modes of Therapy (e.g., individual, group) 3. Community and Preventive Approaches

XIV. Social Psychology (79%)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Group Dynamics Attribution Processes Interpersonal Perception Conformity, Compliance, Obedience Attitudes and Attitude Change Organizational Behavior Aggression/Antisocial Behavior

I. Musical Terminology
1. Terms for intervals, triads, seventh chords, scales, and modes 2. Terms pertaining to rhythm and meter, melodic construction and variation, harmonic function, cadences and phrase structure, texture, contrapuntal devices, small forms, and musical performance

II. Notational Skills

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rhythms and meters Clefs and pitches Key signatures, scales, and modes Intervals and chords Melodic transposition

III. Basic Compositional Skills

1. Four-voice realization of figured-bass symbols and Roman numerals 2. Composition of a bass line (with chord symbols) for a given melody

IV. Musical Analysis (from a printed score or with aural stimulus)

1. Small-scale and large-scale harmonic procedures, including: 1. Identification of cadence types 2. Roman-numeral and figured-bass analysis, including nonharmonic tones, seventh chords, and secondary-dominant chords 3. Identification of key centers and key relationships; recognition of modulation to closely related keys 4. Standard harmonic progressions 2. Melodic organization and developmental procedures: 1. Scale types; modes 2. Motivic development and relationships (e.g., inversion, retrograde, sequence, imitation) 3. Rhythmic/metric organization: 1. Meter type (e.g., duple, triple, and quadruple) and beat type (e.g., simple, compound) 2. Rhythmic devices and procedures (e.g., augmentation, diminution, hemiola) 4. Texture: 1. Types (e.g., monophony, homophony, polyphony) 2. Devices (e.g., imitation, canon) 5. Formal devices and/or procedures: 1. Phrase structure 2. Phrases in combination (e.g., period, double period, phrase group) 3. Small forms

V. Aural Skills
1. Sight-singing (major and minor modes, treble and bass clefs, diatonic and chromatic melodies) 2. Melodic dictation (major and minor modes, treble and bass clefs, diatonic and chromatic melodies) 3. Harmonic dictation (notation of soprano and bass lines and harmonic analysis in a fourvoice texture) 4. Identification of isolated pitch and rhythmic patterns 5. Detection of errors in pitch and rhythm in one-and two-voice examples 6. Identification of processes and materials in the context of music literature representing a broad spectrum of genres, media, and styles: 1. Melodic organization (e.g., scale-degree function of specified tones, scale types, mode, contour, sequences, motivic development) 2. Harmonic organization (e.g., chord function, inversion, and quality) 3. Tonal organization (e.g., cadence types, key relationships)

4. Meter and rhythmic patterns 5. Instrumentation (i.e., identification of timbre) 6. Texture (e.g., number and position of voices, degree of independence, presence of imitation, density) 7. Formal procedures (e.g., phrase structure; distinctions among literal repetition, varied
repetition, and contrast; small forms)