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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK : MAKMAL Review KEJURUTERAAN Release Date ELEKTRIK Last Amendment Subject Code : SEE 3742

Procedure Number

Faculty: Subject

:2 : 2006 : 2006 : PK-UTM-FKE-(0)-10

SEE 3742 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA KAMPUS SKUDAI JOHOR

BASIC COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

TITLES OF EXPERIMENT Generation of AM signal.

OBJECTIVES 1. To understand amplitude modulation characteristics. 2. To understand the modulation index and effects.

THEORY Amplitude modulation is a process of translating information signal from low band frequency to high band frequency. Information signal is usually of low frequency, so it cannot travel far. It needs carrier signal of higher frequency for long distance destination. Figure 1 shows a basic block diagram of a modulator. The inputs are carrier and information (modulating) signals while the output is called modulated signal.

Information signal, vm (t ) = Em cos m t

Modulator

Modulated signal

Carrier signal, v c (t ) = E c cos c t

where f c >> f m

Figure 1: Basic Block Diagram of A Modulator

In amplitude modulated (AM) signal, amplitude of the carrier signal varies with the information signal. Hence, v AM (t ) = (E c + v m (t )) cos c t This can be seen in Figure 2 where the information signal forms the envelope for the modulated carrier. This modulated waveform in time domain can be observed using an oscilloscope. 2

vAM(t)

Envelope = [E c + v m (t )]

Emax

t (s)

Emin

Figure 2: AM signal in time domain Frequency domain display from spectrum analyzer will show that the AM signal consists of three frequency components; the carrier, upper sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB). Refer to figure 3. The sidebands carry the baseband information. The bandwidth (BW) for an AM signal = 2 fm EC
mE c E m = 2 2
BW

mE c E m = 2 2

fc-fm

fc

fc+fm

frequency, f Hz

Figure 3 spectrum of AM signal

Average power for each frequency components are ; 1. Power at carrier, PC =


1 ( EC / R E2 = c 2R
2 )
2

(2)

2. Power at lower sideband, PLSB = Power at upper sideband, PUSB


1 = R

mE c 1 Em or R 2 2 2 2

(3)

1 ( mEC )2 8R = (m2PC )

(4)

3. Total power, PAM = PC + PLSB + PUSB = PC + ( m2PC ) + ( m2PC ) = PC[ 1 + ( m2 / 2 ) ]

(5) (6)

4. Transmitter efficiency, = average power from sideband / total power absorbed. = m2 / ( 2 + m2 ) (7) Modulation index, m can be calculated using the equation: m = (Emax Emin) / (Emax + Emin) = Em / Ec = ( A B ) / ( A + B) where A and B are sides of a trapezoid. Refer to figure 4. (8) (9) (10)

B Figure 4 trapezoid presentation of AM signal

In theory, for 100% modulation, amplitude of sideband is half of the carrier amplitude. In AM Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC), the carrier component in the AM spectrum will be suppressed Refer to Figure 5. This is because it does not carry any information while consuming lots of power. Therefore, AM DSBSC signal has the advantage of consuming less power than full AM while the bandwidth remains the same. v DSBSC (t)
Em 2

Suppressed carrier LSB USB

(fc-fm)

fc

(fc+fm)

Figure 5 DSBSC Spectrum

INSTRUMENT REQUIRED 1) 2) 3) 4) Trainer B4200A-P AM/DSB Transmitter Pico Scope (Oscilloscope & Spectrum Analyzer) Power Supply. Frequency Counter.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Read all procedures before you do this experiment. If you have any problems, get the
technician to help you.

LABORATORY EXERCISE ANALYSIS OF AM WAVEFORM AND SIDEBANDS. Prepare the trainer as Fig. 1 for operation. Set the carriers frequency knob halfway and the modulation level knob at . 2. Using the picoscope, record: (a) carrier frequency, fc (b) test tone (modulating) frequency, fm. 3. Adjust the balancement for amplitude-modulated (AM) waveform at the transmitter output to display a nice Double Side Band With Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) signal. Plot the waveform and the frequency spectrum of this signal. 4. Decrease the amplitude of the modulated signal, lets say, 3Vpp by changing the modulation level knob. 5. Now, without touching the modulated signal amplitude, adjust the carrier (adjust the Balancement) to obtain a 100% modulated AM signal. Measure Em, Ec, Emax and Emin. Calculate the modulation index, m, using equations (8) and (9) given in the theory section. 6. Record also the frequency of the envelope modulated signal. Does it correspond to fm? 7. Observe the spectrum of the AM signal. Record all the relevant parameters. 8. Prepare the trainer as Fig. 2 for operation. 9. Connect the picoscope with CH A on the modulating signal and CH B on the transmitter output. Switch the scope to XY mode. A trapezoid shall appear on the screen. Sketch the waveform obtained. Calculate the modulation index by using equation (10). It should give the same value as obtained in step 5. 10. Repeat step 7-9 for AM waveform with: (a) m < 100% (b) m > 100% (c) m=0 1.

POWER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Adjust the panel for a full amplitude AM wave, approx. 50% modulation index. Temporarily disconnect the tone source. Measure and record the carrier p-p amplitude. Restore the tone source. Measure E m as indicated. Calculate the power of the carrier on the dummy load as P c = ( E c 0.707 ) 2 /R ( R 150 ohm ) Calculate the power of each sidebands component as P SB = (1/2 E m 0.707 ) / R And the total power as P t = P c + 2P SB
2

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONS. 1. 2. 3. What is upper-sideband and lower-sideband signal? Compare and discuss the display of an oscilloscope to that of a spectrum analyzer of an AM signal? Write down the percentage of modulation of each pattern.

Fig.1

Fig.2

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