2ATOMS

MATTER
ATOM The atom is the smallest, indivisible particle of an element. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike and are different from the atoms of all other elements.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

Anything that has mass and occupies space is matter. Made up of tiny, discrete particles where the particle exists as whole particles and not as half or quarter particles. MOLECULE Molecules are the smallest particles of an element or compound that are made up of two or more atoms. IONS Ions are particles that are charged due to loss or gain of electrons. Ions which are positively charged are called cations. Ions which are negatively charged are called anions. Ions are formed in liquid state or in molten state.

Kinetic Theory Of Matter Explains how any matter behaves in any condition. Based on 3 assumptions: a) All matter made of tiny particles. These particles are moving continuously and at random b) Particles close together, there are attractive forces between them which is known as intermolecular forces. c) Particles movement affected by heat

1
Prepared By, Mr.Sathish Sarma

2ATOMS
Solid Fixed shape High Density Particles close together Orderly Arranged Held by strong forces in fixed positions

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

Liquid No fixed shape High Density Particles close together Not in order Strong forces(Between particles) Vibrate & Free to move

Gas No fixed shape Low density Particles Far apart Weak forces (Between particles) Free to move around Pressure is due to the particles bouncing off walls of container.

Change In State Of Matter Melting (SolidLiquid) Particles gain energy Vibrate more Occurs at melting point Endothermic* Reaction (Because particles gain energy to break bonds) Freezing (LiquidSolid) Occurs at freezing point (Also the melting point of pure substance) Exthothermic* Reaction (Because particles give out energy to form bonds) *ENdothermic reaction means heat or energy ENTER (absorbed/gained) to break bond! *EXothermic means heat, energy EXIT (give out/lose) to form bonds! Note that for both Freezing & Melting, temperature remains constant during the process!

2
Prepared By, Mr.Sathish Sarma

2ATOMS
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Protons Mass:1 Charge: +1 Location: Nucleus

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

Atom is the smallest particle structure of any matter. Atoms are made up of 3 particles: Neutron Mass: 1 Charge: 0 Location: Nucleus Electron Mass: 1/1836 Charge: 1 Location: on the shells (around nucleus)

Neutral atom __________________ =__________________ Nucleon No. __________________ + __________________ * Mass No. Nucleon number A

Proton number

3
Prepared By, Mr.Sathish Sarma

2ATOMS
ISOTOPES

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

Atoms of same element, but with different number of neutron. (Same proton number, different neutron number) No effect in the number of electron. Isotopes have same chemical properties (because have same number of outer shell electrons) but different physical properties. *Note that the chemical properties are determined by the number of Outershell electrons. If 2 atoms have same no. of outer shell electrons, they will have same chemical properties. Element No. of Isotopes 3 Name of Isotopes Oxygen 16 Oxygen 17 Oxygen 18 Chlorine Hydrogen 2 3 Chlorine 35 Chlorine 37 Protium Deuterium Tritium Number of Protons 8 8 8 17 17 1 1 1 Number of Neutrons 8 9 10 18 20 0 1 2 Proton Number Nucleon Number

Oxygen

4
Prepared By, Mr.Sathish Sarma

2ATOMS
Eg:

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

An atom with stable electronic structure will have 2 or 8 valence electrons*

2.8.8 8 electron in outermost shell 2.8 8 electron in outermost shell 2 2 electron in outermost shell Valence electrons electrons on the outermost shell. All atoms from group-18 have 2 or 8 valence electrons. Group-18 atoms are stable in electron structure. This stable electron structure is known as noble gas structure. Other electrically unstable elements will attempt to gain noble gas structure by transferring or sharing the electrons. Sharing electrons produces covalent compounds Transfer electrons produces ionic compound by producing ions Oxygen Atom Oxygen Ion

Sodium Atom

Sodium Ion

5
Prepared By, Mr.Sathish Sarma

2ATOMS
EXERCISE
1. a) b)

THE STRUCTURE OF THE

c)

d)

What is meant by isotope? Chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 is a pair of isotopes. i) State two similarities between these isotopes. ii) State the difference between these isotopes. Hydrogen has three isotopes. i) Name the three isotopes of hydrogen. ii) Give the symbols of the isotopes named in c(i). Table below shows the isotopes and their uses in daily life. Complete Table 2. Isotopes Use of Isotopes in Daily Life i) To detect clotting of blood in body To determine the rate of absorption of fertilizers by the plants

Cobolt-60 ii) iii)

2. Table below shows the proton numbers and neutron numbers of a few elements which are represented by the letters U,V,W,X,Y and Z. Element U V W X Y Z a) b) c) d) e) Number of Proton per atom 3 5 8 9 12 17 Number of Neutron per atom 4 6 8 10 12 20 Electron Arrangement

Complete table by writing the electron arrangements of all the particles. What is the nucleon number of U? What is the number of valence electrons in ion U+? State the number of electron shells in particle Y. Draw the electron arrangements of particle Z and ion W2-, respectively.

6
Prepared By, Mr.Sathish Sarma