PUNCTUATION FORMULAS 1. S; S A. We went to the beach; we used sunscreen. B. It is raining outside; our picnic is cancelled. C.

I am very tired; I need a nap. 2. S, conj. S A. We are going to the park, and we will have a picnic. B. I am feeling better, but I still must rest. C. I will go to the movies, or I will go swimming. 3. LB, S A. Since it is cold outside, Sally put on a sweater. B. Even though he is hungry, he does not want to have a snack. C. Although it is raining, we are still going out to play. 4. A, B, conj. C A. We ran, jumped, and hopped to school. B. Jim loves to bike, swim, or read for enjoyment. 5. A, B, C Noun A. I want to wear a colorful, soft, comfortable outfit. B. She is an adorable, sweet, cuddly baby. C. Please do not be a mean, inconsiderate, selfish person. 6. NP, APP, A. Mrs. Jones, our nextdoor neighbor, baked cookies for us. B. Mr. Gotham, president of the company, will be going on vacation next week. C. He is playing the guitar, my favorite instrument. 7. S; SC, S A. We will always keep in touch with our friends; moreover, we will remember the sixth grade. B. It is snowing outside; nevertheless, we will still be able to travel. C. He did poorly in school this year; thus, he will have to go to summer school. 8. COR S, COR S A. Not only is she a good singer, but she also dances like a professional. B. Either Susan will find the perfect dress for the prom, or she will have to settle for something else.

Key: S = sentence SC = sentence connector LB = left branch NP = noun phrase APP = appositive CORR = correlative conj. = conjunction I. CONJUNCTIONS: AND BUT OR NOR SO FOR YET II. CORRELATIVES: EITHER. . .OR NEITHER. . .NOR NOT ONLY. . .BUT (ALSO) III. SENTENCE CONNECTORS: Therefore for this reason Nevertheless in spite of that; even Moreover besides; further; in addition to what has been said Hence as a result Indeed truly However (but) in spite of that Consequently as a result On the other hand looking at the other side 1. S; S = sentence semicolon sentence This may be used when two or more independent clauses (complete sentences) are related in topic and are not joined y a comma and conjunction. Two independent clauses (complete sentences) cannot be joined by using only a comma. Ex.: It is almost five thirty; we cannot reach our destination before dark. A semicolon takes the place of a comma and conjunction. 2. S conjunction S = sentence conjunction sentence You may place a comma before a conjunction when two related independent clauses (complete sentences) are to be joined as one sentence. Two independent clauses (complete sentences) CANNOT be joined by using only a comma. Ex.: The situation is dangerous, but there is still one way to escape. 3. LB, S = Left branch comma sentence The left branch is a subordinate clause and depends on the rest of the sentence in order to be considered complete; otherwise, it would be considered a fragment; Ex.: Incorrect: Even though he is hungry. He does not want to eat. Correct: Even though he is hungry, he does not want to eat. 4. A, B, Conjunction C = verb comma verb comma conjunction verb

In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last. Ex.: red, white, and blue Gold, silver, or copper He opened the letter, read it, and mad a note of its contents. Use a comma after the first and second (or more) in a series. Use a conjunction before the last word in the series and omit the comma. 5. A, B, C Noun = adjective comma adjective comma adjective noun See rule 4. Notice there are no conjunctions used in this case. Place a comma between the first and second adjective (noun modifier). DO NOT place a comma after the last noun modifier. Ex.: Please do not be a mean, inconsiderate, selfish person. 6. NP, APP, = Noun phrase comma appositive comma An appositive is a parenthetic expression placed between commas after a noun. It provides additional information about that noun. Ex.: The best way to see the country, unless you are in a hurry, is to avoid the interstate highways. My brother, a well-known architect, is working on plans for a new museum. An appositive may be placed at the end of a sentence, and is set off by a single comma. Ex.: He is playing the guitar, my favorite instrument. 7. S: SC, S = Sentence semicolon sentence connector comma sentence This is another way to combine related sentences. Sentence connectors are transition words with in a sentence. Ex.: He did poorly in algebra this year; therefore, he will have to repeat the course. Ex.: She rode horses regularly; however, she felt very nervous about riding this morning. 8. COR S, COR S = Correlative Sentence Comma Correlative Sentence This is a way to combine two sentences, using one correlative, a sentence, the other (almost always necessary) correlative, and a second sentence to finish the complete sentence. Ex.: Neither is he going to the store nor is he going to the stadium. Ex.: Either she will find the portfolio, or shell lose her job. 9. Extra Feature-- S: list of particulars, illustrative quotation or the joining of two independent clauses (sentence) when one amplifies or interprets the first Ex.: List of particulars

A dedicated musician requires three things: an instrument, time to practice, and inspiration. Ex.: Illustrative quotation: The squalor of the streets reminded her of a line from the works of Oscar Wilde: We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars. Ex.: Amplification or interpretation, independent clause There was a directness and dispatch about the animal burial: there was no visit to the morgue, no wreath, no floral arrangements. Ex.: Statement of Thesis: William Shakespeare challenges the idea that women are capable of moral fortitude as he reveals in the following: first, in Richard III, Queen Anne immediately succumbs to Richard IIIs entreaty to marry him, while standing over the coffin of her newly-dead husband; second, in Hamlet, Gertrude marries her brother-in-law within a month of the death of her first husband, King Hamlet; and third, in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth drives Macbeth to committing murder even though he knows it is treasonous and sinful to do so.