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National Standard of the People9sRepublic of China Code for Design of Steel Structures GBJ 17-88
l-G87/3--&$?;:.- #f+$?E ,:-* qq-.<i)t

' 1

July 1,1989

BeiJing

National Standard of the People9sRepublic of China Code for Design of Steel Structures GBJ 17-88

Chief editing organization : Ministry of Metallurgical Industry People9sRepublic of China Approving organization : Ministry of Construction People9sRepublic of China Date of enforcement : July 1,1989

CONTENTS General Materials Basic design requirements

3. 1 Design principles 3. 2 Design indices 3. 3 Requirements for deformation of structures

Calculation of flexural members

4. 1 Strength 4. 2 Overall stability 4. 3 Local stability

Calculation of axially loaded members and members subjected to combined axial load and bending

5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4

Axially loaded members Members subjected to combined axial load and bending Effective length and allowable slenderness ratio Local stability of compression members

Fatigue calculation

6. 1 General requirements 6. 2 Fatigure calculation

Calculation of connections

7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4

Welded connections Bolted and riveted connections Flange connection of built-up I-girders Supports General requirements Welded connections Bolted and riveted connections Structural members Requirements for crane girders and crane trusses (or
- I

Requirements for detailing

8. 1 8. 2 8. 3 8. 4 8. 5

similar girders and trusses)

8. 6

Fabrication, transportation and erection

8. 7 Corrosion protection and heat isolation 9. Plastic design

9. 1 General requirements 9. 2 Calculation of members 9. 3 Allowable slenderness ratio and detailing requirements 10. Steel tubular structures 11. Light steel structures of round bars and small angles
12. Composite steel and concrete beams 12. 1 General requirements 12. 2 12. 3 Appendix 2 Calculation of sections and shear connectors Requirements for detailing Calculation of local stability of girder web members Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Effective length factor for columns Classification of members and connections for fatigue calculation Effective area of bolts Conversion factor between legal and non-legal units of weights and measures Explanation of words in this Code

Appendix 1 Overall stability factor of beams Appendix 3 Stability factor of axially loaded compression

MAIN SYMBOLS Actions and effects of actions F - concentrated load ; M - bending moment; N - axial force; P - pretension of high-strength bolts ; V - shear force ;

+ .

reaction of supports.

Calculation indices E - modulus of elasticity of steel ; E - modulus of elasticity of concrete; , G - shear modulus of steel; N - Euler' s critical force ; E

N: - design value of tensile capacity of an anchor bolt ; N ,N ,N,b- design value of tensile, shear and bearing ! ! capacity of a bolt; N:,N: ,W - design value of tensile, shear and bearing c capacity of a rivet ; N - design value of shear capacity of a connector ; : N j,Nij - design value of tensile and compressive capacity P of sub-pipe at a joint ; f - design value of tensile, compressive and bending strength of steel; f, - design value of shear strength of steel; f,, - design value of end bearing strength of steel ; f,, - design value of tensile strength of reinforcing bars; f, - yield strength ( or yield point )of steel; f:design value of tensile strength of anchor bolts; f: ,f! ,f,b - design value of tensile, shear and bearing strength of bolts;

lu

f: ,f: ,fE-

design value of tensile, shear and bearing strength of rivets ;

fy,fy,f,"- design value of tensile, shear and compressive

r:

strength of butt welds ; f y - design value of tensile, shear and compressive strength of fillet welds; fee- design value of axial compressive strength of concrete ; f , o-

design value of bending strength in compression zone of concrete;

normal stress ; o - local compressive stress ; , of-- stress normal to the direction of the length of a fillet weld,
,

calculated on its effective section; A a - stress range for fatigue calculation;

he-equivalent or reduced stress range for variable amplitude

fatigue ; [ ~ o ] - allowable stress range for fatigue; om,cr,,, ,, - critical stress of plate under individual action of t bending stress, local compressive stress and shear stress;
t

- sheat stress;
shear stress of a fillet weld a10,ng the direction of its

tf-

length ; p - density of mass. Geometric parameters

A - gross sectional area ; A, - net sectional area; H - column height; HI,H P H3 height of the upper, middle ( or lower ) , and lower , portion of stepped columns, respectively; I - moment of inertia of gross section; I, - moment of inertia of net section ; - w -

S - static moment of gross section ;

W - gross section modulus; Wn- net section modulus;

I

W, - gross plastic section modulus; W,, - net plastic section modulus; a - spacing; b - plate width or free outstand of plate; b, - flange width between webs of a box-section ; upper width of concrete slab haunch; b, - outstand of stiffeners; d - diameter; de- effective diameter ; do- hole diameter ; h - full height of a section (section depth) ; hcl- thickness of concrete slab; hc2 thickness of concrete haunch; he- effective thickness of fillet welds; hf leg size of fillet welds; h,web height (web depth) ; ho- effective web height ;
i - radius of gyration of a section; 1 - length or span length;

.
-

--

L- effective

length; 1 - effective length of welds; , 1,- assumed distribution length of a concentrated load on the edge of effective web height; t - plate thickness ; wall thickness of main pipes; t, - wall thickness of sub- pipes ; stiffener thickness; t, - web thickness; u - angle ; 8 - angle; h - slenderness ratio;
ho- equivalent slenderness ratio.

Coefficients of calculation and others C - dimensional parameter for fatigue calculation ;

2

C1,Cz- dimensional parameter for checking girder web buckling ; K1,Kz - ratio of linear stiffness of members ; kl ,kz,k3,k4- dimensional parameters for calculation of stiffener spacing of girder webs; n - number of bolts, rivets or connectors; number of stress cycles ; nlnfn,number of high-strength bolts on a calculated section; number of force-transfer friction surfaces in a highstrength bolted connection; number of shear planes of bolts or rivets;
a - coefficient of linear expansion ;
a, - modular ratio of steel to concrete;
elf-

equivalent factor of underloading effect for fatigue calculation ;

a. - stress gradient factor of column web ; al- factor for planed and closely fitted web edge;

fl - diameter ratio of sub-pipe to main pipe;

parameter for fatigue calculation ;
(3b- factor of eqivalent moment for overall stability of beams ;

Pf-

enlargement coefficient for design value of the transverse fillet weld strength ;

&,a- factor of equivalent moment for beam-column stability;

fll - enlargement coefficient of design value of strength for

reduced stress;
y - plasticity adaptation factor;

- parameter for checking beam overall stability;

T - factor taking account of the effect of bending stress

on buckling of girder webs;

T ~ - factor of unsyrnrnetry of a beam section;
,TZ- parameters for calculation of the effective length of - M -

stepped columns;
IJ. -

slip coefficient for faying surfaces in a high-strength bolted connection; effective length factor of columns;

p1,p2,113 - effective length factor of the upper, middle (or

lower) and lower portion of stepped columns;

c1- aspect ratio of the compression subpanel of girder web ;

cp - stability factor of axially loaded compression members ;

G , cpb- overall stability factor of beams;

Y - enlargement coefficient of a concentrated load; Y,, , Ya, Yd- parameter for capacity calculation of directly welded pipe joints.

1. GENERAL
1. 0. 1 This Code intends to implement the technical-economic policy of the

,.

State in the design of steel structures, by using advanced technology and ensuring economy, reasonableness, safety, suitability for use and good quality of the strutures.

1. 0. 2 This Code applies to the design of steel structures of industrial and civil
buildings and allied engineering structures.

1. 0. 3 The design principles of this Code are based on the NUnifiedstandard of Building Structure DesignN (GBJ68 - 8 4). 1. 0. 4 In designing steel structures,designers shall consider the real situation
of the project, select reasonably the material, the structural scheme and detailing measures, and shall fulfil the requirements of strength, stability and stiffness of the structure during transportation ,erection and service. Typical and standardized structures and structural members should be adoped in preference, the amount of fabrication and erection work should be reduced, fire protection requirements should be met and due attention should be paid to corrosion resistance of the structures.

1. 0. 5 On the design drawings of steel structures and the steel material ordering documents, shall be indicated the steel grade (for common carbon steel, the kind of stee1,furnace type,degree of deoxidization etc. shall also be included ) , the kind (or grade) of connection materials, and the additional items of guarantee for mechanical properties and chemical composition of the steel. Moreover, the required class of weld quality shall also be indicated on the design drawings of steel structures (the inspection criteria of the weld quality shall conform to the current national standard, "Code for Construction and Acceptance of Steel StructuresI1)

1. 0. 6 The design of steel structures with special requirements and those under special circumstances shall furthermore comply with the relevant current national codes.

2. MATERIALS
2. 0. 1. The grade and quality of steel used for load-carrying structures shall be selected according to the importance, the loading characteristic, the connection device and the working temperature of the structure, etc. . The material of load-carrying structures may be grade 3 (rimmed or killed) steel of open - hearth or oxygen - converter production, 16Mn steel, 16Mnq steel, 15MnV steel or 15MnVq steel. Their quality shall conform respectively to the requirements of the current standards It Technical Requirements for Carbon Structural Steel" , It Technical Requirements for Low -alloy structural Steel" and It Technical Requirements for Carbon - and Low - alloy Steel Plate , for Bridges"

2. 0. 2. Grade 3 rimmed steel should not be used for the following load - carrying structures : 1. Welded structures : crane girders and crane trusses for heavy duty cranes or similar structures, crane girder and crane trusses for light and medium duty cranes or similar structures whose calculation temperature in winter is equal to or less thqn T- 0 "C, and other load 2 carrying structures whose calculation temperature in winter is equal to or less than -30C. 2. Non - welded structures: crane girders and crane trusses for heavy duty cranes or similar structures, whose calculation temperature in winter is equal to or less than - 2 0 "C Note: The calculation temperature shall be determined by the outdoor calculation temperature for winter air-conditioning specified in the currrent national standard, Code for Design of Heating, Ventilation and Air -conditioningtt. For structure inside a building with

- 3 -

heating, the specified value may be increased by 10C.

d

2. 0. 3. Steel for load - carrying structures shall be guaranteed for

meeting the requirements of tensile strength, elongation, yield stength ( or yieled point) and also of proper sulfur and phosphorus contents. For welded structures, the steel shall also be guaranteed for proper carbon content. If necessary, the steel for load-carrying structures shall also be guaranteed for passing the cold - bending test. Steel used for welded crane girders and crane trusses for heavy duty cranes or medium duty cranes with capacity equal to or larger than 50t or similar structures shall be guaranteed for meeting the requirement of notch toughness at normal temperature, But, in case the winter calculation temperature is equal to or lower than - 2 0 "C, the grade 3 steel shall also be guaranteed for meeting the requirement of notch toughness at the temperature - 2o0C, whereas the steels I 6Mn, 16Mnq ,15MnV and 15MnVq shall be guaranteed for meeting the requirement of notch toughness at the tempreture of - 40 'C. The steel used for non-welded crane girders and crane trusses for heavy duty cranes or similar structures shall also be guaranteed for notch toughness if necessary. 2. 0. 4 For cast steel parts, steel grades ZG2 00 - 4 00 , ZG2 3 0 450, ZG270-500 or ZG310-570 specified in the current standard, Cast Carbon Steel for General Engineering Use N , shall be used. 2. 0. 5 The connection material of steel structures shall comply with the following requirements : I. The electrodes used for manual welding shall meet the requirements of the current standard, Carbon Steel Coated Electrodes1' or
- 4 -

~
I

Low-alloy Steel Coated ElectrodesN. The type of selected electrodes shall match the base metal in strength. For crane girders and crane trusses for heavy duty cranes or similar structures, low - hydrogen electrodes should be used. 2. The wire and flux used for automatic or semi-automatic welding shall match the base metal in strength. Wires shall meet the requirements of the current standard, " Wire Used for WeldingN. 3. Ordinary bolts may be made of grade 3 steel specified in the current standard, Technical Requirements for Carbon Structural SteelN

4. High strength bolts shall meet the requirements of the current

standard, Type, Dimention and Technical Requirements for High Strength Bolts with Large Hexagon Heads, Large Hexagon Nuts and Washers for Steel StructuresN or Type, Dimension and Technical requirements for Shear Type High Strength Bolt Sets for Steel Structures". 5. Rivets shall be made of ML2 or ML3 steel specified in the current standard, IfTechnical Requirements for Hot - rolled Round Bars of Carbon Steel for Rivets and Boltsrr. 6. Anchor bolts may be made of grade 3 steel or 16Mn steel specified respectively in the current standard, rr Technical Requirements for Carbon Structure SteelN or Technical Requirements for Lowalloy Structural Steelrt.

BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

3 . 1. Design Principles
3. 1. 1 Except for fatigue calculation, for all calculations the limit state design method based on probabilistic theory is adoped, using design expressions with partial safety factors.

3. 1. 2 The limit states of structures are those states critical for a structure or
structural member to meet requirements for fulfiling a certain specified function, beyond which the structure or stuctural member ceases to satisfy the design requirements. Load - carrying structures shall be designed according to the following ultimate limit states and normal serviceability limit states:

1. The ultimate limit states are those associated with the attainment of maximum capacity of a structure or structural member or of deformation no longer suitable for carrying load.

2. The serviceability limit states are those associated with the attainment of -- certain specified limiting value for normal use of a structure or structural member.

3. 1. 3 In the design of steel structures, different classes of safety shall be

adoped according to the consequence of damage which may be caused by a structural failure. Steel structures of industrial and civil building may be taken as safety class 2 whereas for a special building structure the safety class should be dealt with individually in conformity to its actual condition.

3. 1. 4 In designing a steel structure according to the ultimate limit state, basic combination of load effects shall be considered and, if necessary, the accidental combination of load effects shall also be considered.

In designing a steel structure according to serviceability limit state, only the

-6-

combination of short term load effects shall be considered, but with the exception of composite steel and concrete beams.

3. 1. 5 In checking the strength and stability of structures or structural members and also the strength of connections, the.design value of loadings shall be used (i. e. the characteristic value of loading multiplied by partial safety factor for loading) , whereas in checking fatigue and deformation of serviceability limit state, the characteristic value of loading shall be used.

3. 1. 6 For checking the strength and stability of structures subjected to direct

dynamic loading, the design value of the dynamic load shall be multiplied by an impact factor, whereas the characteristic value of the dynamic load without impact factor shall be used in checking fatigue and deformation. In the fatigue calculation of crane girders or crane trusses together with their surge gieders, the crane load shall be dertermined by one of the cranes of largest capacity in the bay.
e

3. 1. 7 In the design of steel structures, the characteristic value of loads, the

partial safety factor for loads, the load combination coefficient, the impact factor of dynamic loads and the importance factor determined according to the safety class of structures shall comply with the requirements of Code for design of bulding structurett (GBJ9 - 87).

" Loading

3. 1. 8 In checking the strength and stability of crane girders (or trusses) for
heavy duty cranes and the associated surge girders, and also in checking the strength of their connections, the horizontal transverse loading from the crane shall be multiplied by an enlargement factor given in Table 3. 1. 8.

Enlargement factor of Horizontal Transverse Loading of the Crane Table 3. 1. 8

Kind of crane Lifting capacity (t) For strength and stability checking of crane girder (or truss) and surge girder For strength checking of interconnection between crane girder (or truss), surge girder and column

Crane with flexible hook soaking pit crane, crane

with

5- 20 30- 275 >300

2. 0 1 5 .
1 3 .

4. 0
3. 0

2. 6

stripper crane

3. 0

6 0 .

rigid hook

or rigid
claw crane others
1 5 .

3. 0

3. 1. 9 In calculating working platform strutures of open- hearth, electric furnace and converter workshops or of similar workshops, the loading caused by repairing materials may be multiplied by a reduction factor: 0. 85 for main girders 0. 75 for columns (including foundation)

3. 2. Design Indices
3. 2. 1 The design value of steel strength ( the characteristic value of material strength divided by the partial safety factor for resistance) shall be taken from Table 3. 2. 1-2 according to the steel thickness or diameter (for grade 3 steel, in compliance with the classification in Table 3. 2. 1 -1). The design value of strength of cast steel parts shall be taken from Table 3. 2. 1-3. The design value of connection strength shall be taken from Tables 3. 2. 1- 4 through 3. 2. 1-6.

Size Classification of Grade 3 Steel (mm) Table 3. 2. 1-1

Diameter or thickness of Size group bars (round, square and flat) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Thickness of angles, channels and I-shapes Thickness of plates

<40. >40-100

<15

>15-20 >2O

<20 > 20-40 >40-50

vote: The thickness of chanwls and I- shapes refers to the web thickness of these shapes

Design Value of steel strength (N/mm 2) Table 3. 2. 1- 2

steel Thickness Grade Group group 1 Grade3 group 2 group 3 or diameter (mm) Tension, compression Shear Bearing on end surface (planed and closely fitted)
f"

and bending
f

f , .

215 ZOO 190 315 300 290 350 335 320

125 115 110 185 175 170 205 195 185

320 320 320 445 425 410 450 435 415

I

<l6 17-25 26-36 a 6 17-25

26- 36

16Mn 16Mnq

15MnV 15MnVq

,\:ate: For grade 3 killed steel, the design value of strength in tension, compression, bending and

shear may be increased by 5%.

Design Value of Cast Steel Strength (N/mrn2) Table 3. 2. 1- 3

Tension, compression Steel grade and bending f Shear
f"

Bearing on end surface (planed and closeiy fitted) fc*

ZG200-400 26230- 450 26270- 500 26310- 570

155 180 210 240

90 105 120 140

260 29 0

325
370

Design Value of Weld Strength (N/mm2) Table 3. 2. 1- 4

Member material Method of welding and type of electrode Steel grade Group Compres-

Butt weld
Tension and bending

Fillet weld

ness
or diam. (mm)

sion

for weld

Shear Tension,

quality
o class f

G
3

zompression and shear C

Automatic, semiautomatic welding and manual welding with electrode

E43xx grade 3

2 3

<l6 17-25 26-36 <l6 17-25 26-36

1 and 2

215 200 190 215 300 290 350 335 320

215 200 190 315 300 290 350 335 320

185 125 170 160 270 115 110 185

160 160 160 200 200 200 220 220 220

E50xx

16Mn 16Mnq

255 175 245 170 300 205 285 195 270 185

E55xx

15MnV
.

tYP

5Mnvc

n o t e : The electrode zui3.e and flux used in automatic am? semi- automatic welding shaU be guaranteed that tens& strength of the deposited metal is not less than that of tlre conesponding e
Erode used for manual welding.

Design Value of Riveted Connection Strength (N/mrn2) Table 3. 2. 1-5

Member matarial Steel grade of rivet and member ML2 or ML3 grade 3 Member 16Mn 16Mnq Group 1- 3 group thickness (mm) Tension (breaking
rivet

Shear f: Class I holes 185 Class II holes 155

Bearing Class I holes

f,

1 Class 1 holes

head) f:

Rivet

120

445 610 59 0 565 360 500 480 460

<l6 17- 25 26-36

.TITotes 1. Holes made by the follouing processes belong to Class I : :

1) holes drilled to Ute design diameter on the assembled members;

2) holes of design diameter driUed separately on individual elements and members by using driUing tenaphte;

3) holes drilled or punched to a smaller diometer on individual elemats and reamed ajterunrds to the disign diameter on the assembled member.

2. Holes that are punched o drilled withart templute to the design diameter on individual elr
ements belong to Class IZ.

Design Value of Bolted Connection Strength (N/mm2) Table 3. 2. 1- 6

Member steel Steel grade (or property class) of bolts and members Ordinary bolt. grade 3 steel Anchor grade 3 Group thick ness (mm> ten sion Grade C Grade A or B bea - ten ring f: sion ftb shear bearing (hole class I)
fb,
f !

Ordinary bolts Anchor bolts tension

High -strengrh bolts in bearing type joint bea shear ring fb,
f:

shear
f:

fP
-

fF

170

130

170

170

140

High strength bolts in bearing type joint grade 3 1- 3 Mem bers grade

bolts

16Mn

I -

la0

250 310

I -

8. 8
grade

400

465

10. 9

305 420 400 385 435 420 400

' -

16Mn 16Mnq 15MnV 15Mnq

- <16 - 17- 95

550
530
1

26- 36 <16 17- 25

- 26- 36

510 570 550 530

1 ib%
665 640 615

-Votes: Holes made by the following pocesses belong lo Class I : 1 ) holes dr&d lo the design diameter on the assembled membas; 2)holes drilled to the design diametw separately on individual elements and members by using d~illingtemplate; 3 ) holes d~iUedor punched lo a smaller diameter on individual elements and ~ m e a f d teruu~ds t deaign diameter on the assembled member. lo e

3. 2. 2 The design value of strength specified in Clause 3. 2. 1

shall be multiplied by a relevant reduction factor in the following situations of member and connection calculation :

1. Single angle connected by one leg 1) for checking member and connection strength as axially loaded 0. 85
2)for checking stability as an axially loaded compression member Equal leg angles

0. 6+0. 0015A, but not larger than 1 0 . Unequal leg angles connected by short leg 0. 54-0. 0025h, but not larger than 1. 0 Unequal leg angles connected by long leg 0. 7

where A is the slenderness ratio

, which is determined by the least

radius of

gyration for a single angle compression member without intermediate connection. Assume A=20 when h<20.

2. Erection field welded and riveted connection made in unfavorable condition high above the ground 0. 9 3. Countersunk and semicountersunk riveted connection 08 .
-1bte : When seve~al these situations occour simultaneously, the relevant reduction factors shall be multiplied of .mccessively.

3. 2. 3. The indices of physical properties of rolled and cast steel shall be taken according to Table 3. 2. 3. Indices of Physical Properties of Rolled and Cast Steel Table 3. 2. 3
Modulus of elasticity
E (N/mmz)

Shear modulus

Coefficient of

G (N/mm2)

linear expansion (per C

Oensity

(Kg/m3)

3 . 3 . Requirements for Deformation of Structure

3. 3. 1 iieduction of sectional area by bolt ( or rivet) holes may not be taken into account in the deformation calculation of steel structures.

3. 3. 2 The deflection of a flexual member shall not exceed the relevant allowable value listed in Table 3. 3. 2.
Allowable Deflection of flexural members Table 3. 3. 2
Item No. Type of member Allowable deflection

I Crane girders and crane trusses

1 ) for hand operated cranes and monorails (including
underslung cranes)

2 ) for bridge cranes of medium duty with lifting capability

Q<50t and those of light duty 3) for bridge cranes of medium duty with lifting capability Q>50t and those of heavy duty

I
2
Roof girders or roof trusses with underslung electric beam crane (only for calculation under variable loading) 1/500

Bean- rails for hand operated or electric hoists Beams of working platform under track with heavy rail (weighing 38kg/m or more) Beams of working platform under track with light rail (weighing 24kg/m or less)

1/400

Beams of floor and working platform (except Item 4 ) , platform slabs 1 ) main beam (including beam with underslung hoisting equipment) 2) beam with plastered ceiling (only for calculation under variable load) 3) beam other than Items 1 ) and 2) (including stair bearn) 4) platform slabs

Purlins under roofing of 1 ) corrugated iron and asbestos sheet with no dust accumulation 2) profiled steel, corrugated iron and asbestos sheets with dust accumulation 3) other types Members of wall framing

1) stud
2) wind truss (acting as support to continuous stud) 3) horizontal girt in masonry wall

4 ) horizontal girt for cladding of profiled steel,

corrugated iron and asbestos sheet 5) girt for glass window (vertical and horizontal)

-170te : 1 denotes the span length o f a flemral member ( for cantilever beam and overhanging bearn,

I is t u s e the length o f cantilever or overhang).

3. 3. 3 The horizontal deflection at the top of a multistory framed structure

under wind action should not exceed 1/500 of the total height of the structure, The story drift should not exceed 1/400 of the story height.
~l'ote:For mullistory flamed sCructure o f a civil building requiring refined illdoor h a t k m , the ratio o f the story drift to story height should k reduced appropriately. For multistory stmcture without partition

mu,

the story d r i f t m y not k limited.

3. 3. 4 Ln mill buildings equipped with heavy duty cranes, the deflection of

the surge girder on each side of the bay, caused by horizontal load from one
- 15 -

of the cranes of largest capacity, should not exceed 1/2200 of its span
le!:g:h.

3. 3. 5 For a mill building equipped with heavy duty cranes and for a n open
3

gantry equipped with medium or heavy duty cranes, the calculated deformation of the column caused by the horizontal ioad from one of the cranes of largest capacity, at the top elevation of the crane girder or crane truss, shall not exceed the relevant allowable value given in Table 3. 3. 5. Allowable Calculated Value of column Deformation Table 3. 3. 5
Type of deformation Calculation based on plane structure space structure scheme scheme

. .

I
Transverse deformation of mill building column Transverse deformation of apen gantry column Longitudinal deformation of columns of mill building and open gantry

H~/1250 H~/2500 HT/4000

H~/2000

Note: 1. HTdenotes the height from the bottom surface of the column base to the top of the crane girder or truss. 2. I the calculation of longitudinal deflection of mill building or open gantry n column, the longitudinal load of the crane may be distributed to all the inter - column bracings or longitudinal frames in a section between expansion joints.

~
I

3. For mill buildings equipped with soaking pit cranes, stripper cranes or rigid
claw cranes, the allowable calculated deformation of the columns shall be reduced by 10%.

4 Calculation of flexural members

4. 1 Strength
4. 1. 1 The moment capacity of solid web members bent in their prnicipal
planes shall be checked as follows :

1. For inembers subjected to static loading or indirect dynamic loading:

where M, ,M, - bending moment about x - and y - axis (for I -section,

x -axis is the strong axis and y the weak axis) ;

Wm Wn,- net section modulus about x - and y - axis ; ,

I,,, 11,

- plasticity adaptation factor, 1% = 1. 05, yr =

1. 20

for I -section,

JJ,

, j),

1. 05 for box section,

see Table 5. 2. 1 for other sections ;

f - design value of bending strength of the steel.

When the ratio of the free outstand of the compression flange to its thickness is larger than 1 3

Clause 4. 3. 9 ) , ?,shall be katen as I. 0. fgis the yield strength of the material, equal to 2 35 AT/mm2for grade 3 steel, 345 N / m m 2 for 16Mn and 16Mnq steel and 390 N / m m 2 for 15MnV and 15MnVq steel. 2. For members subjected to direct dynamic loading, Formula (4. 1. 1) is still valid, but
11,

v'5,2 ( but not exceeding the value required in :

11,

= 1. 0

shall be used.

4. 1. 2 The shear capacity of solid web members bent in their principal plane
shall be checked by the following formula

where

V - shear force in the calculated section along the plane of web; S - static moment of that part of the gross section above the location where shear stress is calculated about the neutral axis; I - gross moment of inertia of the section;
- 17 -

t, - web thickness;
j,2

- design vaiue or' shear strengtn OF steei.

4. 1. 3 When a concentrated load is acting along the web plane on the upper flange of the beam, and that no bearing stiffener is provided at the loading location, the local compressive stress of the web at the upper edge of its effective depth shall be computed as follows:

where F

concentrated load(taking into account the impact factor in case of dynamic loading) ;

$ - factor, $ = 1. 3 5 for heavy duty crane girder ; $ = 1. 0 for

other beams and girders;

I=-the assumed distribution length of the concentrated load at the

1; qqpr+d$A,of the effective web depth taken as (4. I. 3 - 2 ) where a -bearing length of concentrated load along the beam span, taken as 5cm for crane girder; h, - the distance from the top of rail of crane girders (or top of the beam for those without rail) to the rail) to the upper edge of the effective web depth. At the beam support, when no bearing stiffener is provided, the local compressive stress in the web at its lower edge of effective depth shall also be checked by Formula ( 4. 1. 3 -1 ) , with .J, taken as 1. 0. T i e distribution length of the end reaction shall be determined with reference to Formula (4. 1. 3- 2) and according to the dimensions of the support.
-Tote : The effective web depth i s : For rolled &ams:the distance &tween the toes of the filleki joining the web with the upper and l o w flanges ; F m welded girders: the depth o f the web 4 For riveted (or high - strength bolted) girder : the distance betueen the neurest gauge lines of rivets (or hi g h- strength bolt) connecting the web with the upper and l o u w fEanges(see Fig. 4. 3. 1 ) .

4. 1. 4. In case comparatively'large normal stress a ,shear stress z , and local compressive stress a, (or comparatively large a and z ) exist simultaneously at

18 -

the edge of the effective we5 depth of built-up girders, e. g. at the support of the continuous girder or at a section where the flange changes its dimensions, the reduced stress shall be checked by the following expression (4.1.4 - 1) where u,z, oc -normal stress, shear stress and local compressive stress cccuring simultaneously at a same point on the edge
d o 2 f oc2- u oc+

3 . <~P l f ~

of
,

effective we5 depth.

and uc are calculated by

Formulas (4. 1. 2) and (4. 1. 3 - 1)respectively, while

cr is determined as follows M o = -yl

In

( 4 . 1 . 4 - 2)

u and u, are taken as positive whiie being tensile and negative while compres-

sive ;

I, - net mament of inertia of the beam section; yl - distance from the calculated points to the neutral axis of the
beam section ;
- coefficient,

P1 =1. 2

when u and ucare of different signs, the same sign or

pl =1. 1 when o and ocare of

when
(7,= 0.

4. 2 Overall stability
4. 2. 1 Calculation of the overall stability of the beams may not be needed
when one of the following situations takes place:

1. A rigid decking (reinforced concrete slab or steel plate) is securely connected to the compression flange of the beam, thus being able to prevent its lateral deflection ;

2. The ratio of the unsupported length

values given in Table 4. 2. 1.

, 11, of

the compression flange of a

simply supported I-section beam to the flange width bl does not exceed the

l1 is equal to the span length for beams without intermediate lateral support and is taken as the distance between lateral supports for beam with intermedi- 19 ,h-

tae lateral supports (the end supports of the beams are regarded as laterally Maximum ll/S1 values of I-section simp!y supported beams to avoid checking for. overall stability Table 4. 2. 1
Beams without intermediate lateral Steel support, load acting at
I

Beams with intermediate lateral support, load acting anywhere

the upger flange

the lower flange 20

Grade 3

13

16

J-otes: 1. The maximu~n l j b l value o f beams made o f steel grade other than those shoun in Table i

4. 2. 1 shall be that o f grade 3 steel multiplied by

.,/m .

3. Detailing rneasures shall be taken to present torsion of the a d support section.

4. 2. 2 Except for the situations specified in the 4. 2. 1, members bent in their pricipal planes of the largest rigidity shall be checked for overall stability as

where M , - maximum bending moment about the strong axis ;

W z - gross section modulus of the beam with respect to the compression flange ; q~~ overall stability factor determined according to Appendix 1. -170te: Same as .ATote 2 o f Clause 4. 2. 1.

4. 2. 3 Except for the situations specified in the Clause 4. 2. 1 , I-section members bent in their two principal planes shall be checked for overall stability as follows :

where W z ,WY-gross section modulus about x recpect to compression fibers;

- 20 -

- and y - axis with

tpb - overall stability factor for members bent about the strong axis,

same as in Clause 4. 2. 2.
-\ate: S u ~ n e -1ote 2 o j Clause 4. 2. 1. us
,

4. 2. 4 Simply supported beam of box section not conforming to the first situation specified in Clause 2. 1 shall nave its cross section dimensions so that

"a.

h bo

11 < 6 (see Fig. 4. 2. 4 ) and that the value of - shall not exceed 60

95 for grade 3 steel 65 for 16hIn anci 16iiAnq s ~ e e ! 5 7 for 15Mnv and l5Mnvq steel Box section simply supported beams fulfilling the above requirement should not be checked for overall stability.
-Yote : 1 235 value for beams oj other steel grades shall not ezceed 9 5 (-). bo fJ

4. 2. 5 Lateral bracings for reducing the unsupported Ienglh cf :he csmpression flange of a beam shall have their axial force determined by a lateral force
equal to

where P-f

cross-sectional area of the compression flange of the beam.

4. 3 Local stability
4. 3. 1 Stiffeners shall be provided for webs of built-up girders to prevent local buckling in accordance with the following provisions (Fig. 4. 3. 1 ) :
'O 1. When-<

tw

80

, stiffeners

should be provided for girders with

a, # 0 in accordance with detailing

requirements, but may be not provided for girders without local compressive stress ( CT, 0 ). = 235
ho

L-4Figure 4. 2. 4

2. When80 -<-<I70 , t

-, transverse stiffeners shall be provided

with spacings conforming to the requirements of Clause 4. 3. 2 ( For girders without local compressive stress calculation may not be required if

gitudinal stiffeners and also short stiffeners, if necessary, shall be provided in the compression zone of the web. All these shall be calculated according to the requirements of Clause 4. 3. 2. In the above, ho is the effective web depth

ho 3. When -> 17 0 t,

transverse stiffeners shall be provided, besides, lon-

, t,is the web thickness.

4. Bearing stiffeners shall be provided at girder supports and anywhere a

fixed and comparatively large concentrated load is applied on the upper flange. They shall be calculated according to Clause 4. 3. 8.

4. 3. 2 Stiffener spacing shall be determined according to Clauses 4. 3. 3 through 4. 3. 6 for girders without local compressive stress ( uC=0) and for simply supported crane girders, when transverse stiffeners alone or together with longitudinal stiffeners are provided to the web. Local stability of the web of girders other than the above mentioned shall be checked according to Appendix 2.

..,

..

.
. I

. ,

._

, " .. .

."

.. . .

. ..

."

4. 3. 1 Layout of stiffeners 1- transverse stiffeners ; 2-longitudinal stiffeners ; 3- short stiffeners.

Figure

4. 3. 3 When the web of girders without local compressive stress ( u,= 0) are
strengthened by transverse stiffeners alone, their spacing, a following requirements :

, shall satisfy the

1. a shall not exceed the maximum spacing specified in Clause 4. 3. 7

where z - average shear stress ( i n N / m m 2 ) due to the maximum shear force in the considered segment of the girder, namely

hw t w enlargement factor due to the effect of u ,given in

Table 4. 3. 3.

a=-

v , hw being the web depth ;

u-

.
I

is the compressive bending stress at the edge of effective

depth in the same cross-section where ais computed, I being the gross moment of inertia of the girder and yl the distance from the compression edge of effective web depth to the neutral axis.

q value

Table 4. 3. 3

-1,te: q calue in this table is given by the follouing ezpresswn:

The spacing, a

shall not exeed the maximum value specified in Clause

4. 3. 7 when the right hand side of Formula(4. 3 3 -1) has a value larger .
than this maximum value.

4. 3. 4 When the webs of girders without local compressive stress ( o, = 0 )

are strengthened simutaneously by transverse and longitudinal stiffeners (Fig. 4. 3. 1. b , c) , the distance from the compression edge of effective web depth to the longitudinal stiffener hl shall be within the range of ho to - and - ho

satisfy the following requirement

4
where
0-

compressive bending stress (in N/mm 2 ) at the edge of effective web depth due to the maximum moment in the considered Mmuyl segment of the girder, cr = -

'

The spacing, a taken as 1.0.

, of

the transverse stiffeners is still determined according to

Clauses 4. 3. 3 and
-

4 3. 7 , but ho shall be replaced by he and .

4. 3. 5 When the webs of simply supported crane girders are strengthened by

tranverse stiffeners only, rhe stiffener spacing, a the following two formulas :

, shall satisfy simutaneousiy

where
I

kl ,k2 - parameters given in Table 4. 3. 5 - 1; k 3 , k4 - parameters given in Table 4. 3. 5- 2 ;

z- average shear stress(in N / m m 2 ) of the web at the location of

vmz maximum shear force of the girder, z = hwtw

.
I

a - compressive bending stress (in N / m m z ) at the edge of effective a,

- local compressive stress( in N / m m

in all cases.
Values of kl and
k2

web depth due to the maximum moment of the girder ,

2

) at the edge of effective

web depth computed by Formula(4. 1. 3- 1) with P =l. 0 !

Table 4. 3, 5 - 1

Values of k3 and k4

Table 4. 3. 5-2

The spacing, n ,shall be taken equal to 2h0 when the right hand sides of Formulas ( 4. 3. 5 - 1) and(4. 3. 5 - 2) have values larger than 2ho , or have a denominator of negative sign. For crane girders of varying cross -section, the value, a

, shall

be deter-

mined in accordance with the following provisions when the length of the end segment with varying section does not exceed girder :

1 - of 6

the span length of the

1. Crane girders with varying web height: the value, a

, of

the end segment

) with varying height shall be determined by the Formula (4. 3. 5- 1 ,where-

in hois the average effective web depth, z is the maximum average shear stress in the web of the end segment of the.girder. The value, a
( 4. 3. 5 -1) and (4.

, of

the segment

with constant cross -section shall satisfy the requirements of both Formulas

3. 5- 2) , with zl being the average shear stress of the

web at the junction of the two segments.

2. Crane girders with flanges changed at certain sections : the value, a

within the segment from the end of the girder to the location where the section changes, shall satisfy the requirements of both Formulas (4. 3. 5 -1) and (4. 3. 5 - 2 ) wherein a is the compressive bending stress at the edge of effective web depth in that cross-section. At the same time' the values of k g ,

k4 taken from Table 4. 3. 5- 2 shall be multiplied by 0. 75. The value, a

- 27 -

, in

the middle segment with constant section shall satisfy the requirements of

both Formulas (4. 3. 5- 1) and (4. 3. 5-2) , wherein T is the average shear srress of the web at the location where the cross-section changes. 4. 3. 6 When the webs of crane girders are strengthened simultaneously by transverse and longitudinal stiffeners (Fig. 4. 3. 1. b, c) , the distance from the longitudinal stiffener to the compression edge of effective web depth, hl , ho ho shall be within the range of - to and shall satisfy the following require4 "
for

? .

ac -< 0.4 a

where a , a, - as defined in Clause 4. 3. 5. Short stiffeners shall be provided in the compression zone of the web (Fig. 4. 3. 1. d ) and calculated in accordance with Appendix 2 when the right ho hand side of Formula (4. 3. 6- 1) or (4. 3. 6- 2) has a value less than The spacing, a
( 4.

, of

transverse stiffeners shall be determined by Formula

3. 5 - 1) but replacing h~ by he and replacing a, of Table 4. 3. 5-1 by 0 30, . Take a 2hz in case the right hand side of Formula (4. 3. 5- 1 ) has . a value larger than 2h2 or has a denominator of negative sign.

<

In determining the value, a

, of

the segment of varying web height of crane

girders with longitudinal stiffener, h2 shall be the average effective depth of the lower panel of the web? T shall be the average shear stress of the web at the end of the beam. In determining the value, a ,in the region of constant cross-section, T shall be the average shear stress of the web at the junction of the two segments. h determining the value, a web at the end of the girder.

of crane girders with

flange changed at certain sections, T shall be the average shear stress of the

4. 3. 7 Stiffeners should preferably be placed in pairs on each side of the

web. Stiffeners on one side of the web are also allowed. But for bearing stiffeners and stiffeners of heavy duty crane girder, stiffeners on one side
- 28

shall not be used. The minimum spacing of the iransverse stiffeners is 0. 5Ao , the maximum spacing is 2izo(2. 5ho may be used for girders without loml compressivs stress h0 when - \( 1 0 0 ).

t w

Transverse stiffeners in pairs, made of flats, shall satisfy the following requirements : outstanding width thickness The outstanding width of transverse stiffeners on one side shall be larger than

1. 2 times that obtained from Formula (4. 3. 7 -1 ). Its thickness shall not 1 be less than - of the outstanding width.
ers, the dimensions of the transverse stiffener shall meet the above requirements and its moment of inertia, I2 quirement :

15 For webs strengthened simultaneously by transverse and longitudinal stiffen-

, shall also conform to the following re-

(4.3.7 - 3) 1 2 ) 3hotw3 , The moment of inertia of the longitudinal stiffener shall satisfy the following requirement :
for

,<
a

~
i

0.85

(4.3.7 - 4)

The minimum spacing of the short stiffeners is 0. 75hl ness shall not be less than - of the outstanding width.
..\-ate:

Their outstanding

width shall be 0. 7 -1. 0 times that of the transverse stiffeners, their thick-

1 15

1. Stiffeners .made of structural shapes(1- ,[- section, angk with its tip web?& to the web) shall
have a moment of i m t i a not less than that of the flot stiffeners.

2 . The mnnent of inertia of stiffeners in pairs shall be computed about the center line of the
u ~ b .The moment of inertia of stiffeners on one side shall be computed about the edge line of the

web where the stiffener is connected.

4 . 3 . 8 The bearing stiffeners of girders shall be checked for buckling'about

- 29 -

the web axis as an axially loaded strut subjected to end reaction or fixed concentrated 102d. The crcss section of this memker shall comprise tbai of the stiffener plus a portion of the web 15t, in width on each side of the

stiffener. The effective length of the strut shall be taken equal to ho . Checking shall also be carried out at the end of bearing stiffeners for bearing strength when the end is planed and closely fitted (meeting also the requirement of Clause 8. 4. 13 for extended flanged stiffener) , and for weld strength when the end is welded.

4. 3. 9 The ratio of the free outstand of a compression flange b to its thickness t shall satisfy the following requirement:

i
I

The ratio of the compression flange width b of a box girder between the two web plates to its thickness shall satisfy the following requirement:

I
I

When longitudinal stiffeners are provided for the compression flange of the box girder ? bo in Formula (4. 3. 9 - 2 ) shall be that part of the flange width between one web and the longitudinal stiffener.
..Vote: The f ~ e e outstand b o f the flange shall be tcken as follows: the distance from the face o f the web to the flange tip for welded members g the distance from the toe of the fillet to the flange tip for Tolled

~1

r'

5 . Calculation of axially loaded members and members subjected to combined axial load and bending

5 . 1 Axially loaded members

5. 1. 1 The strength of members subjected to axial tension or compression

shall be checked as follows:

where

&T %

- axi'al tension or compression; A , - net cross-sectional area.

The strength of the member at a high strength bolted friction type joint shall be checked by the following formulas

and

where n - number of high strength bolts of one end of the member at a joint or a splice;

nl -number of high strength bolts on the computed section (outermost

line of bolts) ;

A - gross sectional area of the member.

5. 1. 2 The stability of axially loaded compression solid web members shall be checked as follows

where g, - stability factor of axially loaded compression members shall be taken from Appendix 3 in accordance with the classification of sections in Table 5. 1. 2.

31

Classification of sections of axially loaded compression members Table 5. 1. 2

Class
ta(

Shape of sections and corresponding buckling axis

x-I-~T.
1

rolled ,b/h<O. 8 , about x-axis rolled ,b/h<O. 8 , about y-axis welded, with flame cut flange edges,

0
=-T=T
Z-

rolled, about any axis rolled ,b/h>O. 8 , abour x-

k$l
Ul

li
"

h/d

*-'Y

& y-axis

welded, with rolled

111.

about x-

& y-axis
+

I
111

or sheared flange
edges, about x-axis

rolled ,about
x- &y-axis

+0

rolled, about

x- 8L y- axis
welded, about any axis rolled or welded, about x-axis welded,

*
b

,
about x-

rolled equal angle,

& y-axis

= & i

rolled or welded, about y-axis

UI

about x-

& y-axis

laced or battened, about xwelded, with rolled or sheared flange lu

C
1

& y-axis

rolled or welded
'U

edges, about y-axis

about y-axis

non-symmetric sections, rolled or welded, . about any axis welded solid web sections with plate element thicker than 4 0mm, about any axis
..Vote : Channels used as cornponenkr of kc&

or bathmd members shall belong to Class b u p checking c o m p

nent buckling about the & perpendimh~ the webs. to

*

5. 1. 3 The stability of laced or battened members in axial compression shall still be checked by Formula (5. 1. 2), using the equivalent slenderness ratio - 32 . -

for buckling about the open web axis ( x -axis in Fig. 5. 1. 3a and x - and y -axes in Fig. 5. 1. 3b,c). The equivalent slenderness ratio shall be computed as follows:
I

1. Members builtup of two components (Fig. 5. 1. 3a)

For battened members
- .

For laced members

I

where A, - slenderness ratio of the whole members about the x -axis; .

,

A, - slenderness ratio of the components about their weak axis 1-1,

.

the unsupported length taken equal to the clear spacing of battens for welded member, and equal to the distance between end bolts of adjacent battens for bolted members.

A1, - sum of gross sectional area of the lacings perpendicular to the

x -axis in a section of the member.

2. Members builtup of four components (Fig. 5. 1. 3b)

For battened members

For laced members .

r

where

3, - slenderness ratio of the whole member about the y-axis; AlY - sum of gross sectional area of the lacings perpendicular to the
y -axis in a section of the member.

3. Laced members with three cbmponents(Fig. 5. 1. 3c)

33 -

where Al - sum of the gross sectional area of all the lacings in a section of the member.
0
-

angle between a lacing plane and the x -axis in a section of {he member.

(a) Fig. 5. 1. 3

(b) (c) Section of laced or battened members

-Vote : 1 . The 2inea.r stiffness o f the battens shall comform to the ~equi~ementa Clause 8. 4 . 1 . of

2. The angle betupen the lacing and the member azis shall be within the Tange of 40-70.

5. 1. 4 The slenderness ratio of the components of laced members in axial compression shall not exceed 0. 7 times Am, , which is the larger of slenderness ratios of the members in two directions (the equivalent slenderness ratio shall be taken for open-web axis) ;the slenderness ratio of the components of battened members in axial compression shall not exceed 40 nor 0. 5&
(

kYI, taken equal to 50 in case it is less than 50). is

.'L

5. 1. 5 Members composed of t w h angles or twin channels separated by fillers may be considered as solid ones in calculation provided that the spacing of the
-

34 -

/'

fillers is less than for tension members where i is the radius of gyration of one component and shall be taken as fol-

4 0i 8 0i

for compression members

lows :

1. i is taken about the centroidal axis parallel to the fillers when the twin angles or channels are combined as shown in Fig. 5. 11 5a, b. 2. i is taken about the weak axis when the two angles are combined in a cruciform section as shown in Fig. 5 . 1. 5c.
The number of fillers of a compression member between two adjacent lateral-

ly supported points shall not be less than 2.

Fig. 5. 1. 5 Axis for computing i 5. 1. 6 Axially loaded compression members shall be computed according to the following shear force

This shear force V may be considered as constant along the member length.
7 The shear force T shall be distributed to relevant lacing or batten planes(a1so

to planes of solid plate element if there exists any) for laced or battened members in axial compression. 5. 1. 7 Bracing bars used for reducing the unsupported length of axially loaded compression members shall be proportioned to carry an axial force determined from the shear force TJ(as a lateral force) of the supported members.

V may be computed by Formula (5. 1. 6).

- 35 -

5. 2 Members subjected to combined axial load and bendin%

5. 2. 1 The strength of members subjected to combined axial load and moments acting in principal planes shall be checked as follows:

I. Under

static loading or indirect dynamic loading

w hereyZ,y7 - plasticity adaptation factors given in Table 5. 2. 1.

t

2. Under direct dynamic load : Formula (5. 2. 1) are still valid, but yz and yg shall be taken epual to 1. 0.

Plasticity adaption factors

Tabie 5. 2. j.
kern

No. I3

Cross-sectional shapes
YI

=-EzTxrgEI . - IvI Y ,I/ I

1. 2
71;

UI

II'

.--'.
UI
I

1. 05

1 1

I
UI
ut

1 05 .

=$jr - --

=-@-=
r-

%% . L
y = 1. 05 , ,

1. 2
I

I
vI

y=. ,l

1. 05

1.2

1. 2

1. 15

1. 15

1. 05

r-1.

;Yi . I-=;je
'Lj--4'

1. 0
10 .

. . t

A"te :when the ~ a t i o of

M a n 13

fTee outstand of the compression f lunge of a beam -column to its thickness is lu~ger
but aot ezceedinp the value regui~edin Chuse 5. 4 . 1, Y. shad be taken as 1. 0.

@,

5. 2. 2 Solid web beam - columns bent in their plane of symmetric axis (about x -axis) shall have their stabitity checked as follows. 1. In- plane stability :

where N - axial compression in the calculated portion of the member;

pz M,

- stability -

factor of axially loaded compression members

I
I

buckling in the plane of bending ; maximun moment in the calculated portion of the member ; n2EA NEz- Euler critical load , NEz = -;

W1, - gross section modulus referred to the more compressed fiber

. .

in the plane of bending ;

#?- - factor of equivalent moment, taken as follows:

1 ) #?- =l. 0, for columns of frames with sidesway in the plane of bending and for cantilevers. 2) for columns of frames without sidesway and for member supported at the two ends: a. without any transverse loads,

8 ,

0. 65

M2 + 0. 35 -, MI

but not less than 0. 4 , where M I and M 2 are end moments taken as of the same sign for members bent in single curvature ( without inflexion point) and of different signs for members bent in reverse curvatures ( with inflexion point),

I M I 1 2 I M2 (

b. with end moments combined with transverse loads

Bm = 1. 0 for members bent in single curvature and Bm = 0. 85 for members bent in reverse curvatures;
c. with transverse loads and without end moments,

BmZ 1 - 0. 2 -for concentrated load at midspan , =

and

N NEZ

p,,,==1. 0 for other loading cases.

.

Beam-columns of monosymmetric sections shown in Items 3 and 4 of Table 5. 2. 1 shall be checked by the following formula in addition to axis causes compression on the larger flange: Formula (5. 2. 2-1 ) in case the bending moment in the plane of symmetric

~~

where Wz,-gross section modulus referred to the smaller flange.

~
1

2. Out -of - plane stability :

where vY -stability factor of axially loaded compression members buckling out of the plane of M, ; vb-overall stability factor of beams under uniform bending determined in accordance with Clause Al. 5 of Appendix 1 for I- and T-sections, and taken asvb 1. 4 for box = sections; M, - maximum moment in the calculated member portion;
d

!
I
.
,

BLr-factor of equivalent moment taken as follows:

1) For members with lateral supports,
shall be determined according to loading and internal force situation in the member portion between two adjacent supporting points as
#?&

follows : a. in the case of no transverse loads within the calculated portion,

B,

= 0. 65

M 1 + 0, 35 - but not less than 0. 4 , M2

, I

where MI and M2are end momonts in the plane of bending, taken as of the same sign when causing a single curvature and of different sign when causing reverse curvature ; I MI I I Mz I ; b. in the case of having end moments combined with

0 for member portions bent in single curvature, B, = 0. 85 for those bent in reverse
transverse loads: curvatures ; c. in the case of having transverse loads and no end moment : B, = 1. 0 .

B,

= 1.

I
I I

2) For cantilevers, B, = 1 . 0 .
.Voles: 1 . Frames connected lo a bracing system such a s bracing mPmbers, shear d and elevator well so that
the stiffness o f the system against k a l displacement is a hast 5 limes of (Aot o f t . h e f .e h

frames m e regarded as frames udhout sideauwg.

2. Fraines nd having any bracing system or provided of ud.h bracing system not sotkfgiag the above

~ e q u i ~ e m e n t ~egardedas f ~ a m e swith sidesukay. aTe

~
,

5. 2. 3 Laced or battened beam-columns bent about the open web axis( x axis) shall be checked for in-plane stability by the following formula:

where W I z= -, Iz being the moment of inertia of the gross area about the x
9 0

Iz

-axis, yo being the distance from the x '-axis

to the axis of the more com-

~
i

pressed component or to the outside face of this component, whichever is larger; g>, and NEzshall be determined using the equivalent slenderness ratio. The overall out - of -plane stability of the member may not be checked in this case, but the stability of components shall be checked. The axial force of these components shall be determined as in the chords of trusses. For battened columns, bending of the components due to shear force shall be taken into account.

5. 2. 4 Laced or battened beam-columns bent about the solid web axis shall
have their in -plane and out -of -plane stability checked in the same way as solid web members,but the equivalent slenderness ratios shall be used for out -of-plane overall stability calculation and ph taken as 1. 0.

5. 2. 5 Doubly symmetrical I- and box section beam-columns bent in two

principal planes, shall be checked for stability by the following formulas:

where

v,,,qp. stability -

factors of axially loaded compression members

about the strong axis x - x and the weak axis y - y respectively;

- 10 -

yh , ybg overall stability factors of beams under uniform bending : for I-section, cpb, may be determined in accordance with Clause Al. 5 of Appendix 1, cpb, may be taken as

1. 0; for box section cph = ybl = 1 . 4 may be used ;

'

M, , M y maximum bending moment about the strong and the weak axis, respectively, in the calculated member portion 4 N. ,N , - Euler critical loads, N , = n2 EA N E , = ?rZ EA ;

W,,, W,, - gross section modulus about the strong and the weak
axis, respectively ;

P,,, , P,,,r - factors of equivalent moment used for calculation of inplane stability in accordance with Clause 5. 2. 2 ;

pL',Pt,.-

factors of equivalent moment used for calculation of outof -plane stability in accordance with Clause 5. 2. 2.

5. 2. 6 The stability of laced (or battened) beam-columns with two components bent in two principal planes shall be checked as follows:

I. Overall stability

2. Component stability
The axial force of a component due to Nand M,shall be determined as in the chord member of a truss (Fig. 5. 2. 6). M, shall be distributed to two components according to Formulas (5. 2. 6-2) and ( 5 . 2. 6-31 to Clause 5. 2. 2. Component 1, (see

Fig. 5. 2. 6). The stability of the component shall then be checked according

Component 2 ,

where 1 1 , - moment of inertia about the y-axis of components 1 and 2 I2 respectively ;

~ 1 ,- distance from x y2

- x axis to the centroidal axes of

components 1 and 2 respectively.

Fig. 5. 2. 6

Section of laced or battened member

5. 2. 7 The lacing bars or battens of beam-columns shall be checked by using the actual shear force of the member or the shear force given by Formula

(5. 1. 6 ) , whichever is larger.

5. 2. 8 Bracing bar for reducing the lateral unsupported length of a beamcolumn out of the plane of bending shall be proportioned to carry a n axial force due to the lateral force given by Formula(4. 2. 5) where A, is the area of the compression flange (for solid web members) or of the compression component (for laced or battened members).
I

',

5 . 3 Effective length and allowable slenderness ratio

5. 3. 1 The effective length of chord members and single system web members of trusses shall be taken as those given in Table 5. 3. 1.

Fig. 5. 3. 1 Chord member of truss with unequal axial compression between laterally supported points

Effective length lo of truss chords and single system web members

Item No.
1

Direction of

Chord

Weh rnernhcn

bending

memben
1

End posts
1

other web rnemben

In truss plane
Out of truss plane

0 81 .
1

II

i
1

In skew plane

0 91 .

-\bks: 1 . I -geometric length of the inember (distunce betuven panel poi&) 1, -distunce b e t u m lateral supporting p o i h of chord members.

2. The skew plane refers lo the p l o w oblique to the hvss plrme. It is applicable to d members wilh single angle and double angle cruciform sechn ullwse pincinpl planes are ~oncoincideRt wiUl truss
plane

3. For web inembers urithmt gusset plnte ,the e f f ~ t i v e Length in any plane shall be their geometric
length.

If the distance between laterally supported points of compression chord of a truss is equal to twice the panel length(Fig. 5. 3. 1) and that the two panels have unequal compressive forces, the effective length for out - of - plane

buckling shall be taken as

but not less than 0. 511

.' :
,&?

. .

,. I. .

where N1 - the larger compresbive force, taken as positive;

. ' . .. '

.
. j 5 , ' * : . ' ; . : ' . , .
'

Ni - thesmaller compiekive force or tensile force, taken as positive for compression and negative for tension.

:.

. . ,. -,

.,. ,

., ."

.s ,,*.a. , ,~,.?-

..,.

.,zz

:.,.. <;

2:,> !:. !.'

-.:;.:::

5..;.:ii.. i,-;<:.;:.

>i,,. :

. .

The main compression diagonals in subdivided web system and the verticals in K -web system shall also have their out -of -plane effective length determined by Formula ( 5. 3. 1) ( this length shall be 1 for main tensile 1 diagonals), while their in-plane effective length shall be taken as distance

between panel points.

7

c-.*

: b

5. 3. 2 The effective length of cross diagonals for in-plane buckling shall be

taken as the distance between a panel point and the crossing point, whereas for out - of -plane buckling it shall be taken as follows ;

1. Compression members
when the other diagonal is in tension and both of them are uninterrupted,

0. 5 1 Z
when the other diagonal is in tension and one of them is interrupted and connected by gusset plate,
L

0. 71
#~,s

for cases other than those cited above.

1 1

2. Tension members
3-otes: 1. 1 i the distance between panel points (the crossing point k not regwded a s a panel point). s

2. When both cross-diagonals are in compression, ideruption of either one at the crossing point
should not be recommended.

3. For detertnining the slenderness ratw o f sing& angk compression cross-diagonals in t h e i ~principal planes (skew pbnes) , the effective length slulll be taken equal to the dktance betwen a panel point and the crossing point.

5. 3. 3 The in-plane effective length of an uniform section column of single ---or multi-story frames shall be taken as equal to the column length (story
height) times an effective length factor p

p shall be taken

in accordance

with Table A4. 1 and Table A4. 2 for frames without and with sidesway respectively.

..

:: . . .

5. 3. 4 The in-plane effective length of a stepped column rigidly restrained at,ithe:.baseof a single-story mill building.shall ,be determined as followsj: 1. Single-stepped column 1) ~ f f ~ c t i length factor 112.for'the lower portion of the column : ve

-;:.

.:1,~:-.:

For columns pin-connected to the girder, ,upshallbe the figures taken from Table A4. 3 (single stepped column with free upper end) multiplied by an a p propriate reduction factor given in Table 5. 3. 4. For columns rigidly connected to the girder, ,upshall be the figures taken from Table A4. 4
( single stepped column with translation free and rotation fixed upper end)
,

- multiplied by an appropriate reduction factor given in Table 5. 3. 4'.

2) Effective length factor ,ul for the upper portion of the column shall be
.

calculated by the following formula :

where ql is a parameter calculated by the formula shown in Table A4. 3 or

A4. 4. 2. Double-stepped column 1) Effective length factor p3 of the lower portion of the column: For
columns pin - connected to the girder, ,us shall be the figures taken from Table A4. 5 (double-stepped column with free upper end) multiplied by an appropriate reduction factor given in Table 5. 3. 4. For columns rigidly connected to the girder, ,usshall be the figures taken from Table A4. 6 (double-stepped column with translation free and rotation fixed upper end) multiplied by an appropriate reduction factor given in Table 5. 3. 4.

2) Effective length factors ,ul and ,u2for the upper and middle portions shall
be calculated by the following formulas respectively :

where q,and

- parameterscalculated by formulas' shown in Tables A4. 5 and A4. 6.

. .

'

'

Reduction factor for the effective length of stepped columns . in single story,mill building
.
,

Table 5. 3. 4
Type of the mill building Number of columns in a Number of bays longitudinal row within a section between expansion joints of the building
<6
'

Longitudinal Roofing horizontal bracing on the two sides of the roof system

Reduction .

factor

other than large-size precast R. C.

0. 9
not provided provided

Single

>6

roofing slab large-size precast R. C. roofing slab other than large-size precast R. C. roofing slab large-size precast R. C. roofing slab

not prodded provided

0. 8

Multiple

0. 7

:Vote: The reduction factor 0.9 may be used

for

o u t d m frames without roofing (e. g. drop baU milt).

5. 3. 5 the influence of the deformation of lacing bar or batten plate (or web
member ) and that of the variation of the section depth on the stiffness of laced or battened columns or lattice girders (trusses) of the frame shall be taken into account.

5. 3. 6 The effective length of frame columns in the longitudinal direction of

the building (out of the frame plane) shall be taken as the distance between supporting points restraining the out - of - plane displacement (at column base and connection joints of crane girder, carrying trusses i. e. Jack trusses, bracing members and logitudinal girder, etc. )

- 47 -

5. 3. 7 The slenderness ratio of compression members should not exceed the allowable values given in Table 5. 3. 7.
-

Allowable values of slenderness ratio for c~mprepion,.~members Table 5. 3. 7

Allowable values

-..

-. ,.

Item No.
1

Nomenclature of members Columns, members of trusses and monitors. Lacing of columns, column bracings under crane girders or crane trusses Bracings (except column bracings under crane girders or

150

crane trusses). Members used to reduce the slenderness ratio of compression members

200

--

. ..Votei i4 slenderness ~ a t w 200 m a y be allowed far compression web members in trusses (including space' of

trusses) when sbressed to

OT

under 50% o f th&r capacities.

5. 3. 8 The slenderness ratio of tension members should not exceed the allowable values given in Table 5. 3. 8.

Allowable values of slenderness ratio for tension members Table 5. 3. 8 '

. .
'

I
.

Item No.

I
Nomenclature of members

Structures subject to static or indirect dynamic loading

I
subject to

MiIl building with

aane of light or medium d u t ~ or without c-e

Mill building

I
Members of
I

1
I

with heavy duty crane

direct dynamic

350

Column bracing

1
3

under crane
'

girders or crane trusses Bracings

,

..

.,,..:

,.:,:

...

.; .,.,

.I
.,

300
:. .

.:.

...

1 1

loading

250

1
I

250

,200
.<<,.,

' 1 - I:
-

(except Item,

2 and

400

350

round bars)

I
-

-4iot.e~:1. FOT S ~ T U C ~ U Tsubject to stotic k d i n g , denderuess ratw may be checked odg in vertical planes. ~S

2. FOT structu~es subject to di~ector indirect dqcnamic loading, the h s t ~qdius f gyration skull be o
used f o ~ a k ~ h t i i m f s~endeness c o ratio of a single angle tension member 5 the ~ d i w gpatkm of about the axis p a l l e l to the leg sfall be used for calculation of the slenderness ratio out of the plane of a single angle tension moss-diagonal.
)

3. The slenderness ~ a t w bottom rdord of crane tTusses for medium ad heavy duty crones should of not ezceed 200.

4. In mill buildings equipped u4h s&ng

pi4 crcrrm and stsipper cranes a rigid clow cranes, the

.

slenderness ~ a t i o the bracings (ezcept Item 2 in thetuble) should not ezceed 300. of

.
..

5. When tension members chunge dnta compression ones under the combined action of &ad d wind
loads, t h e i ~ s~enderness~ a l i o h d not ezceed 250. s

5. 4 Local stability of compression members

5. 4. 1 The ratio of free outstand, b , of a flange to its thickness, t , in compression members shall conform to the following requirements:

1. Axially loaded compression members

where h - the larger of the slenderness ratios of the member in two directions, taken as 30 when h

< 30 ,and as 100 when h > 100 .

2. Beam -columns

Aiote: See the A70te of Clouse 4 . 3. 9.

5. 4. 2 The ratio of effective web depth, ho , to thickness, t,

\

, in I-section

compression members shall conform to the following requirements:

1. Axially loaded compression menbers

where h - the larger of the slenderness ratios of the member in two directions,taken as 30 when h

< 30 , and as 100 whenh > 1 0 0 .

2. Beam- columns

where ao =
an,,

Qnmz

- amin
0 -

.-

maximum' compressive stress at the edge of effective web depth, not considering the stability factor of the member in calculation ;

a,,,&- corresponding stress on the other edge of effective web depth,

'

'

taken as positive for compression and negative for tension; h - slenderness ratio in the plane of bending, taken as 30 when
. .

5. 4. 3 The width- to-thichness ratio of the compression flanges in box sec- 50 -

tion compression members shall conform to the requirement of Clause 4. 3. 9, whereas the ratio of the effective web depth, b ,to thickness,

t. , shall conform to the following requirements: 1. . For,axially compressed members.,

ho 2. For beam-columns, the ratio - of beam shall not exceed 0. 8 times the
tw

right hand side of Fomula (5. 4. 2- 2) or (5. 4. 2- 3), but not less than

-.

- 5:

4. 4 The height-to-thickness ratio of the web in T-section compression

I

members shall not exceed the following values :

1. Axially loaded compression members

235

~
1
I

2. Beam- columns
for a 0 for uo
1

< 1. 0
> 1. 0

h and uo taken according to Clauses 5. 4. 1 and 5. 4. 2 respectively.

~
1

5. 4. 5 When the web depth - to - thichness ratio of 1- and box - section compression members does not comform to the requirements of Clause 5. 4. 2 or 5. 4. 3 , the web may be strengthened with longitudinal stiffeners, or only
a width of201.
at each side of the web may be considered effective in

I
l

I
I I

caculation of the strength and stability of members (but the whole section is effective for determing the stability factor g, ). When longitudinal stiffeners are provided, the portion of the web between the more compressed flange and the longitudinal stiffener shall have a depth

I
I

I
I
I

-to-thickness ratio conforming to the requirement of Clause 5. 4. 2 or

5. 4. 3.
Longitudinal stiffeners shall be placed in pair on the two sodes of the web, with an outstanding width not less than l o t , on each side, and thickness not
w
.I :

less than 0. 75t,

.
.. . .. . , : . .. :
~

'

;.

.
.. . ,.
,
i l

...
, .

,.
'

, . : . :.ii:.>.# ,

I\:..'

6. Fatigue calculation

6. 1 General requirements

~
I

6. 1. 1 For steel structural members (e. g. crane girders, crane trusses, b e w

of working platform, etc. ) and their connections subjected to repeated fluctuations of dynamic loading, fatigue calculation shall be carried out when the number of stress cycles, n is equal to or greater than 105.

1
I

~ ~
1

6. 1. 2 The provisions in this chapter are not applicable to the fatigue calculation of structural members and their connections under special conditions (e. g. members subject to surface temperatures above 150C, members in corrosive environments of seawater, residual stresses relieved t h r o w post weld heat treatment, low cycle and high strain fatigue, etc. ).

6. 1. 3 The allowable stress range method shall be used in fatigue calculation. The stresses will be calculated in accordance with elastic state. The allowable stress range shall be determined in accordance with the detail categories of
,

members and connections as well as the number of stress cycles. For the region of a member, where no tensile stress occurs in the stress cycles, fatigue may not be checked.

6. 2 Fatigue calculation
6. 2. 1 For constant amplitude fatigue (the stress range in all stress cycles
maintains constant) calculation shall be carried out by the following formula: (6.2.1 - 1) do [da] .

<

where Aa - stress range for welded region, do = o, - amin reduced ; stress range for non-welded regions, Aa = urn,- 0. 7amin ;
o;,,,,,

- maximum tensile stress (taken as positive) of each stress - 53 -

cycle in the region considered; u,i, - minimum tensile stress (taken as positive) or compressive stress (taken as negative) of each stress cycle in the region
l.. *

.
. ,
-A .

..., . . a-

, .

..

considered ; ' - " c . - f ~-. l allowable stress range,( N/ni.liz2..). of constant-amplitu&e:ya-.- u tigue, and shall be calculated by the following formula:

-..

[A*] = () -C 1 s n (6.2.1 - 2) n - number of stress cycles; C, /? parameters taken from Table 6. 2. 1 according to the detail category of members and connections in Appendix 5.

Detail category of members and connections

C

1 1940

2 861

3
3.26

4 2.18

5
1.47

6 0.96

7
0.65

8 0.41

~ x10l2 xl0lZ x1O1* ~ 1 0 '~~1 0 'xlO1" x10l2 x10l2 4

6. 2. 2 The fatigue of crane girders for heavy duty cranes and crane trusses
I ,

for both heavy and medium duty cranes may be regarded as constant amplitude fatigue and may be calculated by the following formula:

<[AUI~XIO'

(6. 2. 2)

where af-equivalent coefficient of under-loading effect, adopted in accordance with Table 6. 2. 2-1; [ ~ u ] ~- ~ o a ~ allowable stress range corresponding to the number of cycles n = 2 X lo6 , adopted in accordance with Table 6. 2. 2- 2.

Equivalent coefficient of under -loading effect for crane girder and crane truss,' cli.
Crane category Heavy duty Fane with rigid hook (e. g. ,soaking pit cpne) . , ; : Heavy duty crane with .flexible hook ..c . .- . . : .. .. .- --L. -.
:
,

Table. 6. 2. 2-1
ai
:

.:.

.. ,.

~ e d i u mduty crane '

1 0 . 0.8 . 0 5 .

,*.

Allowable stress range (N/mm2) corresponding to number of cycles n = 2 x 1O6

Detail category of members and connections
[hu]mo6
.,. ,

Table 6. 2. 2- 2
4 103 5 6 78 7 69
,

'

3 118

8 59
,

176

144

90

JTote..,Theallowable stress range .given in.:the table Cs. cqlculoh?by Formula (6. 2. 1- 2).
.

.j.2::-,:.

.. .

..:: ..-,.

.;

6; 2 . 3 variable amplitude fatigue (the stress range in stress cycles varies at random ) , if the design stress spectrum composed of the frequency distribution of various loadings, the level of stress ranges and the sum of the frequency distributions during the service life of the structure could be predicted, then it may be reduced to equivalent constant amplitude fatigue,and cal. culated by .the following formula:
.

or

..

..

where Aa,

- equivalent stress range of variable amplitude fatigue, determined

by the following formula :

Eni - expected service life of the structure expressed in number of

stress cycles;

ni - number of stress cycles with stress range level reaching Aai within the expected life.

7. Calulation of Connections
. .

7 . 1 Welded -connection

7. 1. I Butt welds shall be calculated according to the following provisions: 1. In butt joints and T joints,the strength of the butt weld,perpendicular to
the direction of axial tensile force or compressive force, shall be calculated by
I

the following formula:

where N - a ~ i a tensile force or axial compressive force; l

1,

length of weld;
..
. . .

I I

t - the thickness of the thinner part in butt joints; the thickness of web in T joints;

fl ,fl- design values of

tensile strenth and compressive strength of

I
I

butt welds respectively.

2. In butt joints and T joints, the normal stress and shear stress in butt welds
subjected to combined action of moment and shear shall be calculated separately. But at the location where comparatively large normal stress and shear stress coexist (e. g. at the ends of transverse butt weld splice of a beam web), reduced stress shall be calculated by the following formula:
..Vote
, . .
l

1 . When plate elements subject to axial force are joined udh oblique butt d , the angle 0 betwen and
the weld and the acting force conforms to tg9 taken as the length o f uvld minus 10 mm.

< 1 . 5 , the weld strength may not be cabla&a.

2. When it is impossible t use ~ u n - o n tabs for butt welds, the effective h g t h o f each weld shnU be o

7. 1. 2 The strength of right -angle fillet welds (Fig. 7. 1. 2) shall be calculated by the following formulas :

1. Under the action of tensile ,compressive or shear force passing through the
centroid of welds :

56

1 ) When the force is perpendicular to the direction of weld length,

2 )When the force is parallel to the direction of weld length,

.-

2. Under the action of other forces or the action of combined forces, at the location of combined a j and z j :

In Formulas (7. 1.2-1) through (7.1.2- 3) : a j - stress perpendicular to the direction of weld length, calculated on the
effective section (h,l,) of weld ; z j - shear stress along the direction of weld length ,caculated on the effective section of weld; he - effective throat thickness of fillet weld, being equal to 0. 7hjfor right angle fillet weld, hj being the lesser leg size; I, - effective length of fillet weld, taken as its actual length minus 1 0 nun for each weld; fi - design value of strength for fillet welds;

pj "

*.

enlargement coefficient for design value of the transverse fillet weld strength: for structures subject to static loading and indirect dynamic loading, ing,
pj

Pf = 1. 22
1.0.

; for

structuKres subject to direct dynamic load-

Figure 7.1. 2

Sections of right-angle fillet weld

7. 1. 3 The strength of oblique-angle fillet weld (Fig. 7. 1. 3) shall be calculated by Formulas (7. l. 2- l) through (7. l. 2 - 3) , but using a pt =1. 0 , and its effective throat thickness being : he = hf cos - , when 2 a >90 ; he = 0. 7hf , when a \( 90' ;where a is the included. angle between two weld legs.

Figure 7. 1. 3 Sections of oblique-angle fillet weld 7. 1. 4 The strength of incomplete penetration butt weld (Fig. 7. 1. 4) shall be calculated by ( 7. 1. 2 -1 ) through ( 7. 1. 2 - 3 ) Formulas for fillet welds, but using /If = 1. 0 , where the effective throat thickness shall be taken as follows : V -shape groove w h e n a > 60, when a 60 , U -shape and J -shape grooves he = s he = 0. 75s he = s

I
I

I
I

<

I
I

where s is the shortest distance from the root of groove to weld surface (ignoring weld reinforcement ); a is the angle of V -shape groove,

I I

.,.,

Figure 7. 1. 4 Sections of incomplete penetration butt weld a. b. c - V -shape groove ; d - U -shape groove ; e - J -shape groove When at the location of fusion line, the side length of weld section is equal to or nearly equal to the shortest distance s (Fig. 7. 1. 4 b. c. e) the design value of shear strength shall be taken as the design value of strength for fillet weld multiplied by 0. 9. When the weld is subjected to the action of compression perpendicular to the direction of weld length, the design value of its strength may be taken as that for fillet weld multiplied by 1. 22.

7. 2 Bolted and riveted connections

I
I

7. 2. 1 Ordinary bolts, anchor bolts and rivets shall be calculated according to

the following provisions:

1. In connections where ordinary bolts or rivets are loaded in shear, the design value of load-carrying capacity per ordinary bolt or rivet shall be taken 'as the lesser of the design values of shear capacity and bearing capacity: Design value of shear capacity : Ordinary bolt,

Rivet,

Design value of bearing capacity : Ordinary bolt,

N:=d*Etefi
Rivet,

(7.2.1 - 3)

WE do E t =

$,

(7.2.1 - 4)

where n, - number of shear planes;

d - diameter of bolt shank; do - diameter of rivet hole;

1

Zt - the lesser of the sum of the thicknesses of members stessed in

bearing in the same direction; of bolts; of rivets.

fl,fb, - design values of shear and bearing strength,

.-

--

respictively ,.

$ ,$, - design values of shear and bearing strength, respectively, ,

2. In connectians where ordinary bolts, anchor bolts or rivets are loaded in tension in the direction of their shank axes, the design value of load-carrying capacity per ordinary bolt, anchor bolt or rivet shall be calculated by the following formulas respectively: Ordinary bolt,

Anchor bolt,

Rivet,

where d, - effective diameter at the threaded part of ordinary bolt or anchor bolt;

fi ,fl ,;E - design value of

tensile strength for ordinary bolt, anchor

- 60 -

bolt or rivet respectively.

3. Ordinary bolts or rivets, subjected to combined shear and tension (in the direction of shank axes), shall meet the requirements in the following expressions respectively : Ordinary bolt,
.
..., .
i

Nv N: Rivet ,

<

(7.2.1 - 11) Nv \( N where N u ,N , - shear and tensile forces carried by each ordinary bolt or rivet ; - design values of shear, tension and bearing capacities Nb,,N! per ordinary bolt ; AT:, N; ,NE - design values of shear, tension and bearing capacities per rivet.

7. 2. 2 High-strength bolts in friction-type joint shall be calculated according to the following provisions:

1. In a shear resistant connection, the design value of load-carrying capacity per high-strength bolt in friction- type joint shall be calculated by the following formula : (7:2. 2) . Nb, = 0 . 9nf , P u where nf - number of load-transmitting friction interfaces; p - slip coefficient at friction surface, shall be taken as the value in Table 7. 2. 2-1; P - pretension per high-strength bolt, shall be determined in
'

I I

accordance with Table 7. 2. 2- 2.

2. In connections subject to tension in the direction of bolt axis, the design

,.
4

...!

. ,

value of capacity per high-strength bolt in friction-type joint shall be taken, as N:. =.,O, .8PI .. . . .-. :.. . ;. ..,:.. <:, *,.".=+ , ..,., . , ,"., .. ... -,-..*.\ >
ti

. :

,. ,

,f>.,72,.

2q

.j.,

T,ci.

7:> .

., "

:.

: ,

-'

,$*

1-

3. When the high - strength bolted friction - type connection is subject to

shear between friction surfaces and external tension (in the direction of bolt axis) simultaneously, the design value of shear capacity per high - strength bolt in friction-type joint shall still be calculated by Formula (7. 2. 2 ) , but

P shall be replaced by ( P - 1. 25N') . Here Ncis the external tension carried by each high-strength bolt in the direction of bolt axis, and its value shall not be greater than 0. 8 P .
Slip coefficient at friction surface, , u
Treatment of faying surface at the connnection of the member Sand - blasting Inorganic zinc-rich paint coating after sand- blasting Red- rusted after sand -blasting Loose rust removed with wire brush or untreated as-rolled clean surfaces Grade 3 steel
'

Table 7. 2. 2-1

16Mn steel 15MnV steel or 16Mnq steel or 15MnVq steel

0 35 . 0. 45 0 40 . 0.55 0 40 . 0 55 .

I
I

1
I

0.30

1
M22 135 190

0.35

1
M27 205 290

0.35

1
250 355
,

Pretension per high-strength bolt, P( kN )

Property grade of bolts Grade 8. 8 Grade 10.9

Table 7. 2. 2- 2
M30

Nominal diameter of bolt (mm)

M16
70 100

M20 110 155

M24 155 225

7. 2. 3 High-strength bolts in bearing-type joint shall be calculated according to the following provisions :

62 -

1 i
1

& .

A-

-,

I
I

+.

1. The pretension P and the treatment method of faying surfaces at the connection of the member for high-strength bolts in bearing-type joint shall be the same as that for high-strength bolts in friction-type joint. - . - r High-strength bolts in bearing type joint are used only in connections of . structures subjected to static loading and indirect dynamic loading.

- .

2. In shear resistant connections, the calculatihg method for the design value
of capacities per high-strength bolt in bearing-type joint is the same as that for ordinary bolt, but the design value of shear capacity shall be calculated with effective sectional area of the threaded part, when the shear plane passes through the threaded part of the bolt.

3. In connections subjected to tension in the direction of bolt axis, the design value of tension capacity per high-strength bolt in bearing-type joint shall be taken as N! = 0.8P

4. High -strength bolts in bearing-type joint subjected to combined shear

and tension (in the direction of bolt axis), shall meet the requirements of the following expressions :

where N, ,Nt - shear and tensile forces carried by each high-strength bolt in bearing-type joint ; Nt ,Ni ,Nb, - design values of shear, tension and bearing capacities per high-strength bolt in bearing-type joint respectively.

5. In shear resisting connections and connections subjected to combined shear

and tension (in the direction of bolt axis), the design value of shear capacity

for high-strength bolt in bearing-type joint shall not be greater than 1. 3 times that calculated for bolt in friction-type joint.

? .

?-

7. 2. 4 At the end of a member to be co-mected in a joint or a splice, where t t::the ;connection:length l I between the centers of end bolts or rivets, measured in the stressed direction, is more than 15d0, the design values of capacities for bolts or rivets shall be reduced by multiplying a reduction factor
( 1 . 1 --) The reduction factor is 0. 7, when ll is larger than 60d0, do 15 Odo being the hole diameter. 7. 2. 5 In connections with the following situations, the number of bolts or rivets shall be increased:
11

1. The number of bolts (exclusive of high-strength bolts in friction-type

joint) or rivets connecting one member to another with fillers or other packing plates shall be increased by 10% above the number calculated in accordance with Clause 7. 2. I.

2. The number of bolts (exclusive of high-strength bolts in friction - type

joint) or rivets in a lap joint or a joint with single splicing plate shall be increased by 1 0 % above the number calculated in accordance with Clause
I

7. 2. 1.

3. When lug angles are used in end connections of members to connect the
outstands of their angle or channel sections in order to reduce the connection length, the number of bolts or rivets used in one of the two legs of the lug angle shall be increased by 50% more than the number required by calculation.

4 7 Where the grip length of a rivet exceeds 5 times the hole -diameter, the number of rivets required by calculation shall be increased by 1%for each additional 2 mm of grip (not less than 1 rivet), but the grip of a rivet shall not be greater than 7 times the hole diameter.

r.

- 64 -

7. 3 Flange connection of builtup I-girder.

. <. :

...
.
.

. . '. ,
;

: 7. 3. 1The strength of fillet welds connecting the flange to web of a builtup I

).

*.

.,.&'g;r&&"&ii

.,.-

bdt,h Ad& ..kh.&ibe cdlEul&!&a b$

.r?&,i:i:ii 'the yoli&*:i&kf~~&m~rg::.

r

.r

-rr.

L*

where S1- static moment of gross section of the flange about neutral axis of the girder; I - Moment of inertia of gross section of the girder. F ,$ and lz shall be used in accordance with Clause 4. 1. 3 , and flf in accordance with Clanse 7. 1. 2.
-Votes : 1 . where& the top flange o f the girder is subject to fixed concent~atsdloads, bearing stif f w s should be provided wiUI Uleir ends closely fiUed to the top flange. In this case,put F = 0 plete penetration buff weld.

2. The strength of welds may not be calmlated provided the flange to w b w n ~ e ~is made b.J comt h

7. 3. 2 The capacity of rivets (or high - strength bolts in friction - type joint ) connecting the flange to web of a built-up I-girder shall be calculated by the following formula:

where a

flange rivets (or bolts) ; al - coefficient: in case the load F acts on the top flange of the girder and its web is planed and fitted closely to the top flange plate, al = 0. 4 ;in other cases, al = 1. 0 ; x,i, - the lesser of design values of .shear capacity and bearing capacity per rivet; I! - the design value of shear capacity per high-strength bolt in ? friction -type joint.
*

- spacings of

-. , :Vote: See note 1 in Clause 7 . 3. 1.

7. 4 Supports(Bearings)

7. 4. 1 The bearing stress of he cylindrical pin in a hinged pin support (Fig. 7. 4. I ) , with a central angle of the contact surface 90' , shall be
calculated by the following formula :

where R - reaction of support;

r

d - diameter of pin.;

' .

1 - longitudinal length of the contact surface of the pin.

7. 4. 2 The bearing stress for the free contact between a curved bearing plate and a flat plate (Fig. 7. 4. 2)shaU be calculated by the following formula:

where r

- radius of

the curved surface of bearing plate;

l - length of contact line between curved surface and flat plate.

Figure 7. 4. 1 Hinged pin type support

Figure 7. 4. 2 Curved plate support

7. 4. 3 The bearing stress for free contact between rollers and flat plates shall
be calculated by the following formular:

where n - number of rollers j

- 66 -

dl - diameter of roller ;

I - length of contact line between roller and flat plate.

Figure 7. 4. 3 Roller support

7. 4. 4 Provided the end surface of an axially loaded compression column or a .beam - column is machined flush, the maximum compreesive force in the column will be transmitted directly through contact between the machined abutting end faces, the connecting welds ,rivet or bolts shall be calculated according to 15 % of the maximum compressive force ;when a tensile zone occurs at the end of a beam-column, the connection at this tensile zone shall be also calculated according to the maximum tensile force.

8 Requirements for Detailing

8. 1 General requirements

8. 1. 1 The details of steel structures shall be so designed as to facilitate the fabrication, erection and maintenance, and to make the structure stressed simply and definitely with less stress concentration. For open web structures in which wind load predominates, efforts shall be made to reduce the area facing the wind. 8. 1. 2 For load-carrying members and their connections of steel structures, the following materials should not be used: steel plate with thickness less than 5 mrn; steel tubes with wall thickness less than 3 mm; steel angles with sections smaller than L45x4 or L56x36x4 (for welded structures ) or smaller
than L5 0x5 (for bolted or riveted structures), However, light steel structures described in chapter 11 are not subject to such limitations. 8, 1. 3 Whether or not it necessary to take such special measures as pre-heat
I I

'

I
I
I

ar post -weld heat treatment for welded structures shall depend upon the combined factors of the property of steel, the thickness of parts to be welded, welding process, the ambient temperature during welding, etc. Under normal conditions, the thickness of the parts to be welded should be not thicker than 5 0 mm for low - carbon steels, and not thicker than 36 mm for low-alloy steels.

I I

8. 1. 4 In order to ensure the spatial performance of structures, to increase their *overallstiffness,' to carry and transmit horizontal forces, to pfe'veiit the members from excessive vibration, to avoid the lateral buckling of compression members, and to ensure the stability of structures during erection, reliable bracing systems shall be provided according to the different conditions of
- 68 -

hb"

structures and loadings. Separate independent and spatial - stable bracing systems shall be provided in each section between expansion joints or each section for construction by stages.
.
. *

8. 1. 5 The temperature stress may not be calculated when the length of the

.-

section between expansion joints (the distance between expansion joints) for single-storey buildings and out-door structures does not exceed the values given in Table 8. 1. 5. Length of section between expansion joints (m)
Longitudinal section between Situations of structures expansion joints (norm& to the direction of truss or frame span Buildings with heating and buildings in regions without heating Hot workshop and buildings without heatixlg in regions with heating open air structures
120 180 100 125 220

Table 8. 1. 5
Transverse section

between expansion joints ( a l ~ n g direction of the truss of frame span) Rigid joint at top of column
120

Hinged joint at top of column

150

-1btes: 1 When the columns in an industrial building m e made from materials other than steel, expansion .
I

joints shpll be provided in accordance udh provisMls in correspending Codes.

For cladding stTuctu~es,expansion joints m y be provided separately according to the specific &cu~nslonces r e f w i n g to relevant codes. and

2. Inter-colu~nn bracings (bracings between columns) in the buildings without overhead tTaveUing mane, and inter- column bracings below the mane girders or crane trusses in buildings with overhead traveUing mane
should be arranged symmetrically in the middls part of the section between expansion joints. When intercoluinn bracings m e arranged nonspnmetrkaUy, the distance from the mid point of the above metwned braci n g ~(from the mid point of the two sets-of bradngs i f t ~sets of bracings m e to be arranged) to the ends , of the section betuven ezpansion joints should not be greater than 60% of the length of longitudinal sectibn between expansion joints given in Tabb 8. 1 5. .
9

1
8. 2 Welded connections
69 -

8. 2. 1 The weld metal should match the base metal. When steels having different strength are to be connected, the weld materials matching the steel of lower strength may be used.

.-

8. 2. 2 In the design, the weld size and length shall not be increased arbitrarily, the three-dimensional intersection of welds as well as the concentration
of a large number of welds at one location should be avoided, and the welds should be arranged as symmetrically as possible with respect to the centroid of
j

1
I

the members.
,\-ole

:For splice steel plates when butt welds aTe used, the longitudinal and t~ansverse welds may intersect butt

to form a squaTe cr05sitig 'o~-a-?Z'- juircEionl'wh'~\T- j&ctiW a ~ ymmed ,the distance between intere
secting points shall not be less than 200mm.

&

~.~GJ~,Z~: r;

8. 2. 3 The type of grooves for butt welds shall be selected on the basis of the
plate thickness and constructuin conditions, according to the requirements of the current standards, Basic type and size for welded connection with manual arc weldingt' and merged arc welding". Basic type and size for welded connection with sub-

.Fig. 8. 2. 4 Splice of steel plates with different widths or thicknesses a -different widths; b -Different thicknesses

1
"-2

8. 2 - 4 At the splice joined with butt welds, when the parts to br welded have different widths or their thicknesses differ more than 4 mm, a transition in width or in thickness j withaalope not~lateeper 8hm 1 in -4 on one side or both
sides ; shall be made (Fig. 8. 2. 4 ) When their thicknesses are different, the type of weld grooves shall be selected on the basis of the thickness of the thinner part welded in accordance with the requirement in Clause 8. 2. 3.

I
I

*Z ~ + ,%UK

8. 2. 5 Where incomplete penetration butt welds are used, the type and size
of grooves shall be noted on the design drawings, the effective thickness he (mm) of welds shall not be less than 1. 5 ness (mm) of the welded parts.
I

f i , where t is the greater thick-

In structures subject to dynamic loadings, incomplete penetration butt welds

should not be used for welds perpendicular to the direction of applied force.

8. 2. 6 The included angle a between the two legs of a fillet weld is generally 9 0' (right angle fillet weld) oblique-angle fillet weld with angle a > 12 O0 or a < 60 , should mot be used as load-carrying welds (except in steel tubular stractures).

8. 2. 7 The size of the fillet welds shall comply with the following requirements:

1. The leg size of fillet welds hf (mm) shall not be less than 1. 5 2/ t where t

1
II

iI

>.- ' ; ..%'

.i . '

.. ; .

is thickness of thicker part welded (mm) However, for automatic welding, the minimum leg size may be reduced by 1 mm;for single side fillet weld in T joint, it shall be increased by 1 mm,If the thickness of welded parts. is equal t'o or less than 4 mm, then the minimum leg size shall be the same as the :PI . . ., .- --tbidkn& 6.f;.'virk-lded (":? r ; . .< : >:~~>; t .r:-,. -*c -.'. - ;'$&.@).):*r;v~c&; .,m , ; i ~ <.;. .,>- 3 c i:>ci :
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,

Pi8~.'t.

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;-. $+.

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%%

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2. The leg size of fillet welds should not be larger than 1. 2 times the thickness of the thinner part welded (except in steel tubular structures) , but the maximum leg size of fillet welds along the edege of welded part (thickness being t ) , shall also comply with the following requirements:

The leg size of fillet welds in circular holes or slotted holes should also not be larger than one third of the diameter of the circular hole or the short diameter of the slotted hole. 3. The fillet welds are generally made with equal leg sizes. When the difference in thickness of the parts to be welded i? comparatively large, and the equal leg sizes can not meet the requirements specified in Item l and 2 of this Clause, the fiilet welds with unequal leg sizes may be used, the leg contacting the thinner part shall comply with the requirements in Item 2 of this Clause, and the leg contacting the thicker part shall comply with the reqiurement in Item 1 of this Clause.
1
\
I

4. The effective length of a side fillet weld or a transvers fillet weld shall be not less than 8hf nor less than 40mm. 5. The effective length of a side fillet weld should not be larger than 60 hf (when subjected to static loading or indirect dynamic loading) ,or 4 0hf (when
subjected to dynamic loading) ; When in the effective length exceeds the values stated above, the excess portion will not be taken into account in calculation. This limitation is not applicable if the internal force is uniformly distributed along the whole length of a side fillet weld.
I
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I

8. 2. 8 In structures subjected to direct dynamic loading, the surface of fillet 1. welds shall bo made flat or concave. The ratio of leg sizes should be 1 : 5
for transverse fillet welds (the longer leg parallel to the direction of internal

force) , but may be 1 : for side fillet welds. 1

8. 2. 9 h secondary members or secondary welded connections, intermittent

i

fillet welds may be used. The clear unconnected gap between the ends of the
~:i-,:l

1 .

welds-shall not .be +morethan 15t (for members in compression) or*3Ot :(for members in tension), t being the thickness of the thinner part welded.

.8. 2. 1 0 When the end of a plate element is connected by two side fillet welds
only, the length of either fillet weld should not be less than the distance between the two side fillet welds; and ,at the same time, this distance should be

not larger than 16t (for t >12mm) ,or 200mm(for t <12mm), t being the thickness of the thinner part welded.

8. 2. 11 h the connection of a member to a gusset plate ,fillet weldson two

sides of member should generally be used and fillet welds on threeside may also be used. Steel angle members may use L

- shape fillet welds. The fillet

welds must be continous aroundthe corner for al the round weldings. l

c. a. Welding on two sides ; b. welding on three sides ; L-shape welding Fig. 8. 2. 11 Welded connection of a member to gusset plate

--

8. 2. 12 Wherever at the corner of a member end, the fillet weld is returned around the corner for a length 2hf , the fillet weld must be continuously
& .

- .. .

aro-md the corner. ,-.. ---..~..-.-._.---_---...-.....-,...

._.C-.

-*

.-

--

."

__

- -_
1.

---.-

-- _

-.

.-.-

._.----.--

. .

_.--

.-

8. 2. 13 The amount of lap in a lap connection shall be not less than 5 times the thickness of the thiner part welded, nor less than 25 rnm.

8. 3 Bolted and rivet connections

8. 3. 1 The number of permantent bolts( or rivets) used at the end of each .member to be connected in a joint or a splice should riot be less than two. For
built-up laced members, one bolt (or rivet) may be used at the end connection of lacing bar.

. ... * *

8. 3. 2 Holes for high strength bolts shall be drilled, Diameter of holes for high-strength bolts in friction type joint should be 1 5 -2. Omm larger than .
the nominal diameter, d ameter, d

, of

the bolt. Diameter of holes for high-strength

bolts in bearing type joint should be 1. 0- 1. 5mm larger than the nominal di-

, of

the bolts.

8. 3. 3 The method of treatment for faying surfaces of the members in a high

-strength bolts bolted connection shall be noted in construction drawings.

8. 3. 4 The allowable distance of bolts and rivets shall comply with the requirements given in Table 8. 3. 4,

Maximum and minimum allowable distance of bolts and rivets Table 8. 3. 4

maximum allowable
Name Location and direction distance(whichever is the lesser) Outer row Distance between centers 8do or 12t 12d0or 18t l6d0 or 24t do

Minimum
allowable diatance

Ln any
direction inner row

member in compression member in tension

Distance

Along the direction of internal force . Cut-edge High-strength Rolled ,. ., bolt-

2do

from center perpendicular to the to edge to end

of a member

direction of internal force

..

4do or 8t
..,.*--

1. 5d0

." ,. .
1. 2d0

edge

Ordinary bolts or rivet

-Votes: 1. do is hole diameter o f bolts a rivets, t , i s thickness of thinner outside part connected.

2. The maximum spaoing of bolts or Tivets on the rau adjacent to the edge o f plote connecting to a
~igid member ( e . g. angk, channel ,etc. )may be token as that specified f o ~ inner
TOW.

8. 3. 5 Grade C bolts should be used in connections subject to tension along

the direction of bolt axis ,and may be used in connections subject to shear for the following cases : 1. Secondary connections in structures subject to static loading or indirect dynamic loading.

2, Connections in detachable structures not subject to dynamic loading. 3. The erection connections for temporay fixing of members.

8. 3. 6 For ordinary bolted connections subject to direct dynamic loading,

double nuts or other effective measures to prevent loosening of nuts shall be taken.

8. 3. 7 When members made from rolled steel shapes are to be spliced by high -strength bolts, the steel plates should be used as splicing materials. - 75 -

8. 3. 8 Rivets with countersunk heads or semi-countersunk heads shall not be used in connections subject to tension along the direction of the rivet axes.

8. 4 Structural members
(I) Columns
8. 4. 1 Lacing bars should be used for built-up open ewb columns with comparatively large shear force or comparatively large column width in the lacing planes. The sum of the linear stiffnesses of the batten plates (or traverse bars made from rolled steel shapes) at the same cross section in a battened nent of the column. 8. 4. 2 When the ratio of the effective depth, ho , to the thickness, t,

, of the

web in solid web columns is greater than 80, the web shall be strengthened with transverse stiffeners, for which the spacing shall not be larger than 3ho. The dimension and details of the transverse stiffener shall be designed in accordance with the relevant requirements in Clause 4. 3. 7. 8; 4. 3 Transverse diaphragms shall be provided at locations of comparatively large horizontal forces and at the ends of each shipping unit in laced or battened columns or large size solid web columns. The distance between the diaphragms shall be not more than 9 times the larger width of column section, nor 8 m.

(11) Trusses

- ,.,..,.

8. 4. 4 In welded trusses, the axes shall be taken as the centroidal lines of the members, and in bolt (or riveted) trusses, the axes may be taken as the
- 76 -

gauge lines of bolts (or rivets) adjacent to the centroidal lines of the members. At a panel point (joint) , the axes of the relevant members shall intersect at one point.

In case that the chord member of a truss changes in cross section, and
the eccentricity due to such change does not exceed 5% of the height of the larger chord section, the influence of eccentricity may not be considered.

.8. 4. 5 In stress analysis of a truss, all joints of the truss may be regarded as hinged. When the members are made from H-section, box-section, etc.
With comparatively large stiffnesses, and also the ratio of the height of mem1

ber section to the geometrical length (distance between centers of joints) is larger than 1/10 (for the chord member) or larger than 1/15 (for the web member.)+the secondary moment induced by the joint rigidity shall be-taken into account.

, ;, -:

8. 4. 6 When the members of a truss are connected with gusset plates, the gap
between the chord and the web members, or between the web members themselves should not be less than 20 rnm.
I

I
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I

8. 4. 7 The thickness of the gusset plate is generally determined according to the magnitude of the internal forces in members connected, but shall not be less than 6 mm. The errors in fabrication and assembly shall be properly taken into account in determining the overall dimensions of the gusset plate.
I

8. 4. 8 For trusses with spans greater than 36 m and hinge-supported at both

ends, under the action of vertical loading, the influence of the horizontal thrust due to elastic elongation of the bottom chord on the supporting members shall be taken into account.

8. 4. 9 Simply supported triangular trusses of 15 m or greater span, and simply supported trapezoid or parallel - chord trusses of 24 m or greater span 1 may be cambered with an amount of about -th of the span, when the bot500

tom chord is not curved or bent.

(111) Beams
, -

8.-4. 10 The flange of welded be- is generally made from one plate. When
two plates are used, the ratio of the thickness of the outer plate to that of the inner one should be 0. 5- 1. 0. In case that the outer plate does not extend the whole length of the beam, the length of the extended portion, Z1 , beyond the theoretical cut - off point shall comply with the following requirements : With transverse fillet weld across the end When h2 0. 75t When h< 0. 75t
I1

2b 1, 2 1. 5b

Without transverse fillet weld across the end

z, 2 2b
where b and t are the width and the thickness of the outer flange plate respectively; hf is the leg size of the side and the transverse fillet weld.

8. 4. 11 The numberof flange cover plates of riveted (or high-strength bolted in friction type joint) girders should not be more than 3 , the area of the flange angles should not be less than 30% of the total flange area. If this requirement still can not be satisfied even by using the largest angle sections, side plates may be added (Fig. 8. 4. 1 1 ) . In this case, the sum of the areas of angles and side plates shall not be less than 30% of the total flange area. In case that a cover plate does not extend the full length of the girder, the number of rivets ( or high-strength bolts in friction- type joint) in the extended portion beyond the theoritical cut- off point shall be determined according to the capacity of 1 / 2 of the net sectional area of this plate.
I

8. 4. 12 The transverse stiffeners of a welded girder shall be corner-cut at their ends meeting under side of the flange. When the corner - cut is
oblique, the width of clearance is about b,/3 (but not larger than 40 r r ), nn and the height of clearance is about b,/2 (but not larger than 60 mm) as

- 78 -

shown in Figure 8. 4. 12, where b, is the width of stiffener.

Fig. 8. 4. 11 Flange section of riveted (or high-strength bolted

Fig. 8. 4. 12 Corner-cut of stiffeners

I,
j I j

in friction type joint)girder

8. 4. 1 3 When the bottom end of bearing stiffeners at beam supports is calculated according to the design value of end bearing streng*, the bottom end shall be planed and closely fitted, and, in addition, the length of the extended portion of flanged bearing stiffeners (Fig. 8. 4. 13b) shall not exceed twice the thickness of the stiffener.

~
I
I

planed closely fitted

planed colsely fitted

Fig 8. 4. 13 Support of beam

(IV) Anchor bolts of column bases

8. 4. 1 4 The anchor bolt of a column base shall not be used to carry the horizontal reaction at the bottom of column base, this horizontal reaction shall be carried by the friction force between base plate and concrete foundation or by the shear - resistant key provided.
i

8. 4. 15 The anchor bolts of a column base shall be embedded in the foundation with a depth sufficient to transmit the tensile force in the anchor bolt
f through the bond betwwen bolt and concrete. I the embedment depth is limited, yhen the anchor shall be securely fixed to an anchor plate or anchor beam embedded in the foundation to transmit all the tensile force of the anchor bolt. In this case, the bond between anchor bolt and concrete may be ignored.

8. 5 Requiements for crane girders and crane trusses (or similar gird80

ers and trusses

8. 5. 1 The flange of welded crane girder should be made from one plate. If
two plates are used, the outer plate should extend the full length of the gird, e r , and measures shall be taken in .design and construction so that the two plates of the top flange will be in close contact.
I
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8. 5. 2 Crane truss and surge truss should not be used, for structures supporting soaking pit crane, stripper crane or rigid-claw crane as well as similar cranes.
I ,

8. 5. 3 The welded crane truss shall comply with the following requirements: 1. At the joint of truss, the gap, a , between a web members and the
chord member should not be less than 50 mm, and the two edges of the gusset plate should be rounded with a radius, r

1
. I
I

, not less 'than 60

mm. the angle, 0 , between the axis of the web member and the edge of gusset plate shall not be less than 30(Fig. 8. 5. 3). The start or stop of arc of the weld-run in a weld connecting the chord member of angle sections to the gusset plate shall be set back at least 5 mm (Fig. 8. 5. 3a) from plate edges. The weld in T connection connecting the gusset plate to the I-section chord member shall be fully penetrated, the rounded portion of the gusset shall be free from defects due to start - stop of weld - run, and further more, for the crane truss for heavy duty cranes, the rounded portion should be ground to make a smooth transition from the gusset to the chord member.

2. When fillers in a member are connected by welding, the start or stop of weld- r;n shall be set back at least 5 mm (Fig. 8. 5. 3c). The
fillers in members of a crane truss for heavy duty cranes shall be connected by high-strength bolts.

- 81 -

Fig. 8. 5. 3 Joint of crane truss

8. 5. 4 The complete penetration butt weld performed with the aid of run-on stabs shall be used for welded splice of the flange or the web in a crane girde r , and shall be ground flush at locations where the run- on stabs are cut off. The high-strength bolted friction- type connection should be used for the field splice of fabricated segments of a crane girder.

8. 5. 5 In welded crane girder or crane truss, the weld in a T-connection in

the following locations shall be fully penetrated with weld quality not lower than the second class weld standard (its shapes as shown in Fig. 8. 5. 5) :

Figure 8. 5. 5 Complete penetration weld in T connection

1. The web to top flange connection of crane girders for heavy ddty
I

cranes and for medium duty cranes with lifting capacity Q 2 5 0 t . 2. The connection of the gusset plates to the top chord of crane truss$.

8. 5. 6 The top end of the transerse stiffener of a crane girder shall be planpd and closely fitted against the top flange (and also should be welded to it ;in
--

case of a welded crane girder). The bottom end of the intermediate t r d s verse stiffener should be cut off a 50-100 & from the inner face of tefit sion flange and shall not be welded to the tension flange by using any ad tional parts. During the performance of the weld connecting the intermediqte transverse stiffener to the web, there should be no start or stop of weldYrjn
I

Q
1
I

at the bottom end of the stiffener. welding should not be used.

When bracings are connected to the tension flange of a crane girdet,

I

8. 5. 7 The requirements for detailing of the top chord of a crane truss i$n
I

which rails are placed directly, shall be the same as those for the crane gird-

8. 5. 8 In crane girder for heavy duty cranes, high-strength bolts in fricti4n

-type joint should be used for the connection of the top flange to the sur$e structure as well as for the connection transmitting horizontal forces to the column.
I
I

The details for the connection of the ends of a crane girder to the colurrjn shall be so designed.as to minimize the additional stresses at the connectidn due to the flexural deformation of the crane girder.

8. 5. 9 When the span of a crane truss or a crane girder for heavy duty cran

is equal to or greater than 12 m , or the span of a crane girder for light and
I

fs
I
I

medium duty cranes is equal to or greater than 18 m , auxiliary truss and hofizontal bracing system should be provided. The vertical bracings, when thdy are provided, should not be located at the point of maximum vertical defleqtion of crane girder or crane truss.
I

83

The measures in detailing for crane truss shall be taken to prevent its top chord member from torsion due to the eccentricity of rails.
<A,.

8. 5. 1 0 The edges of the tension flange plate of a crane girder for heavy duty
cranes (or the tension chord member of a crane truss) should use the auto=
I -

matic precise flame cutting, and shall be planed along its full length when manual flame cutting or shear cutting used.

8. 5. 11 Attachments for hanging appliances shall not be welded to the tension

flange of a crane girder (or the tension chord of ,a crane truss), and striking
I

.4

arc or welding of clamps should not be done on the tension flange.

8. 5. 1 2 The joint details of crane rail shall be designed to ensure smooth and
steady passage of crane wheels. When welded long rails are used and fastened to the crane girder with clamp plates, the contact between the clamp plates and the rail shall not be too close, so that longitudinal-expansion and contraction of rail due to temperature variation will be possible.

8. 6 Fabrication, transportation and erection

8. 6. 1 In dividing a structure into units for trasportation, beside that the
stress condition of. the structure shall be considered, attention shall also be
I

' +. .

.'i " i

, . ..

paid to economic rationality, convenience of trasportation and ease of assembly.

8. 6. 2 For erection connections of a structure, such types of details that ensure reliable transfer of forces, convenience in fabrication, simple connections and ease of adjustment, shall be used.

8. 6. 3 When welded connections are used for erection, provision of positioning bolts for temporary fixing of members shall be considered.

- 81 -

8. 7 Corrosionprotection and heat isolation

8. 7. 1 For steel structures, beside that measures (painting and galvanizing
after thorough removal of rusts, etc. ) for protection against corrosion must
,

be made, constructional details shall be designed to avoid, as much as possible, places difficult of inspection, cleaning and painting, dead spaces or grooves where moisture and lot of dust can accumulate. The closed-section member shall be sealed by welding, along its full length and at the ends. Except for special needs, generally, there shall be no extra increase in section or thickness of steel in the design to take account of corrosion.
)

.-

8. 7. 2 The portion below ground level of a column base, shall be encased

with concrete of lower strength (the thickness of concrete cover shall not be less than 50 mm) , and the encasing concrete shall be about 150 mm above the ground level. When the bottom of the column base is above the ground level, the bottom of column base shall be not less than 100 mm above the ground level.
I
I

8. 7. 3 For structures subjected to the action of corrosive medium and parts of

structures inaccessible for repainting during service r special provisions (measures) for protection against corrosion shall be made. The column base sub1

jected to the action of corrosive medium should not be embeded in the ground.

8. 7. 4 For structures subjected to the action of high temperature, the following protective measures shall be taken according to different situations:

1. When a structure may be subjected to the attack of red-hot molten

metal, it shall,& protected by using heat insulation cover made from bricks or heat resistant materials.

2. When the surface of a structure is subjected to the action of longtime radiant heat above 150C, or subjected to the possible action of flanie in a short time, the effective measures for protection shall be
,

- 85 -

provided (e. g. providing a heat isolation cover or water jacket, etc.

>.

9. Plastic design
9. 1 General requirements
9; 1. 1 The provisions in this chapter apply to the design of built-in end
beams, continuous beams, one- and two-story rigid frames with solid web members when they are not subject to direct dynamic loads.

9. 1. 2 For plastic design of steel structures or members according to the utimate limit state, the design value of loads shall be used. Considering the development of plastisity within the section of members and the redistribution of internal forces thus induced, the simple plastic theory is used for structural analysis. For design according to the serviceability limit state the charateristic value of loads shall be used, and calculations are based on the elastic theory.

9. 1. 3 The design values of strength of steel and connections specified in Clause .3. 2. 1 and Clause 3. 2.2 shall be multiplied by the reduction factor of 0. .9 for plastic design according to the provisions in this' chapter.
F

9. 1. 4 For plastic design, the width- to- thickness ratio of the plate elements of sections shall meet the requirements in Table 9. 1. 4.

width-to-thickness ratio of plate elements Table 9. 1. 4

T y p otssection

Flange

Web

N When- < 0 . 3 7 ,
Af

When - 2 0 . 3 7 ,

Af

Same as that for the web of I-section shown above

A70te:N - aziul compressive force in the member;
A

- gross cross- s e c t i o d area;

- design value o f
9.1. 3.
steel strength in tension, compression a d bending for plostic design, see Cluuse

9. 2 Calculation of members
I

9. 2. 1 The bending strength of flexural members subject to bending moment Mx in one of the principal planes of the section ( for I - sections, x-axis being the strong axis) shall satisfy the following requirement:

where W , - net plastic section modulus with respect to the x-axis.

9. 2. 2 The shear force V of the flexural member is assumed to be carried by

the web of the section. The shear strength shall satisfy the following requirements :

where h,,, tw- the depth and thickness of the web, respectively; ,

- 88 -

f, - design value of steel strength in shear for plastic design, see Clause 9. 1. 3.
I

9. 2. 3 The strength of beam-columns subject to bending moment in one of

the principal planes of the section shall meet the requirements of the following,- .formulas : N when . _ , ."

R f

< 0.13,
> 0.13,

N when -

R f

where

R - net cross-sectional area.

The compressive force, N , of the beam-column shall not be greater than

0. 6 4 f

, and the shear strength shall meet the requirement of Folm~.~la(g. 2.

9. 2. 4 The stability of a beam-column subject to bending moment in one of

the principal planes of the section shall meet the requirements of the following formulas :

I. In-plane stability of a member

where W, - gross plastic section modulus with respect to the x-axis. pz , NErand j shall be taken in accordance with Clause 5. 2. 2 for calculation of 3 ,

the in-pla&

stability.

2. Out-of-plane stability of a member

,

"

-+
N %Af

B1Mz

Q,~

, and &shall

g>aFtT,f

<1

..

-(9.2.4

- 2)

be taken in accordance with Clause 5.2.2 for calculation of

the out-of -plane stability.

9. 3 Allowable slenderness ratio and detailing requirements

I

9. 3. 1 The slenderness ratio of compression members should not be greater

9. 3. 2 Members must be laterally braced at the plastic hinge locations. The slenderness ratio, h, , of the member between such braced location and its adjacent laterally braced points shall meet the following requirements: When - 1

M < -< 0- 5 9 w,1 f

When 0.5

M1 < -< 1. 0 , wf

where4 =

T2,

11

- out -of - plane slenderness ratio, ZI being the distance between adjacent laterally braced points and i, being the radius of gyration of the member section about the weak axis.

M I- bending moment at the laterally braced point distant Zl from the plastic
- 90
-

hinge section, MI is positive when the segment with length ll is bent in WPf single curvature, and negative when bent in reverse curvature.

In regions where no plactic hinges occur, the distance between two

I

points of lateral support shall be determined by checking the overall out-of

- plane stability of
a

the member according to the relative provisions .in Chap-

ter 4 and Chapter 5.

9. 3. 3 The axial force in the lateral bracing used to reduce the out --of plane effective length of the member shall be determined according to Clause

4. 2. 5 or Clause 5. 2. 8.
1

9. 3. 4 All the joints and their connqtions shall prwess sufficient rigidity to
ensure the angles between members meeting at the joint to be unchanged before the appearance of plastic hinges. The splice and connection of the member shall be able to transfer 1. 1 tinies the maximum computed bending moment at these locations. The moment capacity at these locations shall not be less than 0 25WPf. .

9. 3. 5 If the edges of plate elements are cut by manual flame-cutting or shearing machine, the edge at plastic hinge location shall be finished smooth by planing. Bolt holes on tensile plate elements at plastic hinge locations of a member
shall be drilled full size or sub-punched and reamed.

1 0. Steel 'tubular structures

10. 0. 1 The provisions .in this chapter apply to circular pipe structures with directly welded joints and not subject to direct dynamic loads.
s.

10. 0. 2 The ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness of steel pipe shall not 235 exceed 10 0

[ f, . I

I1

10. 0. 3 The detailing of steel pipe joints shall meet the following requirements: 1. The outside diameter of the main pipe shall be larger than that of the sub -pipe, and the wall thickness of the m& pipe shall not be thinner than that of the sub - pipe. The sub- pipe shall not penetrate into the main pipe at their connections. 2. The angle 0 between the axes of the main pipe and sub-pipe or between 0 ' the axes of two sub-pipes should not be less than 3. 3. Eccentricity shall be avoided as far as possible at the joints connecting the sub-pipe to the main pipe.

4. The weld connecting the sub-pipe to the main pipe shall be continuous
around the perimeter of the sub-pipe and made with a smooth transition to the base metal. 5. The end of sub - pipe should be cut by the automatic pipe cutting machine, and the end should not be grooved if the wall thickness of the subpipe is less than 6 mm. 10. 0. 4 Steel pipe members shall be reinforced by appropriate measures at locations of relatively large transverse loads to prevent the occurance of excessive local deformations. Holes shall be avoided at major stressed locations of the steel pipe member. I f holes at there are necessary, appropriate measures of strengthening shall be taken.

10. 0. 5 In the connection of a sub-pipe with a main pipe, fillet weld may be used around the perimeter of the sub- pipe, or part fillet weld and part butt weld may be used. In the region where the angle between the walls of sub-pipe and main pipe exceeds or be equal to 120, the butt weld or the grooved fillet weld may be used. The leg size of fillet weld should not be greater than twice the wall thickness of the sub-pipe to be connected. 10. 0. 6 The weld connecting a sub-pipe to a main pipe may be assumed as
- .

,-

a fillet weld around all the perimeter of the sub-pipe and calculated according to Formula 7. 1. 2-1, but taking flf = 1 The effective thickness of the fillet weld is variable around the perimeter of sub-pipe, 0. 7hf may be taken as the average effective thickness when the sub-pipe is axially loaded. The

effective length of the weld, the length of intersecting curve, may be calculated according to the following formulas : d, when -<0. 65, d ' I,= (3.25dSd, 0.025d)

C -

sine

534 +O.

4661

(lo. 0.6-1)
when d>O. 65, 0.389d) [ 534 sine

I
1

I,= ( 3 . 8 1 4 -

+0.4661
I

where

a , a8 -

outside diameters of main pipe and sub-pipe, respectively ;

0 - angle between the axes of main pipe and sub-pipe.

10. 0. 7 To ensure the strength of the main pipe at joints, the axial force of the sub-pipe shall not be greater than the design value of capacity calculated
according to the following requirements :

a.

Fig. 10. 0. 7 X joint b.

Types of joints and Y joint c.

K joint

1. X joint (Fig. 10. 0. 7a)

1) The design value of capacity, NcpJ of the sub - pipe in compression at ,

joints shall be calculated by the following formula:

" where /? = - - ratio of outside diameter of sub-pipe

d

to that of the m i an

Yn- parameter: Yn 1 =

o + 0. 3 - - 0. 3[Zl2
fv fv

when o

< 0,

Kt =1 when o
t

> 0;

- wall thickness of

the main pipe;

f - design value of steel strength in tension, compression and bend-

ing; a -maximurn axial stress in main pipe (tensile stress taken as positive, compressive stress as negative).

2) The design value of capacity, Ntj

, of sub-pipe in tension at joints shall

94

be calculated by the following formula:

Ntj = 1. 5Ngj 2. T joint and Y joint (Fig. 10. 0. 7b)

1) The design value of capacity, Ngj , of the sub -pipe in compression at

joints shall be calculated by the following formula,

I
-r

where Yd- parameter, taken as

1
I
I

I
I
I
I

Y = 0. 069 0. 938 when /? 0. 7 d Yd 2 8 - 0. 68 when /?> = 0.7 2) The design value of capacity, Nfj , of sub- pipe in tension at joints shall
be calculated by the following formula: when
I

<

8 < 0.6 ,

N? = 1.4N:j
when@

> 0.6 ,
Nlj = (2

- /?)NP'
I
I

3. K joint(Fig. 10. 0 . 7 ~ )
-

1) The design value of capacity, Nzj , .of sub-pipe in compression at joints shall be calculated by following formula:

I I
I

where 8 - angle between the axis of sub-pipe in compression and axis of , main pipe ;

I
I

Ya - parameter, calculated by the following formula:

a - gap between two sub- pipe, taking a = 0 whena

< 0.

2) The design value of capacity, NtPJ,of .the sub-pipe in tension at joints shall be calculated by the following formula:

wheree, - angle between the axis of sub-pipe in tension and axis of main pipe.

- 95 -

Notes: 1. The l m t o j applicability of this Clause m e : 0.2 iis thickness of the sub- pipe) and fl

W l m d/t

> 50,

> 30.

d, < 8 <1 . 0 , - < 50 (where t,- wall t,

d/t = 10 is taken.

2. The X joint d K joint in this sectiun ~ e j m tikt all Ute azes o f the p i p members of the joint to
shall le in same plune. i

11. Light steel structures of round bars and small d e s

11. 0. 1 The provisions in t i chapter apply only to the light steel structures hs
of round bars and angles of small size (smaller than L45x4 or L56x36x4) for buildings with span not greater than 18m and with light- or mediumduty travelling cranes of capacity not more than 5 tons.
N t :when small steel angles are used individually as secondory members in s t e e ~ h r ~ ethe, design m y not oe s
be governed by provisionS in this chapter.

11. 0. 2 The provisions in t i chapter do not apply to the light steel structures hs that need special requirements for complex service conditions, such as structures subject to direct dynamic loads, and those under high temperature, high humidity and strongly corrosive environments, etc.

11. 0. 3 The design value of strength for light steel structures shall be taken as those specified in Clauses 3. 2. 1, 3. 2. 2 and Clause 11. 0. 6 respectively
multiplied by the following reduction factors : '1. tension member with twin round bars in arches and its connections 0. 85 2. main compression web member at end panel of the latticed plane purlins and the inclined latticed rafters of three- hinged arches 0.85

3. other members and connections

possible, otherwise the effects of eccentricity shall be considered.

0: 95

. 11. 0. 4 The centroidal axes of truss members shall be concurrent at joints as

11. 0. 5 For the built-up inclined latticed rafter with triangular section of
the three- hinged arch roof truss, the ratio of depth of the section to length of the inclined rafter shall not be smaller than 1/18, the width-to-depth ratio of the section shall not be smaller than 2/5.

11. 0. 6 When a single round bar used as compression member is connected to

one side of a gusset plate, the member shall be checked for stability according to Formula (5. 2. 2- I ) , and the welded connections may be calculated according to Formula (11. 0. 8-1) , but the design value of weld strength shall be multiplied by 0. 85. When a single round bar used & tension member is connected to one side of a gusset plate, both the strength of the member and its connections may be calculated as those of the axially loaded tension member, but the design value of strength shall be reduced by 15 percent.
1

ii
1
II
I I

11. 0. 7 The slenderness ratio of the main compression members in truss

(such as chord member, end diagonal and end vertical member) should not be greater tha 150, the slenderness ratio of other compression members should not exceed 200. The slenderness ratio of tension members should not exceed 400, but that of the tightened rod is not limited. Round bars should not be used for the compression chord member and compression end diagonal of trusses.

1
I
I
I

1
I
I

11. 0. 8 For welds between round bar and flat plate (steel plate or plate part of the steel shape, Fig. 11. 0.8- 1 ), or between round bars (Fig. 11. 0. 8 -2) , the shear strength shall be calculated by the following
formula : where N - axial force acting at the connection ; I , - effective length of the weld; he - effective thickness of the weld : he = 0. 7hf for connections between round bar and plate;

he = 0. l(dl 2d2) - a for connections between round bars; dl - diameter of the larger bar; d2 - diameter of the smaller bar;

(11.0.8 - 2)

a -distance from the surface of the weld to the common tangent line

of two bars (see Fig. 11. 0.8-2).

Fig. 11. 0. 8-1

Welds between round bar and plate

Fig. 11. 0. 8- 2

Welds between round bars

I

11. 0. 9 For welds between round bars and between round bar and flat plate
(steel plate or plate part of steel shapes), the effective thickness shall not be less than 0. 2 of the diameter of the round bar (when two bars with different diameters are welded, the average diameter is taken) or 3mm, nor shall it exceed 1. 2 times the plate thickness; the effective length of the welds shall not be less than 20 mm.

I I
I

I I
I

, ,!
,,:

~.
. -. ... . . . .. .
,

. -. .

- . . .. .

-----.

11. 0. ,10_ The thickness of steeLplatk should$ott be l .w h g - 4mm. The - diam-:.--. __ _. . --.,

__

--

- ..

--..

. .

. ; -

_. . .

._

. .

. . . .

-..__ . -.
I

. .

. --.-

. . .

2 . -

'

---..
.

. .j

eter of round bars should not be less than the following values: For members of roof truss For members of purlin and tie rod betwwen purlins For bracing members .

. ..
..

1 2 mm
16 mm

1.
I

. ~.

8mml
i

1 2. Composite steel and concrete beams

1 1 Genaral requirements 2.

'

12. 1. 1 The provisions in this chapter apply only to the simply supported composite beam composed of concrete flanges and steel beam interconnected by means of shear connectors when the composite beam is not subject to dynamic loads directly. The concrete flanges (slab) of composite beam shall be designed according to provisions of relative code.
,
I

12. 1. 2 The effective width, be , of concrete flange (Fig. 12. 1. 2) shall be calculated according to the following formula: where bo - width of the top surface of the concrete haunch :
bo shall be calculated with a = 45' when the inclination of the

hauncha

< 45'

; bo shall be taken

as the width of the top flange

of steel b a when there is no concrete haunch; em

bl , bt -effective width of the concrete flanges on the outside and in-

side of the steel beam respectively, each taking the lesser of 1/6 of the beam span, I
!

, and

6 times the thickness of the

concrete flange. Besides, blshall not exceed the actual overhanging width, sl, of the flange; and b2shall not exceed 1/

2 of the clear distance between two adjacent concrete

haunches. When the composite beam is an interior one, bl is equal to b2 in Formula
I

(12.1.2).

. . .

..

Slab .

A.
.

.
,

.
,

aunch - .' Steel beam

Fig. 12. 1. 2 Effective width of concrete flanges

1

12. 1. 3 When the strength of the composite beam is calculated according to

provisions in this chapter, considering development of plasticity over the entire composite section, the design value of strength of the steel component shall be taken as that specified in Clauses 3. 2. 1 and Clause 3. 2. 2 multiplied by a reduction factor, 0. 9. Calculation of deflection of composite beams shall be made in accordance with the elastic theory. The concrete area of a composite cross section may be transformed to steel by dividing the effective width of the concrete flange by the elastic modular ratio of steel to concrete, aE , for the combination of short -term load effects, and dividing it by 2aE for the combination of long -term load effects. The section of the concrete haunch may be ignored during the calculation of both strength and deflection.
I

12.1. 4 When the steel beam is not propped during construction of the composite beam, the weight of the materials and the construction loads applied prior the hardening of the concrete shall be carried by the steel beam. The strength, stability and deflection of the steel beam shall be calculated according to the provisions in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.
.
'.

. %.. .

12. 2 Calculation of sections and shear connectors

#

- 102 -

12. 2. 1 The flexural strength of composite beams shall be calculated according to the following provisions: 1. When the plastic neutral axis is (Fig. 12. 1. 1 - I ) , that is, when Af within the concrete flange (12.2.1-1)

<bezfcmy

< behclfm :.

Plastic neutral axis I

L-yLd Ml----L
I

Fig. 12. 2. 1-1 The composite section and the stress diagram when the plastic neutral axis is within the concrete flange. where z -distance from the plastic neutral axis of the composite section to the top surface of the concrete flange, shall be calculated as follows:

x = - Af
M A - cross-sectional area of the steel beam;
y

befcm bending moment due to the total loads;

- distance from the stress resultant of the steel beam section to that

of the compression zone of the concrete section; design value of tensile, compressive and bending strength of steel used in plastic design, see Clause 12. 1. 3 ;

2.

design value of compressive strength of concrete in bending. . When the plastic neutral axial is within the steel beam section
f,,-

(Fig. 12. 2. 1- 2), that is, when Af

> behClfm,

Plastic neutral axis

LAThe composite section and the stress diagram when the plastic neutral axias is within the steel beam section

Fig. 12. 2. 1-2

< behelfmyl + A f y z
f

(12.2.1

- 3)

where A, - cross-sectional area of the compression zone of the steel beam, shall be calculated as follows b.h*l f ,
A, = 0 . 5 [ A -

(12.2.1- 4)
the tension zone of the steel

yl

- distance from the stress resultant of

beam section to that of the concrete flange section; yz - distance from the stress resultant of the tension zone of the steel beam section to that of the compression zone of the steel beam section.

12. 2. 2 The total shear force of the composite beam section is assumed to be carried only by the web plate of steel beam and shall be calculated according to Formula 9.2. 2.

12. 2. 3 The total number of connectors, n, of a simply supported composite beam provided in the region from point of maximum bending moment to the end of the beam may be calculated as follows:

where V - longitudinal shear force of the composite beam between concrete flange and steel beam in the region from point of maximum bending moment to the end of beam, and it shall be calculated according to the following provisions :

104

V = Af , when the plastic neutral axis is within the concrete flange section ; V = be hclfm, when the plastic neutral axis is within the steel beam section. X - design value of capacity in shear of a connector, shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions in Clause 12. 2. 4. 12. 2. 4 The design value of capacity in shear of a connector shall be calculated in accordance with the following formulas: 1. Headed stud connectors (Fig. 12.2. 4a)

where

Fig. 12. 2. 4 Shear connectors cross-sectional area of the stem of the stud;

f - design value of tensile strength of the stud; Ec - elastic modulus of concrete; fcc - design value of axially compressive strength of concrete.

2. Channel connectors (Fig. 12. 2. 4b)

N: = 0. 26(t f 0. 5tw)lc where t - average thickness of the flange of channel; t, - thickness of the web of channel; 1, - length of the channel. 3. Bent-up bar connectors (Fig. 12. 2. 4c) N: = Alfut where Al - cross-sectional area of the bent-up bar; f,, -design value of tensile strength of the steel bar.
Note: Other types of connectors may be used
on ~eliubik basis,

d G

(12.2.4- 2)

(12.2.4-3)
I
I

- 105

12. 3 Requirements for detailing

12. 3. 1 The depth of the section of steel beams shall not be less than 1/2. 5 of the total depth of the composite beam section. When the plastic neutral axis is within the steel beam section, the width- to-thickness ratio of plate elements of steel beams shall meet the requirements of Clause 9. 1. 4. 12. 3.2 The depth of the concrete haunch of composite beams should not be greater than 1. 5 times the thickness of the concrete flange. The width of the top surface of the concrete haunch should not be less than 1. 5 times the depth of the haunch. 12. 3. 3 The connectors calculated according to Formula (12. 2. 3) maybe spaced uniformly along the beam axis between the points of maximum and zero moments. When there are comparatively large concentrated loads acting

I
I

between these two points, the total niunber of connectors required shall be diI

vided in parts according to the ratio of their areas of the shear force diagram and the connectors in each part are then arranged uniformly. The spacing of connectors in the direction of beam span should not exceed four times the sum of thickness of concrete flange and depth of concrete haunch.
L

I
I

I
I
I

,
I

12. 3. 4 The height (length) of the headed stud connector shall not be less than 4d ( d being the diameter of the stud). Studs shall be firmly welded to the top flange of steel beams by means of special automatic stud welding machine and special processes. The spacing of studs should not be less than 6d in the direction of beam span, and 4d perpendicular to the direction of beam span. 12. 3. 5 The direction of the flange tip of channel connectors shall be consistent with that of the horizontal shear stresses of concrete flange with respect to steel beam. The welds between channel connectors and the top flange of

- ,-

steel beam shall be calculated according to the relative provisions in Chapter

7.
12. 3. 6 Bent-up bars should be of Grade I steel (mild steel) with diameters, d , not less than 12mm and be placed in pairs symmetrical about the beam axis. Each bent-up bar should be welded to the flange of steel beam with two side fillet welds not less than 4d in length for each weld. The angle of bend is, in general, 45' , and the direction of bend shall be consistent with that of the horizontal stress in concrete flange with respect to steel beam. In the region where the shear stress may change sign, bent - up bars must be placed in both directions. The total length of the bent-up bar from the point of bend to its end should not be less than 25d including a horizontal segment not less than 10d (for Grade I steel, a hook shall be added in addition at the end).

12. 3. 7 The underside of the head of studs or the inner face ~f the top flange
of channel connectors shall extend over 30mm above the bottom reinforcement of the concrete flange, covering above the top surface of connecThe thickness of concrete pro%ective tors shall not be less than 15mm. The distance from the surface of the stem of studs or the end surface of channel connectors shall not be less than 20mm to the edge of top flange of steel beam, nor less than 40mm to the edge of concrete haunch, nor less than lOOmm to the edge of the concrete flange.

12. 3. 8 The top surface of the steel beam shall not be painted. Before placing
(or erection) the concrete flange, the rust, slag, ice piece, snow, earth and other miscellaneous things shall be cleaned out.

Appendix 1
..

Overall stability factor of beams

A l . 1 Simply supported beam of uniform welded I-section The overall stability factor of simply supported with uniform welded I-section (Fig. A l . 1 ) shall be determined by the following formula :

where

pb -factor

of equivalent bending moment for overall stability of

beams, given in Table Al. 1;

4 = l,/i, -slenderness ratio about the weak axis y-y of the portion
of the beam between laterally supported points, 11 taken -:. as in Clause 4. 2. 1, i, being the radius of gyration of the

gross section about the y-axis ; A -gross sectional area of the beam; h,tl -beam depth and thickness of the compresion flange, respectiveqb -factor of unsyrnrnetry of the section : qb= 0 for doubly symmetric I-section (Fig. A l , l a ) qb = 0. 8 (2ab - 1 ) for singly symmetric I -section with enlarged compression flange (Fig. A l . l b )
r)6

= 2ab- 1 for singly symmetric I-section with enlarged ten-

sion flange (Fig A l . l c ) where ab= 11/(I1+I2) , I1,I2 being moment of inertia about the y- axis of compression and tension flanges respec', tively.
p shall be replaced by 9 of Table Al. 2 in case its value given by the , ;

Formula (A1 ) is larger than 0. 6 0.

Note: F m u l u ( A l . 1 ) k also valid for roUed vide flunge I-section a d riveted (or high- strength bolted) simply supported beams of uniform section. For the lutters the thickness of the compressbn flunge tl shall include that of the flunge angk.
.

Pactor, fib ,simply supported beams of I-section

Item No.
1=lltl/(blh)

Table A l . 1
I

Lateral support Uniform No intermediate lateral support load

Loading

Applicability

142.0
upperflage lower flange upper flange lower flange up*r flange

102.0 0.95 1.33 1.09 I. 67

On1y for sections a&-b in fig A l . 1

0.69-l-0.131 1. 73-0. 20E 0.73+0.181 2.23- 0.281 I. I 5

acting at Concentrated load acting at Uniform load acting at

5
One lateral

support at mid-span Not less than two intermediate equally spaced

7 8 9

Concentrated load acting at any level Any kind of load lower flange upper flange

1.75
For all

1.20 1. 40

sections of Fig A l . 1

acting at SUPporB Subjected to end moments, without any transverse

load between supports

10

1. 75-1.05(M2/Ml)+O.

3(M2/M1I2 but not larger than 2. 3

.Votes ( f o r Table Al. 1)

1. = lltl/blh -parame&, see Clause 4. 2. 1 for the values of bl d l 1 2. MI ,Mz are end moments of the beam, having same sign when musing curvatures of same sign and
vice versa, ( M I I

<

IMz).

3. Concentated loading in items 3,4 and 7 denotes one single load or a few w&ated 2mds n e a ~ the mid- span, for 0 t h cbses of concentrat& loading Pb shaU be token from items 1 ,2,5 and 6. 4. In items 8 and 9 , Pb shall be token equal lo 1.20 when cwenCraled h act on tlre IataaUy s c & cp ported points. 5. Loading acting at the upper flonge denotes that acting on the flonge surface and pointing toward the
centroid of cross section in direction; loading acting at the lower flange denotes that acting on the flonge face but pointing auay from the centroid in direction.
SUT-

6. For I-section with enlarged compression flunge so as a > 0. 8 , the value o f , by a coefficient as foUms: 0 . 9 5 for ZtemNo.1 When5<l.o 0.90 for Item N o . 3 W h e n 5 < 0 . 5 0 . 9 5 forItemN0.3WhenO.5<<<1.0

/lb

shall be multiplied

qb-factor of unsymmetry of cross-sections : For monosymmetric I-section (Fig. A l . l a ) For doubly symmetric I-section (see Fig. A l . l b,c) With enlarged compression flange With enlarged tension flange where o = b
I1

??a =
:

q,= 0.8(20b - 1)

11

- I1and I2being the moments of inertia about y-axis of

I2

the compression flange and tension flange respective-

ly* When the value of cp,, calculated according to Formula (Al. 1) is larger than 0. 6 0 , Q shall be replaced by the corresponding m-in Table (Al. 2). ,
Arote: Formula ( A l . 1 ) is applicable lo simply supp-ted wide - flange I beams and riveted (or high strength-bolted) beams of constant cross-section. beams includes'the thickness of flange angb. The thickness of compression flange of the latter

Fig. A l . 1 Welded I-section (a) doubly symmetric ; (b) with enlarged compression flange ; (c) with enlarged tension flange

Overall stability Factor, 9;

Table A l . 2

Note: 9 in this table is calculated from the following expression: .

9 - = 1.1

- 0 . 4 6 4 6 / 9 + 0. 1269/pla3/'

A l . 2 Simply supported beam of rolled I-section

The overall stability factor, vb, of simply supported beams of rolled Isection shall be taken from Table A l . 3. Values of q larger than (). shall be b 6 replaced by the corresponding value of 9; in Table A l . 2.
A 1. 3 Simply supported beams of rolled channel-section

The overall stability factor qbof simply supported beams of rolled channel-section shall be calculated by the following expression without regard to the pattern of loading and the position of load application point along the beam depth.
i

where h ,b,t -depth, flange width and average flange thickness of the channel section respectively. Value of tpblarger than 0. 6 obtained from Formula ( A l . 2) shall be replaced by the corresponding values of 9; in Table A l . 2.

v a = -570bt 235 *llh fv

( A l . 2)

Factor, cp, ,of simply supported beams of ordinary rolled I-section Table A l . 3

Notes: 1. Bme as notes ( 3 ) , (5) of table A l . 1

2 . Values of in this table applies to steel fm other stel p a .

pa&

3 and shull be rnultiplkd by 235/f,

A l . 4 Cantilever beams of doubly symmetric I-section The overall stability factor, g>a , for cantilever beams of doubly symmetric I - section may be calculated by Formula (Al. '1) but the factor Pb shall be taken from Table A l . 4 and Zl of 3, = Zl/iv shall be taken as the cantilever length. The calculated values of qb larger than 0. 6 shall be replaced by the corresponding values of g>b in Table Al. 2. Factor, #Ib , for cantilever beams of doubly symmetric I-section Table A l . 4
Item No.
I

hdhg

wun

0.60<5<1.24 0.21+0.67.$ 2.94- 0.655 0.624-0.828

.$=l~t/(bh)
1.24<.$<1. 0.72+0.265 2.64-0.408 1.254-0.315 96

1.96<5<3.10 1.17+0.03.$ 2.15- 0.155 1.66+0.10.$

I

One concentrated end acting at

upper
flange flange

2 3

load on the free Lower Uniform load acting at the upper flange

Note :This table is based on the condition that tlae supported e d is I! T& & extending from adjacent span.

~esErained.M w e s shall be t u h

to increase the hsional capacity at the support when using values o f this table for an ove~halanging beam

A l . 5 Approximate calculation of overall stability factors The overall stability factor g>b of uniformly bent beams may be calculated by the following approximate formulas in case 1. I-section Doubly symmetric
: qb= 1. 07

h2 f Y -- 44000 235

(Al. 3)

(Al. 4)

2. T - section (moment acting in the plane of symmetric axis about

x-axis) 1 ) When the flange is in compression under the moment: T -section composed of twin angles

9, = 1 - 0.00173, Jf,/235 T -section composed of two plates

2) When the flange is in tension under the moment,

Values of qbgiven by Formulas ( A l . 3) through (Al: 7 ) need not be replaced by qbSofTable A l . 2 when.Jarger than 0. 60. Values of % given by Formulas ( A l . 3) and (Al. 4) shall be taken as 1. 0 when larger than 1. 0.

Appendix 2
I

Calculation of local stability of girder web

A2. 1

Web plate strengthened with transverse stiffeners

I

The local stability of panels of web plates strengthened with transverse stiffeners (Fig. 4. 3. l a ) shall be checked by the following formula :

where o -compressive bending stress at the edge of effective web depth due to the average bending moment in the calculated web panel.
T-

average shear stress of the web due to the average shear force in the calculated web panel, T = V/h& ).

oc - local compressive stress at the web's edge, calculated in accordance with Clause 4. 1. 3, but with 9 = 1. 0 for all cases. o,, oc,, and T (in N/mm2) shall be computed as follows: ,

1. when o, = 0 , for any value of a/ho , or when oc # 0 , for panels 0. 8 : of ratio a/ho loot, 2 U, = 715(-) (A2.2) h o

<

where C1-parameter, given in Table A2. 1.

2. when o, # 0 for panels of ratio a/ho > 0. 8 1) If o,/o is equal to or larger than that given in the Table A2. 2
- 114 -

ho where C2-parameter, given in Table A2. 1 uc,,shall be calculated by Formula (A2. 3) 2) If uc/u is less than that given in the Table A2. 2 , o, shall be . calculated by Formula (A2. 2) and ~c,,by Formula (A2. 3 ) ,
but by entering in Table A2. 1 with a/2 instead of a for C1

0 ,

10 ot, = C2(-l2

Parameters C1,C2

Table A2. 1

Limiting value of u,/u

Table A2.2

where ZI and Z2

- - lengths of long and shorbedge of

panel respectively.

iVo& : FV7m the load carsing local compressive strew a is acting at the lension fZunge of the beam, the stub& ,

tg of web panels shaU be checked twice using Formula (A2.1) by assuming successively ua= 0 and u = 0 .

A2. 2

Webs strengthened with transverse and longitudinal stiffeners

The local stability of webs strengthened with transverse and longitudinal

I

stiffeners simultaneously (Fig. 4. 3. l b , c) shall be checked by the following formulas :

1. Panels between the compression flange and the longitudianal stiffener

where u,l , and zml (in N/mrn2) shall be computed separately as follows: 1 ) when u, = 0 , for any value of <I = a/hl , or uc # 0 , for 41 1

<

calculated according to Formula (A2. 5) 2 ) when u, # 0 , for C1. 1 , the checking shall be carried out twice.
Ted

>

In the first calculation

u,,,~ ,

.tmlcalculated

according to Formulas (A2.8) , (A2. 5 ) respectively

In formulas (A2.8) and (A2.9) , = 2 is taken when 2 In the second calculation, umlis calculated according to Formula (A2. 7) ; u,,,~according to Formula (A2.8) , but taking = 0. 5a/hl ; .t,l according to Formula (A2. 5). 2. Panels between tension flange and longitudinal stiffener

>

i
I
I

where lows :

u2 = (1 - 2hl/h0)u; uc2= 0. 3 0 ~ ue2, u,,,~, T~~ (in N/mm2) shall be computed separately as f olI I

.tm2

calculated according to Formula(A2. 5).

I

The parameter Cl in Formula (A2. 12) is taken from Table A2. 1 by usI
I

ing a/h2 in lieu of a/ho

Be effective web depth.

. Take a/h2 = 2 if a/h2 is larger than 2.

1~

Notes: 1. The longitudinal steffner ~ h a Ube located at a distance ho/5

ho/4 from the compression edge of

2. When the Zoad causing local compressive stress uoi s acting at tenston flange of the beam, the bcal
stability of the web panels between the t n i n flange and the longitudinal stiffeso

shall be checked twice using

F m u l a ( A 2 . 1 0 ) by assuming successively ua2 0 (web subjected to u2and z ) and u2 = 0 (web subjected =

to uO2 a, and z 1). =

A2. 3 webs strengthened with transverse ,longitudinal and short steffeners

The local stability of webs strengthened with transverse stiffeners together with longitudinal and short stiffeners in compressive on zone

- 116 -

(Fig 4. 3. Id) shall be checked as follows: 1. Panels between compression flange and the longitudinal stiffener : Formula (A2. 6 ) is still valid, but use a1 Fig 4. 3. Id) in lieu of a 2. panels between tension flange and the longitudinal stiffener : use Formula (A2. 10).
C

n . ) o l o - ~ h - O D - m ~ h ~ o e m n n ~ o c n r m ~ a m m w ~ W W U I V o o o o o o *

......

N
T

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.....
a

n h w w N U I N O W S N N N ~
0 0 0 0 0

.....

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Q)

IDWD1)WeaW C ) - U I Q u a m h - u o = n w o C 1 w o m m m m ~ o o ~ h S h ' 9 " y

0

....
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m - m l m I n h h m C Y h W I n w *
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n - ' C o C . m h I n l + C Y
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h O h C Y m W O O W O N h W I n m W
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= O h m r - r ( v m 1
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? ? ? ? 3
0 0
0 0 0

L n w m L a w b o n . - , O B m w

0
O

w h - m O ., -

0 0 0 0 0 r t N ( n - ? l O -.-,--.-,

N N N N N

- 0 h C I ) H N

W w o m h W m L O w c
0 0 0 0 0

....

* D ) h 0 9 m 0 - N N W 0 = Q m N- m l

m m L a w 0 b w e r n m O

d d d d d

.....
O O O Q

- . - l o o
0 0 0

Z S g Z

. . . .
0

1 ~ 1
U ~
C
~

m m m c o m h

J W W W N

C ) O W C I C

~O ~ O

O m - 0 0 2 m N U J W

W L O U I U 2 1

y y u . y ?
0 0 0

* m m N O O w m m N N W w m o
0
0

2;; ;:
W O

N I m L O O O D W w O N n m m - m
. . . a .

N O u , h .-,omOD ., ., - 0

d d d d d o
W N - w m w ~ ~ ~ m m m w . O h .
V ) L O ~ L

0
W

c o b - h u , mN O N L O m W W W L a W O

d d o o o o
m h 0 0 0 - h m m m , , y o o o o o o

d d d d d
W -

' I ? ? Y ? - 0 0 0 0
W 0

-. -. -. -. -.
w w
00.-

0 La

. 9 9
0

, -

..I
I

.-,.-,OO
0 0 0

. . . .
0

. . .
0 0

w w L a 9 w 0 o

V -

W ~

O O W O

h O w L O w
0

d d d d d
9
O

? 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? ?
1 0 0 ~ 0 -

w b - C ; u , W W L O O N .-,.-,---

9 m 0

. - , - 0 0
0 0

d d d d d
~
0 0 0 0

a - m w - w m h m m w
0 0 0

:y?"D.O.h.
0

h 9 ' 4 S S
0
-

? ? ? ? ?
0 0 0 0 0

w W m * w w W L O .-,.-,.-,-.-, . . . . a
0

m w i Z N 0 m m
" " 0 0
N

. .-..
0
h

W O w m o m -

d d d d
W b m Q - 0 o m
0 0 0

m - O m h w m W w m W O D m m m w w 2 . e . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0

r ( W J U , l - W h w LO w 9 .

. . . . .
0 0 0 0

O O ~ N . ?
V ) - C W . - l

h . - , O O r n

0 - w - h m h m 9 N .-,.-,.-,-0 0 0 0

d d o o o

.....
0

? ? ? ?

-0

!
.

Factor, g, , for 15MnV 8r: -15MnVq steel Class a sections Table A3. 7

Factor, g, , for 15MnV 8r 15MnVq steel Class b sections Table A 3 . 8

. -

-- -. A
0
0 1.000

Factor, g, , for 15MnV & 15MnVq steel Class c sections Table A3.- 9 _ . .I .-, I

-I
~ ~ ~

~ 1.000 0.983 0.921 0.840 0.766 0.671 0.587 0.509 0.443 0.390 0.342 0.300 0.264 0.233 0.207 0.185 0.999 0.980 0.913 0.831 0.748 0.662 0.579 0.501 0.438 0.385 0.337 0.296 0.261 0.230 0.205 0.183 0.999 0.Y7G 0.905 0.823 0.739 0.654 0.571 0.494 0.432 0.380 0.333 0.292 0.257 0.228 0.202 0.181

1 0.998 0.973 0.897 0.815 0.731 0.615

6 ~

1,9

10 20 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 I40 150 160 170 180 190 200

0.166 0.149 0.135 0.123 0.112 210 0.103 0.102 220 0.0949 0.0941 230 0.0874 0.0867 2.10 0.0808 0.0802 250 0.0749

0.986 0.929 0.848 0.765 0.679 0.595 0.616 0.449 0.395 0.346 0.304 0.267 0.236 0.209 0.187 Oil67 0.151 0.136 0.124 0.213

0.164 0.162 0.148 0.146 0.134 0.132 0.121 0.120 0.111 0.110 0.102 0.101 0.0933 0.0925 0.08600.0851 0.0796 0.0790
-

0.996 0.995 0.993 0.968 0.962 0.954 0.889 0.880 0.872 0.807 0.798 0.790 0.722 0.714 0.705 0.637 0.629 0.620 0.563 0.555 0.547 0.539 0.487 0.479 0.472 0.466 0.427 0.421 0.416 0.411 0.375 0.370 0.365 0.360 0.328 0.324 0.320 0.316 0.288 0.285 0.281 0.278 0.254 0.251 -0.248 0.245 0.225 0.222 0.220 0.217 0.200 0.198 0.195 0.193. 0.179 0.177 0.175 0.173 0.160 0.159 0.157 0.155 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.1400.131 0.130 0.129 0.127 0.119 0.118 0.117.0.116 0.109 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.099% 0.0990 0.0981 0.0973 0.09lt 0,0910 0.0903 0.0896 0.08470.0840 0.0834 0.0827 0.0784 0.0778 0.0772 0.0766
-

0.991 0.945 0.864 0.781 0.697 0.612 0.531 0.460 0.405 0.355 0.312 0.274 0.242 0.214 0.191 0.171 0.154 0.139 0.126 0.115 0.105 0,.0965 0.0888 0.0821 0,0760
-

0.989 0.937 0.856 0.773 0.688 0.604 0.524. 0.455 0.400 0.351 0.308 0.271 0.239 0.212 0.189 -0.169

I
I

'

. --

I--

.0.152' 0.138 0.125 ' 0.114 1 0.104 0.0957 : 0.0881 I 0.0814 0.'0755
-- -.

11
I
t

!
1~
j
I

he value of the Factor, g, , are

,

calculated From the following expressions :

g, = 1 - a1A2

, Coefficients al,a2 a3 Table A3. 1 0

.

1 ,
I

i
I 1
>

forA= 1 g, = -[(a2 2A2

-Js<
a
7c .

0.215

+ + A2> ,/(a2 + a3A + Az)' - 4a2]

> 0.215

ii

I
i

!I

for A

Where al, caz, a3, -coefficients, taken from table A3. 1 0 , in accordance with the classification of cross section of Table 5. 1. 2.

Appendix 4. Effective length factor for columns

Column effective length factor
-

, p, for frames without sidesway

. -. ---

- -.

Table A4. 1
1 1 1 3 4 I b

Y J n l e

hrotesl 1. Values of factor,

ji,

me calculaled from the equation

ulhere Iil,Iis-ratw of the sum of girder l i n m sliffnesses lo that of column linear stiffness at the top und bottom of the cnlculated column ~espctively. 2. The linear stiffness o f a girder i taken as zero when the gi~deris hinge-connected to the s column. 3. FOP columns of the bottom story : t b ICz= 0 for columns hinged to the foundation, and K z a = 00 for columns rigidly fixed to the foundation.

Column effective length factor

-

, p,

for frames with sidesway Table A4. 2-1

-.

Notes: 1. Values o f faclor , p , are calculated from the Eq.

[ 3 6 1 < , ~ , - ( ~ ) ~ ] s i n+ 6 ( ~ 1 + 1 < 2 ) P P

n
P

cos -=O
P

2. Same as Table A 4 . 1 3. same as Table A4. 1

Effective length factor, p, for the lower portion of double-stepped columns with free top
'

,
Scheme
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.05 0.1 0.5

Table A4. 5
0.6(0.710.810.911.01 1.1 11.2 2.11 2.42 2.93 5.68 4.26 4.98 2.14 2.46 2.98 3.59 4.28 4.99

0.10

1 I
0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9 2.08 2.32 2.73 3.27 3.87 4.51

11.011.111.2

0.210.3)0.410.5

2.02 2.63 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.082.112.152.192.222.252.29 2.202.292.37 2.45 2.522.60 2.67 2.422.572.712.832.953.063.17 2.75 2.95 3.133.30 3.45 3.60 3.74 3.133.383.603.804.004.184.35

-----

- - --2.09 2.34 2.75 3.29 3.89 4.52

2.09 2.10 2.10 2.03 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.352.392.422.092.122.162.192.232.262.292.332.36 2.39 2.80 2.87 2.93 2.21 2.30 2.38 2.46 2.53 2.60 2.67 2.74 2.81 2.87 3.373.473.502.442.582.712.842.963.073.173.283.37 3.47 4.00 4.13 1.25 2.76 2.96 3.14 3.30 3a.16 3.60 3.74 3.98 4.01 4.13 1.67 4.82 1.97 3.153.393.613.81 4.00 4.184.353.624.68 4.83
--- - -

0.2 0.4

0.4

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

2.04 2.062.052.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.14 2.17 2.20 2.24 2.27 2.31 2.242.322.402.412.542.622.68 2.472.602.732.852.973.083.19 3.473.623.75 2.792.983.153.32 3.18 3.41 3.62 3.82 4.01 4.19 4.36

2.10 2.11 2.12 2.07 2.07 2.0:: 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.12 2.37 2.40 2.43 2.14 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.26 2.302.33 2.36 2.39 2.822.882.912.282.362.432.502.572.642.71 2.772.84 3.383.483.57 2 . 5 3 2 . 6 5 2 . 7 i 2 . 8 8 3.003.103.21 3.31 3.40 1.02 1.14 4.262.853.023.19 3.31 1 . 4 9 3 . 6 1 3 . 7 7 3 . 9 1 4.03 1.68 1.83 4.98 3.24 3-46 3.65 3.85 4.03 4.21 1 - 3 8 4.54 4.70

2.13 2.42. 2.90 3.60 4.16 4.86

--

I:::

0.2

XI ,N2

: axial

force of upper,

2.44~?:1~~2.~;~?.4~~.1.1~~2.?!~]2.~.1~2.77~2.73~.71~~.6~\?.~7~2.66\
2.62 ? E " ? . 1.0 >2.68 3 . 2 1 3 . 0 3 ? . 0 3 2 . 8 8 2.852.8.12.842.84 2.85

middle and lower

portions

Table A4. 5
0.20 0.7. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2. 1.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -1.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 6.8 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.4 0 . 5 l 0 . 6 0.710.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

2.042.042.052.0~2.072.082.082.092.102.112.12

~.102.132.172.202.242.272.302.342.3'Ih.402.43
1 . 2 3 2.31 2 - 3 9 2.47 2 . 5 4 2 . 6 1 2.68 2.75 2.82 2.88 2.64 2.46 2.60 2.73 2 - 8 6 2.97 3.08 3.18 3.29 3.38 3 . 4 8 3 . 6 7 2.792.983.153.323.473.613.753.894.024.144.28 3.183.413.623.824.014.194.364.524.684.834.98 2.152.132.132.142.142.152.152.162.172.172.18 2.242.242.262.292.322.352.382.412.4C2.472.50 2.402.442.502.562.632.692.762.822.882.943.00 2.662.742.842.953.053.153.253.353.443.533.62 2.983.123.253.403.543.683.813.944.074.194.30 3.353.533.713.YO4.085.254.414.574.731.875.02 2.672.422.372.342.332.322.322.322.322.322.33 2.07 2.54 2 . 5 0 2.50 2.51 2 . 5 2 2.54 2.56 2.58 2.61 2.63 2.832.742.732.762.802.852.903.963.013.063.12
3.063.013.053.123.203.293.3fi3.463.553.633.72

0.2

----------

0.4

--_-----_-

0.6

3.343.363.443.563.683.803.924.044.154.27.1.38
3.673.743.884.031.IB4.3E1.504.684.804.945.08
P A -

t
0.2

0.30

0.3 ~ ) _ ( . r ~ \ - O ~ 1 2.06 2.18 2.41 2.75 3.17 3.64 2.07 2.21 2.48 2.87 3.33 3.83 2.08 2.25 2.56 2.98 3.48 4.02 2.09 2.28 2.63 3.09 3.63 4.20 2.09 2.nl 2.69 3.20 3.76 4.87

2.10 2.35 2.76 3-80 3.90 4.53

2.05 2.12 2.25 2.19 3.82 3.20

-----2.21 2.33 2.51 2.83 3.20 3.60 2.20 2.33 2.58 2.91 3.32 3.77 2.57 2.71 2.93 3.23 3.fi0 4-02 3.18 3.28 3.16 3. ;0 4.01 4.38 3.86 3.04 4.08 4.28 4.53 4.84 2.19 2.35 2.63 a.01 3.46 _ 3.95 2.52 2.67 2.93 3.27 3.69 4.15 2.19 2.38 2.69 3.10 3.59 4.12 2.49 2.66 2.95 3.33 3.79 4.29 2.20 2.10 2.75 3.20 3.72 4.28 2.47 2.66 2.98 3.41 3.80 4.43

2.05 2.15 2.33 2.62 3.00 1.41

2.11 2.38 2.83 3-39 4.02 4.68 2.21 2.49 2.93 3.48 4.10 4.75

2.12 2.41 2.89 3-49 4.16 4.84 2.22 2.51 2.99 3.57 4.22 4.90

2-13 2.44 2-95 s'58 4.27 4-19

2.26 2.36 2.54 2.79 3.11 _ 3.47

2.21 2.20 2-13 2.46 2 . ~ 1 2.87 3.39 3.30 3.98 3.85 - 4.45 4 . 6 0 2.413 2.67 3.02 3.48 4.111 4.58

2.45 2.45.2.45 2 . 7 0 2.72 2.69 3.11 3.16 3.07 3.64 3.72 3.56 4.23 4.34 4.12 4.87-5.01 4.72 2.85 3.06 3.38 P.82 4.33 1.90 3.38 3.51 3.80 4.17 4.62 5.15 2.84 3.06 3.41 3.68 4-13 6.03 3.35 3-51 3.E0 4.20 4.70 5.26 2.46 2.74 3.21. 3.80 4.45 6.14 2.82 3-06 3.47 4.01 4.62 6.29 3.30 3-49 3.83 4.29 4.85 5.48

2.23 2.54 3.04 3.66 4.33 6.04

?.93 3.02 3.17 4.37 3.63 3.94

--------3.88 3.47 3.fil 3.E2 4.07 1.38 4.15 4.21 4.33 4.49 4.70 4.05 3.06 3.18 3.39 3.67 4.03 4.14 3.69 3.78 3.95 1.18 4.48 4.83 2.98 3.12 3.36 2.68 4.n8 4.51 3.57 3.68 3.87 4.14 4.18 4.28 2.93 3.09 3.35 3.72 4.16 4.fi6 3.48 3.61 3.83 1.13 1.51 4.96 2.89 3.07 3.36 3.76 1.21 4-78 1.13 3.57 3.80 1.11 4.56 5.05 2.83 3.06 3.44 3.94 4.52 5.16

2.68 2.79 2.98 3.24 3.5;; 3.92

3.25 2 96 2.82 2.74 2 . 6 9 2.66 2.64 2 . 6 2 2.61 2.61 2.60

3.333:052.932.872.842.832.832.8~2.842.852.87

0.8

-----

3.453.213.123.103.103.123.143.183.223.263.30 3.63 3.44 3.39 3.41 3.45 3.51 3.57 3.64 1.71 3.75 3.86 3.86 3.73 3.73 3.80 3 - 8 6 3.98 4.08 4- 18 4.29 4.39 4.50 4.13 4.07 4 . 1 3 4.24 4.36 4.50 4.64 4.78 4.91 5 . 0 5 5.18

1.0

1003.603.393.263.183.133.083.053.033.013.00 4'06 3 67 2.48 3.37 3.30 3.26 3,?3 3.21 3.21 3 . 2 0 3.20 4:15 3:79 3.61 3.54 3.60 3.48 3.49 3 . 5 0 3 . 5 1 3.54 3.57 4.293.973.843.803.793.813.853.903.954.014.07 4.484.214.134.134.174.234.314.394.484.574.66
4.704.4?4.474.624.604.714.821.945.075.195.31 4.764.264.003.C35.723.653.503.543.513.483.46

--------

3.iq 3-05 3.96 1.12 1-32 4.57 1-68 4.73 4.82 1.94 3-10 5.30 5-50 5.62 c.70 5.'0
5.93

--3.32 3.50 3.81 4.25 4.77 5.37

---------1.93 4.98 5.03 5.21 5.35 5.S0 5,72 5.77 5-85 5.96 6.10 6.28 1.57 4.64 4.75 4.91 5.12 5.38 5.30 5.35 5.45 5.59 5.76 5.99 4.35 4.13 4.56 4-75 5.00 5.31 5.03 5.10 5.21 5-57 5.58 5.84 1.20 1.29 1.41 4.66 1.95 5.30 4.85 4.83 5.05 5.24 5.18 5.78 4.10 4.19 1.37 4.61 4.94 5.31 1.72 1.80 4.95 5.15 5.43 5.76 4.01 1.12 4.32 4.59 4.95 5.38 1.82 .1.71 4.87 5.10 5.41
5.79

1.2

___-------

4.814.321.073.913.823.753.703.673.663.633.62 4.89 4.43 4.194.05 3 . 9 8 3.91 3.91 3.85 3.S9 3.90 3.91 5.004.574.364.264.21 4.204.21 4.234.264.304.34 5 . 1 5 4.76 4.59 1 . 5 3 4.53 4.55 4 . 6 0 4.66 4.73 4.80 4.88 6.345.004.884.874.91 4.985.075.175.215.38j.49 5.534.914.624.421.294.194.12 4.064.023.983.95 5 . 5 7 4 . 9 9 1 . 6 8 4 . 4 9 4 . 3 6 4 . 2 7 4 . 2 f 4.16 1 . 1 3 4 . 1 0 4 . 0 9 5.645.074.984.601.494.424.384.355.334.321.92
6.745.194.921.774.694.644.624.624.634.6!j4.67

6.10 6-49 6.53 6-59 6-68 6-79 6-98

---'1.54 1.64 4.82 5.08 5.41 5.83 4.48 4.59 4.78 5.06 5.44 5.89 4.43 4.56 4.76 5.06 5.47 5.95'

3.95 4.07 4.29 1.59 1.99 5.46

3.90 4.03 4.27 4.60 5.03 5.54

3.86 4.01 4.26 4.62 5.09 6.63

,3.83 3.08 4.26 4.65 5.15 6.73 4.3E 4.51 4.74 5.07 5.51 6.03

1.4

5.865.365.l25.OO4,954.944.O64.995.O35.095.15
6.025.555.366.205.?e5.315.375.445.5?5.615.71

AToh: Tralucsof f a c h , p , ~ e c a ~ ~ a t e ~ f ~ ~ t h e e q~u$a~t * L &P

. ~ - P - ~ ~ * + ~ . K , - L ? 2~ - -. t ~ ~ - { nP- - l = 6 ~ fI + ~ ~ , g B t P

--

Effective length factor, p, for the lower portion of double-stepped columns with translation -free and rotation-fixed top Table A4. 6
Scheme

Appendix 5 Classification of members and connections for fatigue calculation Classification of members and connections Table A5. 1

Item
No.

Sketch

Description
Base metal at locations without connection

1. Rolled I shapes
2. Steel plates

1) Both edges as-rolled or planed 2) Both edges auto- or semiautoflame-cut (the cutting quality shall conform to the first class standard n given I "Code for construction and
acceptance of steel structures'!
Base metal adjacent to transverse butt

weld :

1. welds machined, ground flush and

examined by non-destructive inspection (conforming to the first class standard given in "Code for construction and acceptance of Steel structuresN 2. Welds inspected, conforming to the f i s t class standard.
Base metal adjacent to transverse butt

weld connecting parts of different thickness (or widths) , with weld machined

and ground to a smooth transition not

steeper than 1 in 4 , and examined by non destructive inspection to conform

to the first class standard.

Base metal adjacent to longitudinal butt

weld, with weld examined by non -destructive inspec- tion as well as appearance and size inspection to conform to the second class standard.

Base metal adjacent to flange-web connection welds, with welds examined by non

- destructive inspection to conform

to second class standard

1. Single-plate flange
(a) Automatic welding (b) Manual welding

2. Double-plate flange
Base metal adjacent to the end of the
transverse stiffeners

1. The weld-run does not stop at the

end of the stiffener (return welding adoped)

( 2.

The weld-run stops at the end of the stiffener. &is& metal at locations where a trapezoidal gusset plate is welded to beam

flange, beam web and truss members with butt welds, after welding, the transition is machined flush and ground to a smooth curve, where no defeets due to start-stop of weld -run shall exist.

4-

Base metal at location where a rectangular gusset plate is welded to beam flange orweb,l>150mm. 7

10

-t-+zZt-m

11

12

13

14

++&-,

+ l-r

- -1

Base metal of beam flange at the end of

cover plate (with transverse fillet weld across the plate end).

11

Base metal at the transition region to the

transverse fillet weld.

I 1

Base metal at the end of welded connec-

tion with two side fillet welds.

-E + j

Base metal at the end of welded connection with 2 sidihnd 1 transverse fillet
welds.

Base metal of gusset plate connected with

verse fillet welds, (the effective width of gusset plate is calculated according to the stress dispersal (angle equal to 30 1 .

Base metal at location of K - shape butt

being

--

ewlds, misalignment of two plate axes

'

< O.l5t,

with welds examined by

non -destructive inspec weld toe angle a<45

- tion and the .

I

Base metal of cruciform at location of

15
. - * - the fillet welds joints, rnisalingnment of ! ; 1 . two plate axes beiig 0.15t. -

<

.16

Fillet weld
--I1
rC

Checked by the shear stress range deter-

mined with the effective area of fillet'

welds.

17

. c I '

s
.U

I Base metal at location of riveted connecI

I'

18

-I-.

19

-==L ks*I1
2

Base metal at locations of tie bolts and void holes

11

Base metal at location of high strength

bolted connections

I1

Aioles :1. All the butt uelds must be fully penetrated.

2. Fillet welds shall comply with the requirements in Clmrse 8. 2. 7. 3. In Item No. 16, the shem stress range A z = z. -, z , where z,+, is io be taken as positive when it is in the same direction as, z and negative when it is in t k oppo& direction of, z .

Appendix 6 Effective area of bolts

Effective area of bolts
Bolt diameter d
(mm)

Table A6. 1
Effective diameter of bolt Effective area of bolt
.
I

Pitch
P

(nun)

d(mm)

k (mm2)
156.7 192.5 244.8 303.4 352.5 459.4 560.6 693.6 816.7 975.8 1121 1306 1473 1758 2030 2362 2676 3055 3460 3889 4344 4948 5591 6273 6995

16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 85 90 95 100

2 2 5 . 2 5 . 2 5 . 3 3 3 5 . 3. 5 4 4 4. 5 4. 5 5 5 5. 5 5 5 . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 -

14.1236 15.6545 17.6545

19.6545 21.1854 24.1854 26.7163 29.7163 32.2472 35.2472 37.7781 40.7781 43.3090 47.3090 50.8399 54.8399 58.3708 62.3708 66.3708 70.3708 74.3708 79.3708 84.3708 89.3708 94.3708

Xote :The cnlues of the effective a ~ A, in tlre Table aTe calculated by the follouing formula: w

- 135 -

Appendix 7

Conversion factors between legal and non-legal units of weights and measures

conversion table of non-legal units and legal units Table A7. 1

Names of quantities Force Moment strength and stress Energy (or work) per unit area Note: 1 N/mmZ = IMP. Non- legal units 0.101972 1 0.101972 1 10.1972 1 0.101972 1 kgf kgf kgf 1 9.80665 Legal units N N N*m N m N/mmz N/mmz J/cm2 f/cm2

m
2

kgf m kgf/cm kgf/cm kgf*m/cm2 kgf m/cm2

2

1 9.80665
1

0.0980665 1 9.80665

Appendix 8

Explanation of words in this code

I

1. In order to treat -different situations according to their individual condik.

tions during the implementation of this code, words denoting the different degrees of strictness of demands are explained as follows: (1)Words denotirig a very strict or mandatory requirement: "mustn is used for affirmation; "must not" is used for negation; (2) Words denoting a strict requirement under normal conditions : "shall" is used for affirmation; "shall not" is used for negation; (3) Words denoting a permission of slight choice or an indication of the most suitable choice when conditions allow: Nshouldflor "may" are used for affirmation ; "should notn is used for negation. 2. Itbe in accordance with" or be in compliance with" are used to indicate that it is necessary to implement items in this code according to other relative

List of chief editor unit, Additional explanation participating units and chief drafting 'people of this Code

Chief editor unit:

Beijing Central Engineering and Research Incorporation of Iron Industry

& Steel

zhejiang University Chongqing Institute of Architecture and Engineering

'

Institute of Metallurgy Tsinghua University Harbin Architectural Tianjin University

& Construction Engineering

& Civil Engineering Institute

Central Research Institute of Building and Construction of MMI Chongqing Iron

& Steel Designing Institute

Tongji University Taiyuan University of Technology Baotou Engineering and Research Corporation of Iron and Steel Industry

_Institute of Project Planning & Research, Pvlinistry of Machine

BuildiW3 Industry
South China University of Technology Dalian University of Technology Zhengzhou Institute of Technology Southeast University Nanjing Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute China Building Technology Development Center Northeast Electric Power Design Institute ~ i n i i t of ~ r Electric Power

Chief drafting people:

Zhang Zhiquan Wu Rendai Li Dezi Lin Xingshan Li Yun Shen Zuyan Zhao Wenwei Liang Zhihong Chen Jizu

Xia Zhibin Wang Guozhou Wu Huibin Liu Xiliang Xia Zherigzhong Feng Xiujuan Yu Guoyin Zhao SeaYuan Zhu Pinru

Wei Mingzhong Li Jihua Chen Jianhe Chen Minghui Ren Xinhua Chen Ji Ma Qingru Chai Chong Sun Guoliang

Chen Shaofan Li Ruihua Huang Yourning Pan Youchang Guo Zaitian Zhu Qi Liang Qizhi Yan Zhengting

ri