OBJECTIVE: 1.State the meaning of polymers. 2.List naturally occurring polymers. 3.List synthetic polymers and their uses.

4.Identify the monomers in the synthetic polymers. 5.Justify uses synthetic polymers in daily life.

1. Meaning of Polymers Polymers are long chains of molecules made from combination of many small molecules. Smallmolecules that combine together by covalent bond to form polymers are called monomers.Polymerisation is a process of combining monomers to form a long chain of molecules

2. Natural Polymer A natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally. Naturals polymer are normally made by livingorganism.

3. Synthetic Polymers Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers that are produced from chemical compunds throughpolymerisation. Plastic, synthetic fibres and synthetic rubbers are three examples of syntheticpolymers. There are two types of polymerisation: a) Additon polymerisation b) Condensation polymerisation Addition polymerisation Unsaturated monomers that contain double bonds between two carbon atoms undergo additionpolymerisation. Condesation polymerisation Small molecules such as water, H2O, and ammonia, NH3, are released in condensation polymerisation. Examples of synthetic polymers (products of condensation polymerisation, with their monomers

1.List the uses of glass. 2.List the uses of ceramics. 3.List type of glass and their properties. 4.State properties of ceramics

1. Uses of Glass 2. T Y P E O F G L A S S U S E S Fused silica glass Lenses, spectacles, laboratory glassware, ultravi o l e t column.S o d a lime glass Bottles, glass containers, mirrors, electrical bulb s , glass windowsB o r o s i l i c a t e g l a s s B o w l s , p l a t e s , s a u c e r s , p o t s a n d l a b o r a t o r y g l a s s w a r e such as test tubes, beakers and flasksL e a d c r y s t a l g l a s s L e n s e s , p r i s m s , g l a s s e s a n d o r n a m e n t a l i t e m s (crystals)

2. Uses of Ceramics. > Manufacture of computer microchips > Make porcelaine vase and ornamental items > Make plates, bowls and pots > Make dentures enamel > Used in the manufacturing of car engines, spacecraft, superconductors and nuclear reactors > Make construction materials such as bricks, cement, tiles, underground piping or roof tiles.

3. Types of glasses and their properties T Y P E O F G T I E S

Fused silica glass oVery high melting point oNot easy to change its shape oDoes not easily expand or shrink with changes of temperature oTransparent to ultraviolet raySoda-lime glass oTransparent oLow melting point oEasily to be shaped oEasily broken oCannot withstand heat and chemical reactionsBorosilicate glass oWithstand heat and chemical reactions oHigh melting point oTransparent to light and infrared ray but not toultraviolet ray oExpand and shrink very little and only whentempe rature changesLead crystal glass oVery transparent oShiny oHigh refractive index oHigh density

4. Properties of ceramics >Brittle >Crack when temperature changes drastically >Extremely hard >Inert to chemicals ( withstand corrosion) >High melting point >Good insulator of heat and electricity >Withstand compression

OBJECTIVE: 1.Describe the needs to produce new materials for specific purposes. 2.State the meaning of composite materials. 3.List examples of composite materials and their components. 4.Compare and contrast the properties of composite materials with those of their original components. 5.Justify the use of composite materials. 6.Generate ideas to produce advanced materials to fulfill specific needs. 1. The Needs to Produce New Materials for Specific Purposes. Since the old days, human beings have been using clay, wood, stones or metals as buildingmaterials. These substances either corrode or decay easily. Otherwise, they are too heavy, bulkyor difficult to be shaped or carved.Many of our modern technologies require materials with unusual combinations of properties thatcannot be met by the conventional metal alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials. Therefore,continuous research and development have been done in search of new structural materials.Today, many of such materials are created and used for various fields. New materials are neededtoday to supply high demand for the new industries.To fulfil the needs, these building materials must have properties like: >Low density >Able to withstand high pressure >Strong >Easier and more convenient to use >Resistance to heat and corrosion >Last longer

2. Meaning of Composite Materials. A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or more differentsubstances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers. The different materials work together togive composite unique properties. The resulting material has properties that are superior than those of original components. Composite materials are created for specific application.Composite exist in nature. A piece of wood is a composite, with long fibres of cellulose (a verycomplex form of starch) held together by a much weaker substances called lignin. Cellulose is alsofound in cotton and linen, but it is the binding power of the lignin that make a piece of timber muchstronger than bundle of cotton fibres.

3. Examples of Composite Materials and Their Components .C O M P O S I T E M A T E N E N T S

4. Reinforced concreteMixture of : Cement Gravel Sand Water Iron SteelSuperconductor Yttrium oxide Barium carbonate Copper (II) oxideFibre optic Silica Sodium carbonate Calcium oxideFibre glass Glass fibre