AMH IDs War hawks 1807-Americans, mostly frontiersmen, paranoid of British causing recession after the Embargo Act

t and arming Native Americans on the frontier Wanted to conquer Canada

Major General Isaac Brock Canadian general Tricked Hull into surrendering in Detroit Opened NW for the British o commanded all of the armed forces in Upper Canada. He was also acting as the chief administrator of the province's government because Lieutenant Govenor Francis Gore had gone to England on leave. The range of Brock's duties was immense, but he had been in Canada almost continuously since 1802 so he was familiar with the country and the people who lived there. Brock would have preferred to have been in Europe fighting against Napoleon. Early in 1812 he received permission to transfer home, but war clouds were gathering over the border and Brock believed that duty required him to stay in Canada where he was needed. o http://www.warof1812.ca/brock.htm

Jomini and Clausewitz

Founders of examination of warfare using rational thought Jomini used pre civil war Clausewitz- during civil war Jomini-more maneuver tactics Clausewitz- Annihilation
Jomini and Clausewitz Jomini: climactic battle, concentration of mass, control territory, decisive point, no needless bloodshed; fought with Napoleon Clausewitz: maximum violence, strategy of annihilation; goes against chivalry

Jomini: o o o o o http://www.lexrixa.com/mil/w12.htm was a general in the French and later in the Russian service known for military strategy and how it compared to Clausewitz According to the historian John Shy, Jomini "deserves the dubious title of founder of modern strategy. Prior to the American Civil War, the translated writings of Jomini were the only works on military strategy that were taught at the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Clausewitz: Prussian soldier and military theorist Served during the Napoleonic Wars, reconstructed Prussian military

Argued that limited wars have the tendencies to escalate into total warsdefense is the strongest form of war o The greater and more powerful the causes of war the more likely it will escalate into total war Gained fame for publishing three volume masterpiece on war o o o Discussed the necessity of violence to (ideally) totally destroy the enemy in order to achieve political gains First to connect politics with war War is a political act, thus should be lead by politicians War as an act of violence intended to compel our enemy to do our will

No impact on American military history UNTIL 1873 o Translated at West Point Saw two types of victory, depending on the goals o Limited warlimited conquest (e.g. conquest of Spanish Florida) o Total waroverthrow the enemy

Nathanael Greene Replaced Gates as commander of South Fought Cornwallis in NC, forcing him to scatter his troops to maintain control of territory Developed guerilla warfare A favorite of Washington Nathanael (Nathaniel) Greene: o He served in the state militia and commanded the Army of Observance that was formed following Lexington and Concord. Greene was away and missed the Battle of Bunker Hill, but was soon commissioned the youngest brigadier general in the Continental Army. He met the new Commander-in-Chief General George Washington and they hit it off. He began the war serving under General Washington in the main army as it moved to New York. Due to illness, he did not see his first action until September 1776, at the Battle of Harlem Heights. His advice to Washington to hold Fort Washington helped precipitate the largest loss of men and supplies for the Continentals until Charleston when the fort was captured in November 1776. In spite of that disaster, Washington continued to entrust Greene with important commands. Greene commanded the right wing at the Battle of Trenton in December 1776.

Greene also saw action at the Battle of Princeton in January 1777. He then went before Congress to request supplies in March. In May, he and several other major generals threatened to resign if a Frenchman were given command and seniority over them. In September 1777 at the Battle of Brandywine, Greene served admirably first reinforcing another division and then serving as the rear guard. He led the left wing at the Battle of Germantown in October 1777.

http://www.patriotresource.com/amerrev/people/continentals/greene/summary.ht ml

Saratoga Burgoyne surrenders 6000 men on October 17th, 1777 Convinced French Americans have a chance Sends British into a panic Gain French support September-October 1777 Burgoyne left Montreal for Albany to take the Hudson and cut off New England Ran into Horatio Gates (American General) at Saratoga British attacked and were repelled o Benedict Arnold sent men to meet them but Gates wouldnt reinforcemen driven back to the heights (south of toga) (1st battle) British then attacked again at Bemus Heights and gates men drove back the British o October 17 Burgoyne went to Saratoga and surrendered o First major American victory of the War (2nd battle) Consequences o Attracted French to ally with US o Exposed British failure to act without permission of London

Hull and Detroit 1812- supposed to take Fort Malden Brock tricks Hull by dressing Canadians as British regulars and allowing him to intercept false numbers of his army Brock cut off Hulls supplies Hull surrenders in Detroit- August 16th, 1812 All of NW territory controlled by British Hull is court marshaled, sentenced to death American settlers leave territory, stop farming Hull was a general who built good roads, realized it was necessary to take control of the lakes and to have Indian cooperation (which we didnt have) Thought if we held the Detroit the British would leave but they didnt Had long supply lines but acted ineptly o Condemned to death for cowardliness but was pardoned by the president

Perry and Lake Erie September 10, 1813- Perry takes Lake Erie, largest US naval victory Allowed troops to move into Canada Tecumseh killed Troops continued into Canada, destroying the ships Brits were building

Commodore Oliver Perry used superior gunnery and position to beat British British failed to exploit their control of the lakes 1813 US built a Great Lakes squad rant

Perry and Lake Erie: 1813 Lake Erie was the key to the West (whoever controlled it controlled the West) most important American engagement, Erie: communications, distant frontier and untracked area, largely unoccupied, lakes were transportation b/c roads were limited, Perry was 28 and US commander at Erie, midshipman, greatest war hero, wanted to bring control to U.S., naval officers= honor and truthfulness, Lawrence and Niagara ships were key to victory and demolished Br ship Queen Charlotte and Proctor, 10-15% of U.S. navy African American, stylized fashion of navy fighting, more deaths from busted guts -Logistics- Americans have superior intelligence and Br intelligence was delayed -raid on York in 1813, renamed Toronto, if we hadnt raided Br wouldve had superiority over Great Lakes -positioning and gunnery important

Battle of New Orleans Americans were fiercely outnumbered British positioned themselves to have no exit with a river behind them Brits suffered great loses and retreated America recognized as world power by Europe Peace treaty was already signed by the time of this battle Battle of New Orleans: Jan 8 1815 Br assembled 8,000 regulars + 50 ships, Andrew Jackson= Amer. Commander with only 5,000 men, Br General Edward Pakenham foolish frontal attack, Br lost far more than Amer, Br pulled out, final major battle of 1812, Treaty of Ghent was signed before the battle but news didnt reach New Orleans yet

Vicksburg Grants entire war strategy concentrated around Vicksburg- Feb-July 1863 Example of maneuver tactics- Grant finally catching on May- July 4th(surrender) 1863 Last Confederate Strong hold on the Mississippi Attempted to attack from water in February In May started marching campaign from the swamps, crossing the river and attacking Had troops marching to Baton Rouge to deter Confederates

Port Hudson falls July 8th 1863, giving Union Mississippi Spring and Summer 1863 Victory gave Union control of the Mississippi

o Gettysburg

Divided the Confederacy in 2, freed troops to move east

Cross roads of Lees scattered army on northern march July 1st, 1863 Battle starts Both sides start off in confusion and exhaustion Little strategy in first two days of battle Day three- Lee is trapped, facing a much stronger army- cannot be defeated or let North take the offensive Picketts charge- Souths almost suicidal attempt to not be defeated it Immediately after major loss in Gettysburg, South loses Vicksburg Beginning of end July 1863

Southern offensive, Lee wants a victory in the North Gets to central PA, wants climactic battle to take NYC Modern fire power of Union made it different

Battle of Wilderness and Cold Harbor Wilderness- May 5-7- 1864 Led by Grant on campaign south, wanted to capture southbound rail lines Major losses on both sides, ended in a draw Grant continued to advance, disregarding major losses Going towards Richmond but skewing right Wanted to exhaust and destroy Lee Cold Harbor- Richmond defense perimeter, Confederates very well protected Grant continues frontal attack and continues to press Lee May 31 June 12 1864 Grant and Meade vs. Lee Part of Grants offensive to Richmond, however, he was unable to get past Lee at Cold Harbor and after a Confederate victory he changed his aims Lees last major field victory, also was a battle of entrenchment as opposed to maneuver which was unusual at this time

Annihilation- total destruction, war of annihilation was a strategy used by Lee where the attacking

army seeks to destroy the military capacity of the opposing army in a single planned pivotal battle. This is achieved through the use of tactical surprise, application of overwhelming force at a key point, or other tactics performed immediately before or during the battle. The intention is that the opposing government will then be forced to sue for peace to prevent the unopposed capture of his capital or other core areas.

Attrition- when you attempt to destroy everything of the opponents, more than just militarily, In 1864 Ulysses S. Grant, promoted to lieutenant general and transferred East to command all Union armies, calls for a war of attrition against the Confederacy's two principal armies: Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee, Sherman did so sometimes called the strategy of exhaustion, almost always used by the weaker power; gradually reducing the strength of the enemy
Chesapeake and Leopard HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake without warning or cause. The Leopard supposedly was trying to intercept French ships, but attacked the Chesapeake. Chesapeake affair caused the Jefferson administration to order James Monroe, its chief representative in London, to demand the British government denounce the actions of the Leopard; punish its captain; compensate the United States for her loses; plus send a special envoy to Washington to publicly apologize, and announce the British government would no longer impress American sailors on either merchant or naval vessels. With the outbreak of the War of 1812, for which Chesapeake's encounter with HMS Leopard was one of a number of emotional preparations.

Jeffersons naval policy Conservative, stripped navy to bare minimum Created league to fight piracy Built 188 little gunboat ships Gunboats were normally landed, could only protect coast, and had one gun per boat Cheap, completely defensive

Embargo Act After Leopard/Chesapeake incident-1807 Jefferson did not want to act by war Denied shipping to both France and Britain who were at war with each other Ended up suffocating Americas economy, ineffective to Britain and France Law passed by Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807. This law stopped all trade between America and any other country. The goal was to get Britain and France, who were fighting each other at the time, to stop restricting American trade. The Act backfired, and the American people suffered. The Act was ended in 1809

Embargo Act The Embargo Act was a series of laws passed by the Congress of the United States between the years 1806-1808, during the second term of President Thomas Jefferson. Britain and France were at war; the U.S. was neutral and trading with both sides. Both sides tried to hinder American trade with the other. Jefferson's goal was to use economic warfare to secure American rights, instead of military warfare. Initially, these acts sought to punish Great Britain for its violation of American rights on the high seas; among these was the impressment of those sailors off American ships. Sailors who claimed to be American citizens, but not in the opinion, or to the satisfaction, of the Royal Navy, ever on the outlook for deserters. The later Embargo Acts, particularly those of 1807-1808 period, were passed in an attempt to stop Americans, and American communities, that sought to, or were merely suspected of possibility wanting to, defy the embargo. These Acts were ultimately repealed at the end

of Jefferson's second, and last, term. A modified version of these Acts would return for a brief time in 1813 under the presidential administration of Jefferson's successor, James Madison.

Quasi-War France: o o http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/navalbattles16001800/p/quasiwar.htm An undeclared war between the United States and France, the Quasi-War was the result of disagreements over treaties and America's status as a neutral in the Wars of the French Revolution. Fought entirely at sea, the Quasi-War was largely a success for the fledgling US Navy as its vessels captured numerous French privateers and warships, while only losing one of its vessels. By late 1800, attitudes in France shifted and hostilities were concluded by the Treaty of Mortefontaine. fought from July 7, 1798, until the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine on September 30, 1800.

Quasi-War with France Undeclared War with France As France and British were at war. Both felt the need to seize American shippers and refused to recognize the neutral rights. But the new government of Revolutionary France viewed a 1794 commercial agreement between the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain, known as the Jay Treaty, as a violation of France's 1778 Treaty of Alliance with the United States. Jay Treaty prevent war with Britain, but failed with President John Adams diplomacy failed and declared war with France in 1798. The real military significance of this war led to the creation of the US Navy as a separate and permanent branch of the military with its own Secretary and started Naval traditions. First secretary of the navy was Benjamin Stoddert. But when Jeffersonian came to power in 1801 the navy was decrease in size and only to six ships and few hundred men.

Zachary Taylor and the Mexican War:

Adored by his soldiers and the public Used wasteful frontal assaults but usually won Terrible at gathering intelligence and often came unprepared to battle Mismanaged logistics and troops got hungry and sick Wouldnt maneuver menvery costly
Zachary Taylor in Mexican War admired by troops and American people, good leader, OK tactician, bad administrator; arguments with Polk at Monterrey: didnt bring siege guns, too willing to waste lives, didnt accomplish anything from the war.

Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War: 2 opposing views: 1) immoral war of aggression against weaker neighbor 2) necessary phase of expansion (most common view), Mexican war end of era leads to civil war, 1st offensive war w objectives (Mexico City), 1st time pres acted as commander and chief, 1st overseas/ steamboat war End result: war reinforced stereotypes we have about Mex and they have about us, deep seeded prejudices, preordained destiny, and pathological hatred of us

Taylor: Old Rough and Ready nickname from Black Hawk War, won at Palo Alto, publicly attacked Polk, Taylor became popular and elected as 12th president, ineffective as president, died of cholera. Scott said taking Mex city would demoralize them, Taylor was less accomplished than Scott, mismanaged logistics, troops were sick and supplies were uncertain, disobeyed Scotts orders, redeemed himself at Buena Vista by calmly facing danger, amateurism

Battle of Quebec
Summary After the French abandoned Crown Point, the British controlled the western frontier. However, the French strongholds were further north, in Quebec and Montreal. These were also the French cities and forts that were most heavily supplied, funded, and protected. William Pitt emphasized the importance of gaining Quebec in assuring outright British victory; he gave the assignment of conquering the city to famed general James Wolfe. Wolfe and Vice-admiral Charles Saunders organized a team of ships and infantry to besiege the city. The battle began in June 1759 and lasted for three months. The ships ascended the St. Lawrence flawlessly and held out against massive French assaults of fire and cannon. Despite the romantic glaze that hangs over the Quebec campaign, it was a desperate struggle that frequently became brutal. Wolfe, like Montcalm, was not immune to terrorizing the civilian population, and one of his first orders to scouting parties was to "burn and lay waste the country." Louis-Joseph de Montcalm responded with equal brutality, threatening the frightened civilians with "the savages" when they meekly appealed to him for surrender. Because Quebec was so mighty and heavily fortified, Wolfe was forced to starve the French out for two and a half months. The British forces were not large enough to completely surround the city and cut off its supplies; though French food and materiel were rapidly dwindling they were still enough to keep the soldiers alive. Finally, on September 13, Wolfe landed a small host of soldiers in the middle of the night at l'Anse au Foulon, upstream of the city. Sheer luck played as much a role as skill in this success--Wolfe was able to fool a sentry and a general by speaking French and gathered the rest of his troops for the invasion. Montcalm was so disoriented by this bizarre turn of events that he made many mistakes in defending the city. First, he gathered his troops at the wrong place downstream of the city, in a place called Beaumont. When they finally caught up to the British, Montcalm ordered them to charge instead of waiting for reinforcements. The battle lasted only fifteen minutes and both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed. After the capture of Quebec, the rest of Canada quickly fell. The French attempted a brief counter-siege from May 11-16, 1760, but quickly gave up. Montreal capitulated in September 1760, and the British General Amherst and the French Marquise de Vaudreuil signed letters of capitulation that finished the surrender of Canada. On or around September 15, the British flag was hoisted over the city of Detroit, effectively ending the war. Commentary a. The victory at Quebec can be attributed to many factors. Although Quebec was heavily defended, the overall position of the French was extremely weak. They had lost many of their Indian allies. The army was strained to the limit after years of fighting against the greater resources of the British. British victories at Fort Duquesne and Niagara cut off French communication with the west, leaving the forces at Quebec without reinforcements of

either men or supplies. All of this combined with James Wolfe's tactics of terror made the siege brutally effective. It helped that Quebec's landscape was not twisted and wild like America's. The British soldiers could exercise their disciplined techniques of columns and volley fire without the threat of sniping and ambush that had worked so well for the French in the American colonies. Wolfe was also fortunate to be aided by several unflappable and highly skilled officers, including Saunders, who held up the pillars of the final battle. After the fall of Quebec, the rest of the war was almost an afterthought. The French forces had been completely demoralized by a string of defeats, and the British were in position to dominate both the West and Canada. After a feeble attempt to win back Quebec, and a brave attempt to hold out against the British at Montreal, the French capitulated and turned their attention to gaining the best treaty possible.

Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775) A. Battle actually took place on Breeds Hill. Leaders of Colonial forces besieging Boston learned of British plan to escape and occupy surrounding hills. B. Colonial forces repulsed two assaults, but retreated on third. a. Redcoats had taken the hill but lost many more lives than Colonial forces b. Added to myth of American militia superiority over British regulars Steuben and Monmouth Courthouse A. Steuben a. Prussian military man b. Taught Americans drill and tactics at Valley Forge (Feb. 1778) c. Became first inspector generalin charge of training troops B. Battle of Monmouth a. First test of Steubens training b. Charles Lee ordered retreat, overruled by Washington c. Sides fought to a standoff d. Good showing by Americaeffective training Jeffersonian Military Policy and Gunboat fleet A. Wanted military to remain local and was anti-navywanted gunboat fleet B. Wanted to have a citizen militia C. Gunboat fleet: a. Civilians could man them b. 188 50 ft. two-cannon oared boats c. Not a good idea D. Jefferson blinded by his desire for a small government

Flintcock musket and penn (or Kentucky) rifle

a. Flintlock musket i. 50 yds at 3 rounds per minute b. rifle i. fired bullet as opposed to ball ii. more accurate due to grooved barrel iii. few were used