500 B.C. 350 B.C.

. Aineas explains a hydraulic telegraph which works in a synchronous way Aeschylus describes the Greek telegraphy with fire

A.D. 15th and 18th Century 1450 - Beginning of the letterpress with flexible metal1609 - first newspaper in Wolfenbuettel and Strassburg 1665 - first newspaper in Paris 1694 - optical telegraphy, invented by the Chappe ` 1737 - Cooke and Wheatstone try out the needle1844 - Samuel Morse develops the Morse code 1876 - Graham Bell gets the patent for a speech 1895 - invention of the film 1897 - wireless telegraph/BLOCKQUOTE broadcast (telephone) brothers telegraph letters

19th Century 1906 - first radiobroadcast 1928 - first TV-broadcast from the IFA in Berlin 1967 - color-TV in Germany 1971 - TV via Satellite 1978 - installation of Videotext 1981 - increasing spreading of the computer 1983 - beginning of private TV in Germany 1987 - beginning of the ISDN pilot scheme 1990 - digital cellular phones

1992 - multimedia use on CD-ROMs 1995 - increasing use of e-mail and the internet Basic Communication System Source Transmitter it converts information into electrical variation modulate a certain carrier sign which is now to it is the point where the data originates. maybe a voice or a video.

Channel Receiver is a section in which communication system wherein transmitter. to operate to decode and demodulate the original its function is opposite of the it is a path though which the data flow. made up of physical lines of free space.

Destination Information

signal.

wherein the process is intended for.

it is the message to be convey.It consist of filtering converts signal into digital form.

and coding circuit which

Modulator/Coder systems which impresses the information signal onto a radio frequency signal of the proper frequency for the form of transmission used. signal into digital form.

consist of filtering and coding circuit which converts Demodulator/Decoder it eliminates the wave.

 Noise

converts the message signal into a usable form.

It is undesired electrical signal that is superimpose on It is unwanted signals that combine with and hence distort transmission and reception.

the desired signal. the signal intended for

Types of Noise 1. External Noise 2. Internal Noise External Noise A various form of noise created outside or external to the device/receiver.

How to Overcome? More receiver away from sources of external noise Types of Noise Industrial Noise Atmospheric Noise Extraterrestrial noise

Atmospheric Noise It consists of furious radio signal with components wide range of frequencies. distributed over a

Result of certain wave with induce voltage in the antenna.

Extraterrestrial Noise Internal Noise Noise introduce by radio receiver itself. Cause by random motion of electrons in an electrical components.

Types Thermal Agitation Shot Noise Transit Time Noise Miscellaneous Noise molecules.

Thermal Agitation Noise It is due to the rapid and random motion of made up.

Atoms and Electrons of which any such resistor is Shot Noise

A random variation of arrival of electrons or holes at the output electrode of an amplifying device and this appears as a randomly varying noise current super imposed on the output. Transit Time Noise The time taken by an electron to travel from the emitter to the collector of a transistor becomes comparable to the period of the signal being amplified.

Sound A wave motion consisting of a series of condensations and rare fractions produced in the transmitting medium by a vibrating body. The sensation produced in the brain by sound waves.

Sound waves

Serves to transmit energy from the vibrating body to the

listener ear.

Sound waves must therefore contain energy, although the amount is very small.

Requirements to Produce Sound 1. Presence of a vibrating body. 2. Presence of an elastic medium.

Vibrating Body (Local Chords) Elastic Medium Gas, Liquid and Solid

Propagation of Sound through Different Media Solid: Vs = Y / d , meter / second Where: Y = youngs modules of elasticity (N /m) d = density (kg / m)

Liquid: Vl = B / d , meter / second Where: B = Bulk modules of elasticity (N/m) d = density (kg / m) Onward Transmission of Sound-Goes through the medium. Reflections- For smooth surface/bounced

Absorption-For rough surface.

Refraction of Sound-Due to different density. Defraction and Scattering Echo- Single refraction of sound Acoustical Phenomena INTERFERENCE The unequal intensity distribution of sounds due to points reinforcement at other points. cancellation of waves at some

REVERBARATION The prolong existing or the multiple reflections of sound emitting FLUTTER after the source has actually stopped

The uneven decay of sound caused by continuing

reflection

Classifications of sound according to form and frequency Noise an irregular vibration of indefinite frequency.It may be defined in electrical sense as any unwanted forms of energy.Tending to interfere with the proper and easy reception and reproduction of wanted signals.

Music a vibrations following regular patterns and with definite frequency.

Velocity of Sound in Air at 20C K = 1.405 d = 0.001205 g/cm P = 1.008 x 106 dynes/cm V0 = 34,300 cm/sec. = 1124 ft./sec.

Velocity of sound in air at any temperature: VT = Vo 1 + 0.03067 (T) where, VT = Velocity of the sound at any temperature

V0 = Velocity of sound at 0C (1086 ft/sec.) T = Temperature (C) Assuming the echo is apparent to an observer 300 ft away from the reflecting object which is a building. The source of the sound is 450 ft from the building. Find: a. velocity of sound in air at 25C = T b. the time traveled by the direct sound between the c. the distance between the source and the observer source and the observer = time = distance

Decibel Notation

Decibel

BEL a unit representing the log of the ratio of power General formula: P dB symbol = LM log ref dB = decibel notation P = power LM = log multiplier ref = std. ref. quantities