Basic Satellite System

Lecture 2

MUHAMAD ASVIAL
Center for Information and Communication Engineering Research (CICER) Electrical Engineering Department, University of Indonesia Kampus UI Depok, 16424, Indonesia asvial@ee.ui.ac.id http://www.ee.ui.ac.id/cicer

Objectives

Satellite Classification Basic Satellite System

Earth Station or Ground Segment Space Segment or Satellite Satellite Spacing

Satellite Repeater/Transponder Satellite Link Models LNA/HPA Characteristics Hypothetical Reference Circuit
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Satellite Communications-II Communications-

SATELLITE CLASSIFICATION
Basic Definitions
Roll, Pitch, and Yaw

Satellite Communications-II Communications-

SATELLITE CLASSIFI CATION

Spinner Satellites use the angular mome
ntum of its spinning body to provide roll a nd yaw stabilization
Less common type Mostly used in relatively high-altitude geosy nchronous or Molinya orbits Intelsat VI Satellite, DSP (Defense Support P rogram) Satellite of USA its (Intelsat VI) body (lower part having solar panels around) spins like a top at approx. 1 5 rpm around pitch axis. The upper part, co ntaining communication payload, is de-spu n relative to the rest of the body to keep its antennas pointing continuously towards Eart h

DSP Satellite

Intelsat VI Satellite

Satellite Classification
Three-Axis Stabilized Satellites keep t
heir body fixed relative to Earths surface a nd an internal subsystem provides roll and yaw stabilization
Their body is roughly box-shaped and have deployable solar-array panels Examples: Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), Japanese Earth Resource s Satellite (JERS), Russian Communication Satellite, Gorizont. All these keep their bodies stable thru inertia except for a slow motion about one axis to keep their payload antennas and sensors co ntinuously pointing towards Earth. The solar panels are counter-rotated to track the sun. However, European Infrared Space Observa tory (ISO), does not need any such adjustm ent due to restriction on attitude or low pow er requirement

Basic Satellite System

User interface

Terrestrial interface

Terrestrial interface

User interface

User interface

Figure: Structure of a satellite system

Satellite System Configurations

Configurations
Star Mesh

(a)

(b ) Figure: Network topology star Figure: Mesh network topology

System Components
Solar panels

Figure: Basic communications satellite components

Satellite Spacing in Orbit

Spatial separation between any two satellites depends on several fa ctors that include: [1o-2o]
Beam widths and side-lobe radiation of both satellite antennas and earth station RF carrier frequency Encoding and modulation technique used Acceptable limit of interference Transmit carrier power
2@6/4 GHz 1.5@14/12GHz
Signal to satellite B

= cos-1[dA2 + dB2 - 2 r2 (1 cos)]/2 dAdB where, : angular separation between satellites as viewed by the earth stations : angular separation between the satellites as viewed from the center of the earth i.e., is simply the difference in the longitudinal positions of the two satellites

Figure: Satellite separation

Transponder (A Repeater)

Functions and Types

Transparent

Signal Amplification ( 110 dB Gain) Frequency Down-Conversion

Figure : Types of transponders (a) conventional transparent (non regenerative satellite, and (b) processing (regenerative) satellite

Processing

 SATELLITE Transponder (A Repeater in the Sky)

Transparent Transponder
Amplification and Frequency Translation and No Processing

Figure Transparent Transponders

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Transponder

Processing/Regenerative Transponder
Amplification and Frequency Translation along with Signal Proce ssing
Carrier regeneration.
fr LNA Mixer ft Dem. Regeneration. Mod. HPA BPF ft

fl

Local oscillator

Figure : A regenerative repeater for digital signals

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Transponder
Frequency Translation
Up-Conversion
IF frequency (70 MHz/140MHz) translated to Higher Frequen cy using Single or Double Stage Conversion Process
cos(0t + ) coslt Product modulator IF carrier cos(0t + ) 0 l > 0 l ll l2 BPF1 u 0 Mixer 1 BPF1

IF = ll + 0 Mixer 2 BPF2 u

Figure: Up-converter schematic diagram (a) single conversion (b) double conversion (c)
frequency spectrum

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Transponder
Frequency Translation
Up-Conversion
IF frequency (70 MHz/140MHz) translated to Higher Freque ncy using Single or Double Stage Conversion Process

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Transponder
Frequency Translation
Down-Conversion
RF Frequency is translated to IF frequency (70 MHz/14 0MHz) using Single or Double Stage Conversion Process

Mixer u BPF 0 u BPF2

Mixer 2 BPF1

Mixer 1 0

l l2

l1

(a)

(b)

(c) Figure : Down-converter schematic diagram (a) single conversion, (b) double conversion (c)
frequency spectrum

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Transponder
Classification based Frequency Conversion
Single Conversion Transponder
6 GHz bandpass filter 4 GHz bandpass filter 4 GHz bandpass filter

LNA

Mixer fr ft

LPA

HPA

ft
BPF

BPF

BPF

fl 6 GHz uplink antenna 2225 MHz

Preamplifier

4 GHz downlink antenna

Local oscillator

Figure : Simplified single-conversion transponder for 6/4 GHz band

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Transponder
Classification based Frequency Conversion
Double Conversion Transponder

14 GHz LNA BPF1 fr

1 GHz amplifier 1st Mixer fIF 2nd Mixer fr ft BPF2

11 GHz HPA BPF3 ft

fl1 14 GHz uplink antenna

IF Amplifier

fl2 11 GHz downlink antenna

Up converter 1st Local oscillator 13 GHz 2nd Local oscillator 10 GHz

Figure : Simplified double-conversion transponder (bent pipe) for 14/11 GHz band

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Transponder
Classification based Frequency Conversion
Broadband Multiple-Channel Transponder
Channelization F1 HPA 500 MHz bandwidth LNA Mixer 500 MHz bandwidth amplifier BPF F1 BPF F1 3700 MHz 4200 MHz

5925 MHz 6425 MHz

Combiner

2.225 GHz Local oscillator

BPF Fn Fn HPA

BPF Fn

nB

n-1

n fr

F1

F2

n-1 Fn-1

F
n

ft

Figure : Broadband multiple-channel repeater

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Transponder
Classification based Frequency Conversion
Multi-Channel Receiver Transponder
Mixer BPF F1
5925 MHz 6425 MHz

LNA

BPF

HPA

BPF

Combiner

Demux

LO

2.225 GHz Mixer

3700 MHz 4200 MHz

BPF Fn

LNA

BPF

HPA

BPF

LO

2.225 GHz

Figure : Multi-channel receiver transponder example

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Satellite Link Model

A Satellite System Basic Sections: Uplink, Satellite Tr ansponder, and Downlink
Satellite Uplink Model

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Satellite Link Model

A Satellite System Basic Sections: Uplink, Satellite Transpon der, and Downlink
Transponder (Transmitter + Responder) Model

Tunnel Diode

RF-to-RF Repeater
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Satellite Link Model

A Satellite System Basic Sections: Uplink, Satellite Tr ansponder, and Downlink
Downlink Model

Tunnel Diode/ Parametric Amplifier

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 SATELLITE LINK MODEL

Cross-Link or Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) Model

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 LNA Characteristics
LNA-a non-linear device
1-dB Compression Point Power 3rd order Intercept point-a hypotoutput
hetical power level where the operating power of the 3rd order inter-modulation product (generated by the amplifier whe n two equal level signals at frequency 1 and 2 are applied and it generates a t hird order inter-modulation product 2 1 - 2) is equal to the power of 1 and
2

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 HPA Characteristics
HPA-a non-linear device HPA Devices
TWT Amplifier- most com monly used, BW=500 MHz , BW Efficiency = 10% Klystron Tube- Better BW Efficiency (2%) and Highe r Gain but at Smaller BW Solid State Power Amplifie r (SSPA) IMPATT Diode use as final stage Amplifie r for lower frequencies an d low power applications

Operating point

Figure 4.9.1-1 Transfer characteristics of TWTA

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 HPA Characteristics
Back-Off Loss
Lbo is reduction in Rated O/P Power of HPA to bring it into Linear Region

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 Hypothetical Reference Circuit

Hypothetical Reference Circuit Connection (HRX)-the total le
ngth of HRX, end-to-end, of 64 kbps circuit is 27,500km
27,500 km Local National International National Local

L E

P C

S C

T C

I S C

I S C

I S C

I S C

IS C

T C

SC

PC

LE

S: Subscriber LE: Local Exchange Figure Digital hypothetical Reference Circuit (HRX) TC:Tertiary Center PC:Primary Center SC: Secondary Center ISC:International Switching Center Switch: Transition element
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 Hypothetical Reference Circuit

HRX Quality Demarcation- The international section, from terminal I
SC to terminal ISC, is considered as stretching 2500km and providing a hig h grade of service
27,500 km 25,000 km T-reference point (Note 1) 1250 km LE Note 2 Note 2 1250 km LE

Local grade

Medium grade

High grade

Medium grade

Local grade

Figure HRX quality demarcation Note 1: The T-reference point is an ITU-T defined subscriber/network ISDN interface Note 2: This point may be at the LE, PC, SC, TC or ISC depending on the country size
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 Hypothetical Reference Circuit

Gateway Earth Station in HRX an important part of high-grade int
ernational section covering about 12, 500 km, leaving 12, 500 km for back haul and/or international transit sections

Sub LE ISC
3000km 240km

Sub ISC LE

Local grade

Mediumgr ade

High grade
Figure Sample 64 kb/s connection including a satellite link

Medium grade

Local grade

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