ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Dr. Vipul Patel

One Way Analysis of Variance

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One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): an extension of the two-sample t-test used to determine whether there are differences among more than two group means. This is also known as one factor ANOVA or completely randomize design ANOVA. It is also known as one way between groups ANOVA

One Way between groups ANOVA is used when you have one independent variable with three or more levels (groups) and one dependent variable continuous variables. The one way part of the title indicates there is only one independent variable, and the between groups means that you have different subjects or cases ion each of the groups.

Case 1: One Way Between Group Anova

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Open the file: survey.sav Is there a difference in optimism scores for young, middle-aged and old subjects?

Null Hypothesis: there is no significant difference in the mean optimism scores for all three groups (i.e., young, middle aged and old).

Here we have
One

categorical independent variable with three categories (Young, Middle aged and old). Here age is continuous variable that is recoded as categorical variable having three equal groups. One continuous dependent variable (Total optimism scores - Toptim). Score can range from 6 to 30 with high scores indicating higher level of optimiusm.

Output: Case 1
6 Descriptive total optimism 95% Confidence Interval for Mean N 18-29 30-44 45+ Total 147 153 135 435 Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum 21.36 4.551 .375 20.62 22.10 7 30 22.10 22.96 22.12 4.147 4.485 4.429 .335 .386 .212 21.44 22.19 21.70 22.77 23.72 22.53 10 8 7 30 30 30

Test of Homogeneity of Variances total optimism df1 2

Levene Statistic 0746

df2 432

Sig. 0.475

ANOVA Total optimism Sum of Squares 179.069 8333.951 8513.021 df 2 432 434 Mean Square 89.535 19.292 F 4.641 Sig. .010

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Levens test for homogeneity of variances tests whether the variance in scores is same for each of the three groups. Check the significance value (Sig.) for Levenes test. If this value is greater than 0.05, then assumption of homogeneity of variance is not violated. Here sig. value is 0.475 > 0.05. So it can be concluded that assumption of homogeneity of variance is not violated.

Look at the ANOVA table Check the Sig. value. If the Sig. value is less than 0.05, then reject the null hypothesis. It can ne concluded that there is significant difference among the mean scores on the dependent variable for the independent groups. Here, p value is 0.01 (<0.05), reject the null hypothesis.

Post Hoc Analysis

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ANOVA does not tell you which group is different from which other group. Post hoc test can be used for the same. Post hoc tests will tell you exactly where the differences among the group occur.

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Multiple Comparisons total optimism Tukey HSD Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error -.744 .507 -1.595* .744 -.851 1.595* .851 .524 .507 .519 .524 .519 95% Confidence Interval Sig. .308 .007 .308 .230 .007 .230 Lower Bound -1.94 -2.83 -.45 -2.07 .36 -.37 Upper Bound .45 -.36 1.94 .37 2.83 2.07

(I) age 3 groups 18-29

(J) age 3 groups 30-44 45+

30-44

18-29 45+

45+

18-29 30-44

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

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Look down the column labeled Mean Difference. Look for any asterisk (*) next to the value listed. If you find an asterisk, this mean that the two groups compared are significantly different from one another at 0.05 significance level. Here in our case, the 18-29 age group (young) and the 45 + (Old) group differ significantly in terms of their optimism scores.

Presenting the results for One way Between Groups ANOVA (Case 1).
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A one way between groups ANOVA was conducted to explore the impact of age on Levels of Optimism. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their age (Young - <29 years; Middle aged: 30 to 45 years and Old > 45 years). There was a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 significance level in Optimism scores for three age group: F (2, 432) = 4.6, p=0.01. Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean score for Young people was significantly different from old people. Middle aged people did not differ significantly from either young or aged people.

One Way Repeated Measure ANOVA

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Case 2: Open file: experim.sav A group of students were invited to participate in an intervention designed to increase their confidence in their ability to do statistics. Their confidence levels were measured before the intervention (Time 1), after the intervention (Time 2) and again three months later (time 3).

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Here we have
One

independent categorical variable : Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3 One dependent continuous variable: Scores on the Confidence test measured at three different time
Confid

1, Confid 2, Confid 3

Null Hypothesis: there is no significant difference in the mean confidence level scores measured at three different time period.

Output Case 2
16 Descriptive Statistics Mean 19.00 21.87 25.03 Std. Deviation 5.369 5.594 5.203 N 30 30 30 confidence time1 confidence time2 confidence time3

Multivariate Tests b Effect Confidence Value .749 .251 2.979 2.979 F 41.711a 41.711a 41.711a 41.711a Hypothesis df 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 Error df 28.000 28.000 28.000 28.000 Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000

Pillai's Trace Wilks' Lambda Hotelling's Trace Roy's Largest Root

a. Exact statistic b. Design: Intercept Within Subjects Design: Confidence

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In the SPSS output, check the Wilks Lambda and the associated probability value. If the p value is less than 0.05, we reject null hypothesis. Here in this case, the p value is 0.000 < 0.05. So that null hypothesis is rejected. So we can conclude that there was difference in confidence score across thee three different time period.

Presenting the results for One way Between Groups ANOVA (Case 2)
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A one way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare scores on the confidence in coping with statistics test at Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3. The means and standard deviations are presented in Table XXX. There was a significant effect for time, Wilks Lambda = 0.25, F (2, 28) = 41.17, p< 0.05.

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Thank You!!! Dr. Vipul Patel Faculty in the area of Marketing, V.M.Patel Institute of Management, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat vipulpat@gmail.com

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