Final Exam I

1. During its first few years, Jamestown suffered from A. B. C. D. E. 2. the total absence of leadership insufficient reinforcements the debilitating effects of malaria a location that was too dry a lack of aristocratic gentlemen

Following the Stuart Restoration, Charles II A. B. C. D. E. issued charters for four new colonies in North America lost his crown and his head in conflicts with Parliament resumed the search for quick profits from the New World appointed Catholic governors in New England encouraged private companies to launch new colonies

3.

Prior to 1640, the English had settled all of the following colonies except A. B. C. D. E. Massachusetts Connecticut New York Maryland Virginia

4.

For James, the Duke of York, to take possession of the colony granted to him by his brother, Charles II, he had to use military force against A. B. C. D. E. the Dutch the Iroquois the French the Spaniards the Massachusetts Bay colony

5.

Of the following settlements, the one that was not established by dissenters leaving the Massachusetts Bay colony was A. B. C. D. E. Hartford Salem Exeter New Haven Providence

6.

Bacon's Rebellion began as A. B. C. D. E. a revolt by easterners against western control of the government a fight between Indians and frontiersmen over western lands a democratic movement in the tidewater region an effort by landowners to force former indentured servants to leave the settled areas a struggle over what faction would dominate the slave trade

7.

William Berkeley came to be seen as an autocratic ruler of Virginia when he A. B. C. D. E. sided with the Roundheads in the English Civil War refused requests to sponsor exploration of the Blue Ridge Mountains removed Lord Baltimore from office without consulting the people restricted the right to vote to wealthy landowners opposed immigration that resulted from the headright system

8.

Before Europeans settled in the New World, western and southern Africans A. B. C. D. E. did not tolerate the institution of slavery in their society had no trade with the outside world and relied on hunting and fishing for their livelihood had no widespread religions, just local ones based on nature worship or ancestor worship were unable to use natural resources wisely did not have the extreme degree of sexual inequality found in most European countries

9.

Before the arrival of Columbus, all Native American tribes assigned women the tasks of A. B. C. D. E. tending to the fields caring for children controlling the social organization of the tribe controlling political decisions performing farming chores

10. By 1500, the incentives for Europeans to engage in overseas exploration included all of the following except A. B. C. D. E. a significant growth in their population the return of the bubonic plague more powerful and united governments an increased prosperity and desire for commerce a belief in fulfilling a divine mission

11. Henry VIII started the English Reformation because he A. B. C. D. E. required a divorce in order to remarry needed absolute control of the Church wanted to change English Christianity converted to Protestant ideals believed Catholicism was a pagan faith

12. Before the coming of Europeans, the peoples who lived in what is now the United States had not developed A. B. C. D. E. a common language complex agricultural systems large, permanent settlements elaborate religious practices division of labor

13. When Christopher Columbus made his famous voyages to the New World, he A. B. C. D. E. believed that he had reached the Far East refused to search for gold acted out of strictly religious motives explored much of the North American coastline obtained his financing from the Portuguese queen

14. The majority of English Puritans were religious dissenters who A. B. C. D. E. were content with the reformed Church of England desired an end to the English civil war wished to purify Anglican forms of worship hoped to return the English Church to the Roman Catholic Church wanted to leave the Church of England

15. The first American-born child of an English settler was A. B. C. D. E. John White Humphrey Gilbert Walter Raleigh Virginia Dare Elizabeth Tudor

16. When the Europeans arrived in the Americas, they brought with them all of the following things except A. B. C. D. E. a strong yearning for silver and gold new crops that the natives had not seen before new domestic livestock that the natives had never seen the practice of human sacrifice for religious practices that the natives had not known before diseases to which that the Native Americans had little immunity

17. The first European country to launch long ocean voyages of exploration was A. B. C. D. E. Portugal Italy Spain Holland England

18. In an effort to subjugate the Native Americans, the Spanish engaged in all of the following practices except A. B. C. D. E. killing Indian leaders, including warriors and priests installing Spaniards in positions of political power prohibiting marriage between Spanish men and Indian women destroying records and documents of the native political systems forcing natives to work for Spaniards for little or no pay

19. During the 1600s, the rapid growth of Virginia's population led to the A. B. C. D. E. domination of the House of Burgesses by frontier settlers increased immigration controls violation of Indian treaties and frequent border conflicts promotion of anti-immigration laws extension of the right to vote to all white men

20. The English colonization of North America A. B. C. D. E. failed to establish a significant cash crop succeeded due to large gold reserves in Virginia resolved economic differences with European rivals resulted in the empowerment of Native Americans established trading centers in cities on the eastern seaboard

21. The witchcraft hysteria in Salem and other New England towns was A. B. C. D. E. aimed solely at West Indian immigrants a reflection of economic strains within the community the result of a belief thought to be merely superstition focused mainly on young girls in the towns the result of zealous religious practices

22. Characteristics of early colonial life in North America included A. B. C. D. E. a low percentage of African-Americans in the South a mild and easily manageable physical environment a dominant culture of French tastes and styles a native population that outnumbered Europeans less diversity of culture compared with Britain

23. Roughly one-fourth of indentures in the Chesapeake were A. B. C. D. E. women of African descent Puritan Separatists males English royalty

24. One problem with early American industries was A. B. C. D. E. a failure of small companies to compete a tendency to enforce too many rules of trade the lack of an elaborate coastal trade there was no commonly accepted currency England's lack of concern for making a profit

25. The system of temporary servitude in the New World A. B. C. D. E. led to a lack of social unrest in the Chesapeake region was appealing to North American property-holders in the mid-1600s did not compose a significant percentage of the colonial labor force was not widely used in the British colonies included a labor force that never volunteered to come to the colonies

26. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some Americans were growing troubled by A. B. C. D. E. a decline in the colonial population that reduced the labor pool a huge increase in Catholic immigration from Ireland the overwhelming amount of new taxes imposed by Britain an apparent decline in religious piety in their society the lack of fertile soil in the Middle Colonies

27. The Great Awakening of the 1700s A. B. C. D. E. healed the divisions that had grown up between existing congregations had little impact in the colonies achieved its greatest success in northern cities came in response to a decline in religious piety depended exclusively on powerful evangelists from England

28. By the early eighteenth century, Africans in North America A. B. C. D. E. refused to have children who would be born into servitude experienced more humane treatment in slave codes were still viewed as indentured servants, rather than as slaves lived mostly in cities on the northeastern seaboard began more commonly to be seen as inferior by whites

29. The Enlightenment encouraged people to seek guidance in their lives and to shape society by looking to A. B. C. D. E. leading educators government leaders themselves the Puritan Elect the clergy

30. The American who least subscribed to the ideas of the Enlightenment was A. B. C. D. E. James Madison Jonathan Edwards Thomas Paine Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin

31. During the 1600s and 1700s, the southern economy was characterized by all of the following conditions except A. B. C. D. E. a reliance on tobacco in the Chesapeake region the development of a merchant class expansion of planters' landholdings the dominance of cash crop agriculture boom-and-bust economic cycles

32. In his policy toward the American colonies, Prime Minister George Grenville maintained that the colonists should be A. B. C. D. E. taxed less than in the past treated fairly, as his brother-in-law, William Pitt, had suggested allowed to take a greater share in governing themselves urged to extend slavery into New England compelled to pay part of the cost of administering and defending the empire

33. After 1763, the British imperial design changed from emphasizing trade to A. B. C. D. E. supporting the expansion of colonial manufacturing abandoning colonies that were losing money acquiring land, population, and imperial splendor eliminating all colonial taxes promoting electoral democracy

34. During the 1760s and 1770s, the political program that angered the Americans most was the British effort to take away local control over A. B. C. D. E. regulating slavery in the South appointing the colonial governor approving the choice of military commanders negotiating treaties with the Indians appropriating money for local government

35. Prime Minister Charles Townshend established a board of customs commissioners in America that A. B. C. D. E. won the support of American merchants outside of Boston halted smuggling in all American seaports virtually ended smuggling in Boston continued loose enforcement of the Navigation Acts broke the colonists' boycott of English goods

36. Alcohol and its consumption in the American colonies in 1770 was A. B. C. D. E. restricted to beer and wine craved by American colonists, and drunkenness was common strictly illegal by English law nonexistent in cities restricted to private homes

37. The Mutiny (Quartering) Act of 1765 was resented by the colonists because A. B. C. D. E. colonial contributions of lodging and supplies for British troops were made mandatory they had never quartered troops in the past they were required to quarter troops who served no purpose other than to oppress them some colonies were exempt from the laws provisions they could now be prosecuted on mutiny charges for refusing to provide quarters for troops

38. One of the developments that led to the French and Indian War was A. B. C. D. E. the decision of the Iroquois to abandon their alliance with the British land disputes over the cultivation of tobacco continued expansion of French and English settlements the alliances between the British and the Hurons and the French and the Iroquois George Washington's attack on and victory over the French at Ft. Necessity

39. The effects of Queen Anne's War in the colonies included A. B. C. D. E. the outbreak of border conflicts with both France and Spain the surrender of the city of Boston to the French the signing of an alliance between the colonists and the Iroquois a brief outburst of war between the colonists and Britain a huge loss of land to the control of France

40. During the Seven Years' War, the English secretary of state was A. B. C. D. E. William of Orange William Byrd Jeffery Amherst William Pitt James Wolfe

41. Following the "Boston Massacre" of 1770, Samuel Adams stirred up public outrage and then helped to create a committee of A. B. C. D. E. revolution correspondence vigilance public safety military training

42. During his years as chancellor of the exchequer, Charles Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass all of the following measures except A. B. C. D. E. imposing a series of new external taxes creating an effective antismuggling board disbanding the New York assembly addressing the challenge of enforcing the Mutiny Act establishing new agents to enforce the Stamp Act

43. In the 1770s and 1780s, the powers of government were A. B. C. D. E. not considered to be an important issue concentrated in the state governments shared equally by the state government and independent local governments shared equally by the national government and the state governments concentrated in the national government

44. The American War for Independence has been characterized in all of the following ways except A. B. C. D. E. the first technological war an unusually savage conflict a revolutionary war for liberation a switch to a new type of conflict a relatively modest war

45. In discussing the American Revolution, the basic controversy among historians involves the question: A. Was the motivation for the Revolution primarily political ideology or essentially economic and social interests? B. Should the British have won easily, or did they face an impossible, Vietnam-style war? C. Did the French make a colossal blunder in supporting the Americans and as a result bring about their own revolution? D. If the Americans really believed what they said in the Declaration of Independence, why did they not end slavery? E. Did English generals intentionally use strategies that would fail? 46. The state governments that were formed during the 1770s exhibited all of the following characteristics except A. B. C. D. E. they limited the power of the executive in favor of the legislative they forbade governors from holding legislative seats they had property requirements for voting they adopted the principle of universal suffrage they had written constitutions

47. During the final phase of the American Revolution, between early 1778 and late 1783, the fighting resulted in the British forces A. doing very little, simply sitting in their city fortresses and waiting for the Americans to attack them B. moving their major efforts into the South, where their forces were finally worn down and suffered a major defeat C. refusing to engage the Americans in any large-scale battles D. winning all of the major battles but never succeeding in defeating the American armies E. losing all of the major battles as the American forces became totally dominant

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48. The Battle of Breed's Hill resulted in A. B. C. D. E. a heavy loss of life for the attacking British army Benedict Arnold being hailed as a national hero the removal of William Howe as a British commander France's full military and financial support for the Revolution the withdrawal of George Washington's forces from Long Island

49. In the 1770s and 1780s, the majority of Americans agreed on all of the following political assumptions except A. B. C. D. E. republicanism should be the foundation for new government people should enjoy equality of condition during their lives political power should come directly from the people a nation should have a large number of independent property owners people should have an equal opportunity to succeed in life

50. By the end of the American Revolution, most Native American tribes had A. B. C. D. E. earned the respect of Americans by fighting the British denied knowing of the war between the Americans and the British gained beneficial trade treaties with whites experienced a weakening of their power and independence managed to escape to the safety of southeast Canada

51. The Treaty of Paris included a provision that A. B. C. D. E. began a rift between the Canadian and English governments awarded the Americans with a generous cession of land outlawed British trade on the Atlantic Ocean caused Spain to declare war on France named George Washington as president of the new nation

52. During the American Revolution the religious group that most improved its position was the A. B. C. D. E. Jews Iroquois Anglicans Catholics Quakers

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53. During the final phase of the American Revolution, General Cornwallis was surrounded and forced to surrender his entire force at A. B. C. D. E. Charleston, South Carolina Wilmington, North Carolina Cowpens, South Carolina Savannah, Georgia Yorktown, Virginia

54. The start of the French Revolution caused the Republicans in the United States to A. B. C. D. E. decide to withhold judgment until they saw what the final outcome of the Revolution would be applaud the revolution as being democratic and copy French fashions and forms of address join with the Federalists in opposition to France urge an alliance and free-trade treaty with England turn against the French because they overthrew the monarchy and executed the king and queen

55. In the election of 1796, the man who won the presidency was A. B. C. D. E. James Madison John Adams George Washington Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

56. When war broke out in Europe in 1793 between France and Great Britain, the U.S. government A. B. C. D. E. decided that the British were right and went to war against France took no action, instead waiting to see how the war would go sided with the French and declared war on Great Britain attempted to make a protective alliance with Spain declared the country neutral and tried to keep the country out of it

57. For the new U.S. Constitution to go into effect, it had to be ratified by A. B. C. D. E. all of the state legislatures nine of the state ratifying conventions a majority of the Confederation Congress unanimous vote in Congress two-thirds of the people voting in a referendum

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58. The Federalist Party enjoyed widespread support in the A. B. C. D. E. rural areas of the South commercial centers of the Northeast farming areas of the Northwest farming communities of the West fur-trading region of the Mississippi Valley

59. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison joined forces in an attempt to A. B. C. D. E. end slavery in the Tidewater Region defend the power of the Confederation Congress to impose a tariff duty on imports call for a convention to correct the defects in the Articles of Confederation strengthen states' rights under the Articles of Confederation produce a quorum in the Confederation Congress to ratify the Peace of Paris

60. Alexander Hamilton believed in all of the following ideas except A. B. C. D. a large and permanent national debt is a good idea one bank should have a monopoly of the federal governments own banking business the country should be governed by an elite ruling class the national government should reward only those who had originally loaned it money during the Revolution E. the federal government should assume state debts incurred during the war 61. The "Great Compromise" at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 resulted in all of the following agreements except A. representation in the lower house of Congress would be based on population B. each state would have an equal number of votes in the upper house of Congress C. each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a free person in the determination of representation and direct taxation D. an assumption that slave labor was not as productive as free labor E. the national government would be prohibited from exercising any powers not specifically granted to it

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62. The element of the Constitution most representative of the anti-federalist perspective is the A. B. C. D. E. three-fifths provision Bill of Rights Thirteenth Amendment concept of strong centralization doctrine of judicial review

63. By creating a federal system, the framers of the Constitution A. B. C. D. E. insured the election of John Adams rejected the ideals of The Federalist Papers stopped all talk about the power of states' rights showed that they were heavily influenced by the two-house system of Great Britain created a system of divided authority among national and state governments

64. In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison contended that state legislatures could declare federal laws unconstitutional. This view first appeared in A. B. C. D. E. Pinckney's Treaty the United States Constitution the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions The Federalist Papers the Declaration of Independence

65. Most of the people who wrote the Constitution A. B. C. D. E. were suspicious of the propertied classes represented the common men, rather than the wealthy and propertied distrusted any concentration of political power were old men with many years of political experience were young, unmarried, landless men

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66. Aaron Burr's trial for treason ended in A. a hung jury, with the government deciding not to retry him because the government believed it would not get a conviction B. his conviction, which was hailed as a victory for the Jefferson administration C. his conviction, following which he was sentenced to a long prison term D. his acquittal, because the judge imposed strict standards of evidence that the government could not meet E. his acquittal, because he was clearly innocent 67. The intellectual products of the rational skepticism of the late 1700s included all the following except A. B. C. D. E. attacks on religious superstition the Second Great Awakening the philosophy of deism the rejection of the idea of the Holy Trinity the idea of universalism

68. In reality, Jefferson accomplished the Republican ambition of A. B. C. D. E. decreasing the emphasis on farming increasing and strengthening the federal bureaucracy restricting the growth of industries and cities creating a system of universal education limiting the power of the federal government

69. The American desire for Florida led to a desire for war with A. B. C. D. E. France Britain Canada Mexico Spain

70. In 1784, Judith Sargent Murray published an essay that promoted the idea that A. B. C. D. E. common farmers were essential to the electoral process higher education should become available to all, regardless of income women were less capable than men in terms of intellect but possessed superior intuition Native Americans should be educated by the white culture women should have the same opportunity for education as men

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71. In the Jeffersonian era, American literary figures who contributed to the rise of cultural nationalism included all the following people except A. B. C. D. E. Noah Webster Washington Irving Mercy Otis Warren Charles Brockden Brown Samuel Slater

72. Jefferson sought to make his victory in the election of 1800 a "revolution" by A. B. C. D. E. refusing to expand the territorial limits of the United States instigating a military showdown with Great Britain repudiating completely the policies and programs of the Federalists attempting to crush the Federalist party with repressive legislation reducing drastically the size and power of the national government

73. The beginning of the American Industrial Revolution during the early 1800s resulted from all of the following developments except A. B. C. D. E. new inventions such as the cotton gin technological advances imported from England the development of advanced steam engines monetary assistance from the federal government to new factories the appearance of better transportation systems

74. During the early 1800s, the profession that normally required college training was A. B. C. D. E. minister teacher engineering doctor lawyer

75. As an individual, President Thomas Jefferson A. B. C. D. E. displayed excellent political skills possessed little intelligence had few talents was uninterested in the intellectual world loved to host lavish government social affairs

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76. The Rush-Bagot agreement between the United States and Britain A. B. C. D. E. ended the war of 1812 after bitter years of fighting provided for American-British disarmament on the Great Lakes failed to halt the building of British forts in the West represented Thomas Jefferson's greatest diplomatic achievement helped England defeat France in the Napoleonic Wars

77. When the charter of the Bank of the United States expired in 1811, state banks A. B. C. D. E. succeeded at creating a more regulated currency were solidly backed by gold and silver reserves issued bank notes that circulated as money were carefully monitored by the federal government decreased in number

78. The Tariff of 1828 was not popular in New England because it protected A. B. C. D. E. raw materials rice woolens cotton tobacco

79. In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824, the Supreme Court A. B. C. D. E. strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce strengthened the power of the monopoly increased the power of the states to regulate intrastate commerce weakened the powers of the national government ruled that commerce was a term that did not include navigation

80. John Jacob Astor created a fortune in his ownership of the A. B. C. D. E. Missouri Fur Company American Fur Company Red River Fur Company Rocky Mountain Fur Company Anglo-American Fur Company

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81. Between 1800 and 1820, the American textile industry experienced all of the following developments except A. B. C. D. E. it expanded tremendously both before and after the war it saw the opening of the first American mill to combine spinning and weaving under one roof it suffered from the British dumping underpriced goods on the American market it produced no significant inventions or technological advances of its own it experienced less foreign competition after the tariff of 1816

82. Major Stephen H. Long led an 1819 and 1820 expedition that A. B. C. D. E. surveyed areas for new farmlands in the West labeled the Great Plains the "Great American Desert" found the source of the Red River analyzed Indian artifacts in the Old Southwest explored the Pacific Northwest

83. In the 1819 case of McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court decided that the A. B. C. D. E. Bank of the United States was unconstitutional federal courts could declare state laws unconstitutional federal courts could review state court decisions doctrine of implied powers was valid Indians had the right to control their own lands

84. The greatest problem with the cotton economy of the Old South was the A. B. C. D. E. decrease in markets loss of fertility expense of slavery lack of modern machinery encroachment of industry

85. The "era of good feelings" became a popular label for the administration of A. B. C. D. E. John Adams James Madison Thomas Jefferson James Monroe John Quincy Adams

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86. The growing nationalism of the late 1810s and 1820s was reflected in all the following developments except A. B. C. D. E. the growth of the economy the foreign policy of the federal government the patriotic celebrations every Fourth of July the adherence by many people to a set of shared sentiments the crisis over the admission of Missouri

87. The author of the Compromise Tariff that ended the Nullification Crisis was A. B. C. D. E. Andrew Jackson Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun Henry Clay Martin Van Buren

88. The most important legislation passed during the Van Buren administration was the A. B. C. D. E. specie circular nullification code preemption bill subtreasury system bill ten-hour-workday bill

89. The theory of nullification is based on the principle that A. B. C. D. E. individual states may declare federal laws unconstitutional a majority of states may declare a federal law unconstitutional the Supreme Court may declare legislation unconstitutional the U.S. Congress may declare a state law unconstitutional the U.S. Congress cannot enact trade regulations

90. In 1828, the only state not to choose its presidential electors by popular vote was A. B. C. D. E. South Carolina Pennsylvania Ohio Tennessee Rhode Island

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91. The economic boom before 1837 exhibited all of the following characteristics except A. B. C. D. E. a decrease in the price of domestic products an increase in the construction of canals and railroads an increase in land speculation an increase in readily available credit a surplus of funds in the national treasury

92. In the 1830s, the supporters of the Whigs included all of the following groups except A. B. C. D. E. Irish and German Catholics anti-Masons in New York wealthy southern planters wealthy northeastern industrialists and merchants western pro-commerce merchants and farmers

93. The inauguration of Andrew Jackson in 1829 was significant because it A. B. C. D. E. symbolized a return to traditional upper-class values ended the tradition of raucous inaugural celebrations reaffirmed the control of the political elite indicated harmony between the southern and northern regions of the United States signified the empowerment of a heretofore disenfranchised class of Americans

94. The immediate causes of the Panic of 1837 included all of the following except A. B. C. D. E. a succession of crop failures the removal of foreign money from United States banks the withdrawal of federal funds from state banks a presidential order requiring federal land be paid for in specie the easy credit policies of the Bank of the United States

95. The creation of a second party system in the 1830s produced competition between the A. B. C. D. E. Federalists and Republicans Republicans and Whigs Democrats and Republicans Democrats and Federalists Whigs and Democrats

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96. Webster's main weakness as a presidential candidate for the Whigs was his A. B. C. D. E. excessive condemnation of alcoholic beverages inability to speak effectively in public close connections with rich men and big businesses support of the theory of nullification close ties to owners of large plantations

97. During Andrew Jackson's presidency, the common people gained political power through all of the following means except A. B. C. D. E. elimination of property qualifications for voting creation of national nominating conventions increase in opportunity to hold political office enfranchisement of women and free blacks challenge of entrenched office holders

98. The United States of the 1840s and 1850s saw all of the following developments except A. B. C. D. E. a sharp decline in immigration from Europe the rapid growth of Northeastern cities a major movement of shipping to the Great Lakes the rise of close economic ties between the Northeast and Northwest a booming agricultural economy in the West

99. Between 1800 and 1860, the nature of the family changed because of the decline in the A. B. C. D. E. use of birth control rate of births size of farms number of hired hands on farms number of abortions

100.The early railroads of the 1820s and 1830s primarily served as A. B. C. D. E. linkages between water routes long-haul carriers the means of moving bulk goods passenger lines connection between the Great Lakes and the Far West

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101.The early Lowell or Waltham system used in the textile mills A. B. C. D. E. paid men and women equal wages and granted equal working conditions was marked by good working conditions superior to those in England was marked by long working hours, poor dormitory conditions, and strikes brought whole families from the farm to the mill, where families worked together caused the formation of the first national unions

102.The rise of the factory began in the A. B. C. D. E. steel refineries of the Midwest food processing industry in the Northwest munitions industry in the Southeast textile industry in the Northeast shoe industry in the Southeast

103.One result of the development of canals was A. B. C. D. E. decreased use of railroad lines increased growth of Southeastern cities increased settlement in the Northwest decreased use of the port of New Orleans decreased growth of trade in the North

104.The Erie Canal revolutionized domestic markets because it permitted the A. B. C. D. E. shipment of wheat from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest shipping of meat from Chicago to the South transfer of goods from New York to New Orleans along inland waterways movement of cotton from the Deep South to New England transport of gold from California to the East coast

105.In the mid-1800s, the social status of women included all of the following conditions except A. B. C. D. E. women had much better access to education than in the 1700s women of the middle class experienced new domestic experience women had few employment opportunities outside the home and domestic service women were the custodians of morality and benevolence women had few legal rights

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106.The city that gained the most from the success of the Erie Canal was A. B. C. D. E. Baltimore Albany New York Philadelphia Buffalo

107.Among the most popular formats of entertainment in antebellum America, as epitomized by P. T. Barnum, were A. B. C. D. E. gloved boxing matches lectures baseball games dog races Greco-Roman wrestling

108.Between 1800 and 1860, society changed in America in that the A. B. C. D. E. amount of mobility within the working class was significant distribution of wealth became more even standard of living of most laborers was improving percentage of middle-class people dropped dramatically number of destitute people decreased

109.All of the following men contributed significantly to the improvement in communications and journalism in the 1840s and 1850s except A. B. C. D. E. Richard Hoe John Stevens James Gordon Bennett Samuel Morse Horace Greeley

110.By the 1850s, the South had large numbers of A. B. C. D. E. textile factories banks professional people canals and turnpikes manufacturing plants

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111.Slavery in the South exhibited all of the following characteristics except A. B. C. D. E. the slave population increased through natural reproduction growing cotton was much easier work than growing sugar masters frequently protected young slave children from hard work slaves generally had better living conditions than those of Caribbean slaves the African slave trade grew larger each decade until the Civil War

112.Many non-slave owning whites in the South were tied to the slave system by all of the following circumstances except A. B. C. D. E. they depended on the plantations for economic favors they often relied on planters for credit they feared the terrorist tactics that plantation owners used they were often related by blood to wealthy slaveowners they shared the Southern belief in white racial superiority

113.Southerners considered slavery incompatible with city life because they A. B. C. D. E. could not find employment for slaves there were suspicious of a union between slaves and poor white laborers feared possible educational opportunities for slaves in the cities believed that slaves would not work without supervision feared possible slave conspiracies and insurrection

114.By 1860 the states with the largest slave population were A. B. C. D. E. Virginia and South Carolina North and South Carolina Tennessee and Alabama Virginia and North Carolina Alabama and South Carolina

115.Which practice continued in the South long after it had largely vanished in the North? A. B. C. D. E. boxing live minstrel shows dueling Shakespearean farces merchant capitalism

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116.The growth of cotton as the major crop for the South was enhanced by the A. B. C. D. E. decline in the use of slave labor stabilization of the cotton market success of a new variety of cotton concentration of the industry in only a few states thriving condition of the tobacco industry

117.The group in white Southern society that most objected to the institution of slavery was the A. B. C. D. E. planter elite hill people sand hillers yeoman farmers plain folk

118.The slave system was characterized by A. B. C. D. E. a concentration of labor in the Upper South a uniformly applied set of stern but fair slave codes prison-like conditions for most slaves generally good conditions for slaves considerable variety in the conditions under which slaves lived

119.The greatest disadvantage for crops that competed with cotton was that the other crops A. B. C. D. E. needed more extensive processing than cotton had no foreign market were limited by soil and climate conditions did not show a profit for the growers made no profits in the domestic market

120.The majority of Northerners regarded the abolitionists as A. B. C. D. E. unknowing agents of slaveholding interests harmless cranks on the lunatic fringe dangerous, fanatical revolutionaries idealistic people slightly ahead of their time noble, courageous defenders of truth and justice

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121.In the early antislavery movement of the 1810s and 1820s, the most common plan called for the A. B. C. D. E. overthrow of state governments in the South distribution of forty acres and a mule to each former slave immediate and mandatory emancipation of all slaves colonization of freed slaves in Africa gradual incorporation of free blacks into American society

122.Antebellum feminists were generally A. B. C. D. E. unconcerned with the growth of slavery united in their goals and methods active in other reform movements as well indifferent to political issues while attentive to social causes devoted to the issue of women's rights to the exclusion of all else

123.During the 1800s, members of the temperance movement agreed almost unanimously that A. B. C. D. E. temperance rely on the conscience of the individual alcohol should not be sold on Sundays abstinence should include not only hard liquor but also beer and wine state governments should restrict the sale and consumption of alcohol abstinence should promote the moral self-improvement of individuals

124.The leading Southern novelists of the 1830s and 1840s wrote A. B. C. D. E. dark portraits of the decline of American Indians bitter attacks on the evils of slavery romantic eulogies of the plantation system classical tragedies in the Shakespearean tradition tributes to the glory of European culture

125.Antislavery sentiment underlay the formation in 1840 of the A. B. C. D. E. Republican party Liberty party Democratic party Whig party Union party

26

126.Henry David Thoreau argued that it was necessary for individuals to A. B. C. D. E. maintain daily contact with their neighbors practice civil disobedience when laws were unjust submit themselves to the good of society insist upon strict enforcement of all national laws obey the creeds of organized religion

127.In the antebellum North, the abolitionist movement A. B. C. D. E. revitalized the Democratic party in the North inspired nothing but hatred from the public attracted some support, but also frequent mob violence achieved widespread support from the public was largely ignored by the general public

128.Herman Melville created the epic tale of Captain Ahab's obsession with the pursuit of the great white whale in the novel A. B. C. D. E. Moby Dick Two Years Before the Mast Tamerlane Billy Budd Down to the Sea in Ships

129.The novel Uncle Tom's Cabin A. B. C. D. E. was a bestseller throughout the South had little impact on the political tensions of the 1850s was banned by booksellers throughout the New England region experienced low sales despite its powerful themes inflamed passions over sectional differences regarding slavery

130.Brook Farm was noted for its A. B. C. D. E. attempts to discredit transcendentalism attempt at utopian communal living pioneer work in improved fertilizers experimental livestock hybrids silver flatware

27

131.The reformers of the 1840s and 1850s believed that the best answer for the future of Native Americans was A. B. C. D. E. reservations assimilation relocation extermination reconciliation

132.The Wilmot Proviso that prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico A. B. C. D. E. passed the House but lost in the Senate passed the Senate but lost in the House was quickly passed by Congress received the support of President Polk never came to a vote in Congress

133.In Congress, most of the criticism of the Mexican War came from the A. B. C. D. E. Federalists Republicans Democrats States' Rightists Whigs

134.During the election of 1856, the major candidates included A. B. C. D. E. Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln James Polk Franklin Pierce James Buchanan

135.From the 1820s to 1840s, Americans became involved in trade with New Mexico by traveling along the A. B. C. D. E. Santa Fe Trail Mormon Trail Butterfield Overland Trail Independence Trail Old Spanish Trail

28

136.The able commanding general of the United States' forces in the Mexican War was A. B. C. D. E. Ulysses S. Grant Winfield Scott A. W. Domphan Stephen Kearny Zachary Taylor

137.In the election campaign of 1844, Henry Clay A. B. C. D. E. tried to avoid the issue of Texas suggested selling Texas to Great Britain or France called for war with Mexico denounced the proposed annexation of Texas urged the immediate annexation of Texas

138.In 1856, the U.S. Representative Preston Brooks, infuriated by an insulting speech directed against his uncle, beat with his cane U.S. Senator A. B. C. D. E. Daniel Webster Stephen A. Douglas Jefferson Davis Henry Clay Charles Sumner

139.The victorious commanding general at the Battle of San Jacinto was A. B. C. D. E. Davy Crockett Andrew Jackson Jim Bowie William Travis Sam Houston

29

140.During the late 1850s, the Free Laborites of the North came to believe in all of the following ideas except A. B. C. D. slavery was such a moral evil that it must be abolished quickly the existence of slavery endangered the rights of whites to own property the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation the perfect society was one of small-scale capitalism that allowed everyone a chance at upward mobility E. Southern society was so backward that it constituted a threat to democracy and individualism 141.The main reason for the Texas Revolution was A. B. C. D. E. the Texans' desire to overthrow the government of Mexico failure of James Polk to pursue expansion Mexico had become a dictatorship Mexico was determined to drive all Americans out of Texas the United States' desire to gain control of the territory of Mexico

142.Because of the "Young America" movement, the United States considered annexing parts of A. B. C. D. E. Panama Mexico Russia Brazil Cuba

143.According to President Polk, war with Mexico began when A. B. C. D. E. Santa Anna brutally captured and killed the defenders of the Alamo Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked American troops American troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked Mexican troops the United States annexed Texas, and Mexico declared war Mexican and American troops ran into each other on foraging missions

30

144.During the late 1850s, the Free Laborites of the North came to believe in all of the following ideas except A. B. C. D. Southern society was so backward that it constituted a threat to democracy and individualism the existence of slavery endangered the rights of whites to own property slavery was such a moral evil that it must be abolished quickly the perfect society was one of small-scale capitalism that allowed everyone a chance at upward mobility E. the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation 145.In 1856, the U.S. Representative Preston Brooks, infuriated by an insulting speech directed against his uncle, beat with his cane U.S. Senator A. B. C. D. E. Daniel Webster Jefferson Davis Charles Sumner Henry Clay Stephen A. Douglas

146.The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 contained all of the following provisions except A. B. C. D. E. creating popular sovereignty as a method of compromise creating two new federal territories repealing the antislavery provision of the Missouri Compromise allowing some territorial legislatures to decide the slavery issue for themselves declaring the Wilmot Proviso void

147.The provisions of the Compromise of 1850 included A. B. C. D. E. abolishing fugitive slave laws prohibiting slavery in New Mexico territory admitting California as a slave state abolishing the slave trade in the District of Columbia ending slavery in all new territories

31

148.The proposal for popular sovereignty called for deciding the issue of slavery in the territories through A. B. C. D. E. executive order direct national referendum a popular vote by the residents of each territory a vote in both houses of Congress Constitutional amendment

149.The 1850 legislation that aimed at resolving all the sectional issues in one compromise package was introduced by A. B. C. D. E. John C. Calhoun Zachary Taylor Daniel Webster Abraham Lincoln Henry Clay

150.In the Ostend Manifesto, American diplomats called for American A. B. C. D. E. rejecting of the Wilmot Proviso support of the Hungarian Revolution against Austria diplomatic relations and trade with Japan annexation of Cuba, by force if necessary annexation of the kingdom of Hawaii

151.The westward journey to the West Coast in the 1840s could be characterized as A. B. C. D. E. disease free and relatively short relatively easy and safe dangerous and strenuous dangerous because of Indian attack unsuccessful at reaching the West

152.In Congress, most of the criticism of the Mexican War came from the A. B. C. D. E. Democrats States' Rightists Republicans Federalists Whigs

32

153.In the 1840s, the Oregon Country's ownership remained in dispute between the United States and A. B. C. D. E. Canada Russia France Mexico Great Britain

154.The main issue in James K. Polk's 1844 presidential campaign was his commitment to A. B. C. D. E. reducing the cost of Western land rechartering the Bank of the United States resolving sectional differences increasing the tariff territorial expansion of the United States

155.During the election of 1860, the Democratic party A. B. C. D. E. dissolved split into a Northern and a Southern faction managed to draw what was left of the Whig party into its ranks lost most of the elections for senators and representatives dominated voting strength in the Northeast

156.During the Civil War, Kansas and Missouri were A. B. C. D. E. uninvolved in the political issues of the war attacked by Indians allied with the Confederacy ravaged by guerrilla bands from both sides away from the fighting, thus largely peaceful the scene of four major battles

157.The popularity of baseball received its greatest boost from A. B. C. D. E. American expansion in the West the Mexican-American War the American Civil War wealthy American entrepreneurs the "industrial boom" of the 1870s

33

158.On April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant at A. B. C. D. E. Petersburg, Virginia Richmond Washington, D.C. Appomattox Courthouse Durham, North Carolina

159.As the commander in chief of the Union army, President Lincoln was A. B. C. D. E. about equal to his confederate counterpart highly competent but not infallible unable to take part in military decision making incompetent; a serious burden to the Union forces brilliant; the best military mind of his time

160.During 1863, the Union forces achieved decisive victories that effectively sealed the fate of the Confederacy in the battles of A. B. C. D. E. Vicksburg and Gettysburg Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville Bull Run and Shiloh Chancellorsville and Petersburg Petersburg and Atlanta

161.The Emancipation Proclamation freed A. B. C. D. E. all the slaves of the South except those already under Union control only the slaves of the South all the slaves of the South only those slaves contributing to the Confederate war effort only runaway slaves who had reached the North

162.The 1862 Union campaigns in Virginia A. B. C. D. E. displayed the military genius of George B. McClellan were of little consequence since little fighting occurred resulted in a frustrating and bloody stalemate were a major disaster for the Union led to major Union victories

34

163.The first major Southern city captured by Union forces was A. B. C. D. E. Atlanta Lexington Richmond Charleston New Orleans

164.The death toll in the American Civil War was A. B. C. D. E. far greater than that of any other American war small in comparison with previous wars moderately high; about equal to that of the Vietnam War higher than that of the Revolutionary War but still moderately low second only to the U.S. dead in World War II

165.Of the over two million men who served in the Union armies, the largest number were men who A. B. C. D. E. were in the army at the start of the war were paid a bounty to serve were drafted into service had been dedicated abolitionists volunteered for service

166.The greatest source of division in the South was A. B. C. D. E. the doctrine of states' rights monetary policy the issue of slavery conscription exemptions disagreement over the war

167.The general who orchestrated the "March to the Sea" was A. B. C. D. E. Irvin McDowell William T. Sherman Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant

35

168.Revisionist historians, such as James G. Randall, argued that the Civil War was caused by A. B. C. D. E. smuggling of slaves from the West Indies constitutional disputes inept political leadership the extreme brutality of slavery fundamental sectional differences

169.The event that touched off the process of secession for the majority of southern states was A. B. C. D. E. John Brown's raid the election of Lincoln to the presidency the bombardment of Fort Sumter "Bleeding Kansas" antiunion riots in Baltimore

170.The difficulties of the Union war effort included A. B. C. D. E. long lines of communication in enemy territory timid, inept leadership in the White House Confederate superiority in weapons technology insufficient number of soldiers extended supply lines across hostile territory

171.Lincoln's most successful general was A. B. C. D. E. Winfield Scott Ulysses S. Grant Henry W. Hallack Irvin McDowell George B. McClellan

172.Republican Reconstruction governments were supported by all of the following groups except A. B. C. D. E. carpetbaggers freedmen redeemers Southern African-Americans scalawags

36

173.In the aftermath of emancipation, most African-Americans wanted all of the following improvements in their lives except A. B. C. D. E. legal protection of their rights desegregated schools and fraternal societies their own cultural institutions, such as churches independence from white control the opportunity for social advancement

174.Southerners deprived black Americans of their civil rights by all of the following means except A. B. C. D. E. using violence and intimidation segregating most public facilities prohibiting black schools restricting the meaning of Constitutional amendments passing Jim Crow laws

175.The revisionist view of Reconstruction challenged the traditional view of Reconstruction that was advanced by A. B. C. D. E. C. Van Woodward Kenneth Stampp Eric Foner William A. Dunning W. E. B. Du Bois

176.Historian Leon Litwack A. B. C. D. E. believed that radical Reconstruction failed to address black suffrage believed that white supremacy was not a factor in Southern politics linked the rise of segregation to the growth of Southern cities argued that segregation was just as bad in the North as in the South showed that segregation existed in the North before the Civil War

177.A key factor in Ulysses S. Grant's victory in the presidential election of 1868 was A. B. C. D. E. the lack of bitterness expressed in the campaign Grant's new popularity with white Southerners his experience as a party boss during the Civil War Grant's long career of political experience the huge black vote for Grant in the South

37

178.During Reconstruction, no Southern black was elected to A. B. C. D. E. a state governorship the U.S. Senate the U.S. House of Representatives the U.S. Congress a state lieutenant governorship

179.The Freedmen's Bureau eventually had all of the following powers except A. B. C. D. E. creating a welfare system assisting poor whites establishing schools distributing food settling labor disputes

180.In the presidential election of 1876, the Republicans hoped to get the problems of the Grant administration behind them by nominating A. B. C. D. E. Charles Sumner Samuel J. Tilden Rutherford B. Hayes Horace Greeley James G. Blaine

181.Of the following groups, the least likely to become "Redeemers" were A. B. C. D. E. the old aristocracy white Democrats industrialists and merchants blacks poor whites

182.The "Readjusters" demanded that A. B. C. D. E. Union troops remain in the South conservative Southerners be given ultimate power in the South Andrew Johnson resign as president Southern state governments put more money toward state services the Grant administration be prosecuted for corruption

38

183.By the end of the Reconstruction period, all of the following developments had occurred except A. B. C. D. E. the country had failed to establish racial justice blacks had improved their economic conditions most national leaders had become willing to infringe on the rights of states the legal foundations for the "Second Reconstruction" had been established Southern whites had regained control of their state governments

184.All of the following actions by Andrew Johnson angered Congress except A. B. C. D. E. the consistent resistance of radical Republican ideas the veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 the appointment of a Southerner to the Supreme Court the veto of the Freedmen's Bureau Act the dismissal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

39

Final Exam I Key

1.
(p. 34)C

2.
(p. 48)A

3.
(p. 50)C

4.
(p. 50)A

5.
(p. 44-48)B

6.
(p. 39-40)B

7.
(p. 39)D

8.
(p. 21-23)E

9.
(p. 8)B

10.
(p. 9-10)B

11.
(p. 25-26)A

12.
(p. 5-8)A

13.
(p. 11-12)A

14.
(p. 25)C

15.
(p. 29)D

16.
(p. 17-20)D

17.
(p. 11)A

18.
(p. 13-20)C

19.
(p. 39)C

20.
(p. 62)E

21.
(p. 87-88)B

22.
(p. 65)D

23.
(p. 67)A

24.
(p. 81)D

25.
(p. 66-67)E

26.
(p. 91)D

27.
(p. 91-92)D

28.
(p. 72-75)E

29.
(p. 92-93)C

30.
(p. 92)B

31.
(p. 78)B

32.
(p. 109)E

33.
(p. 109)C

34.
(p. 110-113)E

35.
(p. 116)C

36.
(p. 120)B

37.
(p. 115)A

38.
(p. 105)C

39.
(p. 105)A

40.
(p. 106)D

41.
(p. 117)B

42.
(p. 115-116)E

43.
(p. 149-151)B

44.
(p. 127)A

45.
(p. 142-143)A

46.
(p. 149-150)D

47.
(p. 139)B

48.
(p. 134)A

49.
(p. 149-150)B

50.
(p. 145-146)D

51.
(p. 143)B

52.
(p. 144)D

53.
(p. 131-142)E

54.
(p. 172)B

55.
(p. 175)B

56.
(p. 173)E

57.
(p. 167)B

58.
(p. 169-172)B

59.
(p. 161)C

60.
(p. 168-169)D

61.
(p. 162-163)E

62.
(p. 167)B

63.
(p. 178)E

64.
(p. 177)C

65.
(p. 162)C

66.
(p. 204)D

67.
(p. 185)B

68.
(p. 181)E

69.
(p. 208)B

70.
(p. 183)E

71.
(p. 184-185)E

72.
(p. 193-200)E

73.
(p. 188-192)D

74.
(p. 183)A

75.
(p. 196)A

76.
(p. 212)B

77.
(p. 216)C

78.
(p. 229)A

79.
(p. 226)A

80.
(p. 220)B

81.
(p. 216-217)D

82.
(p. 221-222)B

83.
(p. 226)D

84.
(p. 220)B

85.
(p. 223)D

86.
(p. 215)E

87.
(p. 241)D

88.
(p. 251-252)D

89.
(p. 239)A

90.
(p. 236)A

91.
(p. 250-251)A

92.
(p. 249-250)A

93.
(p. 234)E

94.
(p. 250-251)E

95.
(p. 249)E

96.
(p. 250)C

97.
(p. 234-235)D

98.
(p. 260)A

99.
(p. 282-283)B

100.
(p. 268-269)A

101.
(p. 279)B

102.
(p. 272-273)D

103.
(p. 267)C

104.
(p. 267-268)C

105.
(p. 282-285)A

106.
(p. 267)C

107.
(p. 292)B

108.
(p. 279-280)C

109.
(p. 270-271)B

110.
(p. 295)C

111.
(p. 303-307)E

112.
(p. 301-303)C

113.
(p. 307)E

114.
(p. 296)A

115.
(p. 300)C

116.
(p. 294)C

117.
(p. 302)B

118.
(p. 303-304)E

119.
(p. 294)C

120.
(p. 334)C

121.
(p. 330)D

122.
(p. 329)C

123.
(p. 323-324)E

124.
(p. 318)C

125.
(p. 336)B

126.
(p. 319)B

127.
(p. 332-334)C

128.
(p. 317)A

129.
(p. 336)E

130.
(p. 319)B

131.
(p. 328)A

132.
(p. 351)A

133.
(p. 347)E

134.
(p. 359)E

135.
(p. 347)A

136.
(p. 348)B

137.
(p. 346)A

138.
(p. 357)E

139.
(p. 342)E

140.
(p. 357-359)A

141.
(p. 342)C

142.
(p. 355)E

143.
(p. 347)B

144.
(p. 357-359)C

145.
(p. 357)C

146.
(p. 356)E

147.
(p. 353-355)D

148.
(p. 351)C

149.
(p. 353)E

150.
(p. 355)D

151.
(p. 344-346)C

152.
(p. 347)E

153.
(p. 343)E

154.
(p. 346)E

155.
(p. 363)B

156.
(p. 388)C

157.
(p. 384-385)C

158.
(p. 403)D

159.
(p. 384-385)B

160.
(p. 394)A

161.
(p. 376)A

162.
(p. 390-393)C

163.
(p. 390)E

164.
(p. 388)A

165.
(p. 375)E

166.
(p. 382)A

167.
(p. 396-398)B

168.
(p. 373)C

169.
(p. 368)B

170.
(p. 370)E

171.
(p. 384)B

172.
(p. 409-410, 421)C

173.
(p. 403)B

174.
(p. 427-430)C

175.
(p. 418-419)D

176.
(p. 428)E

177.
(p. 414)E

178.
(p. 410)A

10

179.
(p. 404)A

180.
(p. 417)C

181.
(p. 421)D

182.
(p. 421)D

183.
(p. 420-421)C

184.
(p. 407, 409)C

11