Experiment 1: Boiling Point Elevation: Colligative Properties

Abigail Tennant
Partner: Nikki Theobald CHM145-A TA: Bo Wang 09 September 2011

Experiment 1: Boiling Point Elevation Abigail Tennant Partner: Nikki Theobald

09/09/2011 CHM145A, TA: Bo Wang

Plots of temperature vs. time:

Temperture versus time for pure H2O

120 100 Temperature (C) 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Time (s) 600 700 800 900 1000

Temperature versus time for H2O+ 16.155g of NaCl

108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Time (s) 400

Temperature (C)

Experiment 1: Boiling Point Elevation Abigail Tennant Partner: Nikki Theobald

09/09/2011 CHM145A, TA: Bo Wang

Plots of Tb vs. molality

Tb vs. molality for NaCl solutions

12 10 8 Tb (C) 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 Molality (mol solute/kg solvent) 5 6 y = 1.9378x - 0.9342 R = 0.8797

Equations: T=iKbm o where Kb= 0.51 and i=2 and m dependent upon the amount of NaCl used Tb=f(m) o where the average value of f=1.6 Note: The value of f slowly increases with increasing molality. y= 1.9378x - 0.9342 o describing the relationship between Tb and molality for the data collected in lab Questions: 1. What happened to the temperature of the water immediately after the salt was added? Can you determine why this happened? (Think about the heat of solution.) Once the salt was added to the boiling pure water, the temperature dropped by about 5C. This happened because the addition of the NaCl caused an endothermic reaction. This is because immediately after adding the salt, reactions occurred to break up the solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions. Breaking up these bonds requires energy, that present in the boiling water. The temperature dropped because energy was absorbed from water in order to dissolve the salt into solution. 2. Compare the Tb/molality relationship you discovered with the relationship provided in your textbook. Are there differences? If so, what are they? From the data obtained from class, it was seen that as the molality increases the Tb also increases. There is a direct relationship between the two. From the book, it states that the value of Tb is directly proportional to the concentration of the

Experiment 1: Boiling Point Elevation Abigail Tennant Partner: Nikki Theobald

09/09/2011 CHM145A, TA: Bo Wang

solution expressed by its molality(Chemistry, p. 549). Our empirical data supports that stated in the book. Also stated in the book is the effect of an electrolyte solute. This affects the boiling point elevation by the ratio of the number of molecules present in the solution. In our case, there were two molecules, so the Tb was doubled. This is consistent with our findings in lab. 3. If the solution is boiled too vigorously so that the volume of water is significantly reduced, what will happen to the measured boiling point of the NaCl solution? Why will this happen? If the solution was boiled too vigorously, then the volume of the water would drop, thereby increasing the molality. This is because there would be a greater amount of solute in the solvent than what had been previously calculated. Therefore, the measured boiling point would be higher than the actual boiling point. This occurs because when the molality is lower than what is calculated, there is a greater concentration of the NaCl within the solution, so the molecules cover the surface area more than what was originally calculated. As a result, the greater covering of surface area requires a higher temperature to be released into vapor. So, essentially, if the solution boiled too vigorously, then the boiling point would be higher.