Algorithmic Notations - Presentation Transcript

1. Muhammad Muzammal E Mail : hello_hi99@hotmail.com Gc University Faisalabad 2. Intro uc n d tio An algorithm, named after the ninth century Muslim scholar Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musu Al- Khowarizmi, is defined as follows: An algorithm is a finite step-by-step procedure to achieve a required result. An algorithm is a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output. An algorithm is a sequence of operations performed on data that have to be organized in data structures. 3. Algorithmic Notations variable:=expression if condition then statements {elsif condition then statements} [else statements] case switch of {sub case: statements} while condition do statements repeat statements until condition for variable:=initial value [step step] to final value do statements proc procedure name (parameters) [returns type] statements procedure name (arguments) return expression read variable write expression 4. Algorithmic Notations 1. Programming notation 2. Specification notation 5. Programming notation General purpose algorithmic notations Pascal, C, C++, Java Declarations: int i, j = 3; double sum = 0; real x; int a[n] // array of n integers int b[1:n] # array of n integers5 double c[n,n] = ([n] ([n] 1.0)) 6. Programming notation (2) Sequential statements (look: Java) for [quantifier1, quantifier2 , .] { (list of statements) } quantifiers: i=0 to N i=1 to N by 2 i=0 to n-1 st i!=x #every value except x 7. Programming notation (3) Concurrent statements co statement1; #N parallel processes // ... // statementN; oc process foo { # a process in the ... (list of statements) # ... background } process bar [i=1 to n] # n processes 8. Programming notation (4) Functions and Procedures int addone(int v) { # an integer fnct return (v+1); } main () { # a void" procedure int n, sum; read(n); for [i = 1 to n] sum = sum + addone(i); write (the final value is, sum); } 9. Specification notation (1) Specifying atomic transactions process_state_1 #state of computation <S1; Sn;> #list of statements process_state_2 #state of computation the execution is atomic: the other processes see either state_1 or state_2 Example: x = 0; y = 10; < x = x+1; y = y + 1; > For other processes: either x==0 & y==10 or x==1 & y==11 Specification notation (2) Specification of await < await (B) S; > B delay condition S sequence of statements B is guaranteed to be true when execution of S begins S is guaranteed to terminate No internal state of S is visible to other processes Example: <await ( s>0 ) s = s - 1; >Algorithmic

Notations - Presentation

Transcript
1. Muhammad Muzammal E Mail : hello_hi99@hotmail.com Gc University Faisalabad 2. Intro uc n d tio An algorithm, named after the ninth century Muslim scholar Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musu Al- Khowarizmi, is defined as follows: An algorithm is a finite step-by-step procedure to achieve a required result. An algorithm is a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output. An algorithm is a sequence of operations performed on data that have to be organized in data structures.

3. Algorithmic Notations variable:=expression if condition then statements {elsif condition then statements} [else statements] case switch of {sub case: statements} while condition do statements repeat statements until condition for variable:=initial value [step step] to final value do statements proc procedure name (parameters) [returns type] statements procedure name (arguments) return expression read variable write expression 4. Algorithmic Notations 1. Programming notation 2. Specification notation 5. Programming notation General purpose algorithmic notations Pascal, C, C++, Java Declarations: int i, j = 3; double sum = 0; real x; int a[n] // array of n integers int b[1:n] # array of n integers5 double c[n,n] = ([n] ([n] 1.0)) 6. Programming notation (2) Sequential statements (look: Java) for [quantifier1, quantifier2 , .] { (list of statements) } quantifiers: i=0 to N i=1 to N by 2 i=0 to n-1 st i!=x #every value except x 7. Programming notation (3) Concurrent statements co statement1; #N parallel processes // ... // statementN; oc process foo { # a process in the ... (list of statements) # ... background } process bar [i=1 to n] # n processes 8. Programming notation (4) Functions and Procedures int addone(int v) { # an integer fnct return (v+1); } main () { # a void" procedure int n, sum; read(n); for [i = 1 to n] sum = sum + addone(i); write (the final value is, sum); } 9. Specification notation (1) Specifying atomic transactions process_state_1 #state of computation <S1; Sn;> #list of statements process_state_2 #state of computation the execution is atomic: the other processes see either state_1 or state_2 Example: x = 0; y = 10; < x = x+1; y = y + 1; > For other processes: either x==0 & y==10 or x==1 & y==11 10. Specification notation (2) Specification of await < await (B) S; > B delay condition S sequence of statements B is guaranteed to be true when execution of S begins S is guaranteed to terminate No internal state of S is visible to other processes Example: <await ( s>0 ) s = s - 1; >
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Arrays as Data Structure in C/C++ Programming

As discussed in the previous post, there are two types of data structures available to C/C++ programmers. One is already built into the programming language and other one is a bit complex in a sense that it can be implemented using the built in data structures and data types. In C/C++ programming language, built in data structures include Arrays, structures, unions and classes. Some of the examples of complex data structures are Stack, Queue, Linked List, Tree and Graph. The aim of this first tutorials is to teach you how to declare, initialise and use simple arrays as well as multidimensional arrays. You will also be able to use arrays as data structure in your C/C++ program. So at the end of this tutorial you will be able to answer:

What is an array and how you can use it? How to declare and initialise simple arrays? How to declare and initialise multidimensional arrays? How to perform simple operations on arrays?

What is an array?
Array is a very basic data structure provided by every programming language. Lets talk about an example scenario where we need to store ten employees data in our C/C++ program including name, age and salary. One of the solutions is to declare ten different variables to store employee name and ten more to store age and so on. Also you will need some sort of mechanism to get information about an employee, search employee records and sort them. To solve these types of problem C/C++ provide a mechanism called Arrays.

Definition

An array is simply a number of memory locations, each of which can store an item of data of the same data type and which are all referenced through the same variable name. Ivor Horton. Array may be defined abstractly as finite order set of homogeneous elements. So we can say that there are finite numbers of elements in an array and all the elements are of same data type. Also array elements are ordered i.e. we can access a specific array element by an index.

How to declare an array?

The general form of declaring a simple (one dimensional) array is
array_type variable_name[array_size];

in your C/C++ program you can declare an array like

int Age[10];

Here array_type declares base type of array which is the type of each element in array. In our example array_type is int and its name is Age. Size of the array is defined by array_size i.e. 10. We can access array elements by index, and first item in array is at index 0. First element of array is called lower bound and its always 0. Highest element in array is called upper bound. In C programming language upper and lower bounds cannot be changed during the execution of the program, so array length can be set only when the program in written.
Age 0 30 Age 1 32 Age 2 54 Age 3 32 Age 4 26 Age 5 29 Age 6 23 Age 7 43 Age 8 34 Age 9 5

Array has 10 elements Note: One good practice is to declare array length as a constant identifier. This will minimise the required work to change the array size during program development. Considering the array we declared above we can declare it like
#define NUM_EMPLOYEE 10 int Age[NUM_EMPLOYEE];

How to initialise an array?

Initialisation of array is very simple in c programming. There are two ways you can initialise arrays.

Declare and initialise array in one statement. Declare and initialise array separately.

Look at the following C code which demonstrates the declaration and initialisation of an array.
int Age [5] = {30, 22, 33, 44, 25}; int Age [5]; Age [0]=30; Age [1]=22; Age [2]=33; Age [3]=44; Age [4]=25;

Array can also be initialised in a ways that array size is omitted, in such case compiler automatically allocates memory to array.
int Age [] = {30, 22, 33, 44, 25};

Lets write a simple program that uses arrays to print out number of employees having salary more than 3000.

Array in C Programming
#include <windows.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define NUM_EMPLOYEE 10 int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int Salary[NUM_EMPLOYEE], lCount=0,gCount=0,i=0; printf("Enter employee salary (Max 10)\n "); for (i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ printf("\nEnter employee salary: %d - ",i+1); scanf("%d",&Salary[i]); } for(i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ if(Salary[i]<3000) lCount++;

else gCount++; } printf("\nThere are {%d} employee with salary more than 3000\n",gCount); printf("There are {%d} employee with salary less than 3000\n",lCount); printf("Press ENTER to continue...\n"); getchar(); return 0; }

Array in C++ Programming

#include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #define NUM_EMPLOYEE 10 using namespace std; int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int Salary[NUM_EMPLOYEE], lCount=0,gCount=0,i=0; cout << "Enter employee salary (Max 10) " << endl; for (i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ cout << "Enter employee salary: - " << i+1 << endl; cin >> Salary[i]; } for(i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ if(Salary[i]<3000) lCount++; else gCount++; }

cout << "There are " << gCount << " employee with salary more than 3000" << endl << "There are " << lCount << " employee with salary less than 3000" << endl; system("PAUSE"); return EXIT_SUCCESS; }

How to declare and initialise multidimensional arrays?

Often there is need to manipulate tabular data or matrices. For example if employee salary is increased by 20% and you are required to store both the salaries in your program. Then you will need to store this information into a two dimensional arrays. C/C++ gives you the ability to have arrays of any dimension.

Multi dimension arrays

Consider the example above, you have to store, previous salary, present salary and amount of increment. In that case you will need to store this information in three dimensional arrays. First I will show you how to declare a two dimensional array and initialise it. Then write a complete program to use multidimensional arrays.
int Salary[10][2];

This defines an array containing 10 elements of type int. Each of these elements itself is an array of two integers. So to keep track of each element of this array is we have to use two indices. One is to keep track of row and other is to keep track of column.

Elements of multidimensional arrays

Here is a graphical view of multidimensional array that we use to store salary and increment on salary. First column stores the salary element of the array and second column stores increment on salary. We could add another column to store the new salary which adds the increment to the salary.
Column 0 Column 1 Salary Increment Row 0

Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 Row 10

Initialising multidimensional arrays

Multidimensional arrays can also be initialised in two ways just like one dimensional array. Two braces are used to surround the row element of arrays. If you are initialising more than one dimension then you will have to use as many braces as the dimensions of the array are.
int Salary [5][2] = { {2300, 460}, {3400, 680}, {3200, 640}, {1200, 240}, {3450, 690} }; int Salary [5][2] ={0}; elements to 0 int Salary [5][2]; Salary [0][0]=2300; Salary [1][0]=3400; Salary [2][0]=3200; Salary [3][0]=1200; //This will initialise all the array

Salary [4][0]=3450; Salary [0][1]=460; Salary [1][1]=680; Salary [2][1]=640; Salary [3][1]=240; Salary [4][1]=690;

Here is a complete program written in both C and C++ to demonstrate the use of multidimensional arrays. You can find the whole source code in a zip file at the end of the tutorial. Source code is available in both C and C++ programming languages. Zip file also contains the demonstration of three dimensional arrays.

Demonstration of two dimension arrays

The code below demonstrates two dimension arrays. It uses the same example of employee salary to increment it by 20% and adds it to actual salary then print current salary, increment and new salary.

Two dimensional Array in C Programming

#include <windows.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define NUM_EMPLOYEE 10 int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ //initialise Salary of each employee int Salary[NUM_EMPLOYEE][2]={ {2300,0}, {3400,0}, {3200,0}, {1200,0}, {3450,0}, {3800,0}, {3900,0}, {2680,0}, {3340,0}, {3000,0} }; int lCount=0,gCount=0,i=0;

for(i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ Salary[i][1] = ((Salary[i][0]*20)/100); } printf("Initial Salary + Increment = Total Salary\n"); for (i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ printf("%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\n",Salary[i][0],Salary[i][1],Salary[i][0 ]+Salary[i][1]); } printf("Press ENTER to continue...\n"); getchar(); return 0; }

Two dimensional array in C++ Programming

#include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #define NUM_EMPLOYEE 10 using namespace std; int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ //initialise Salary of each employee int Salary[NUM_EMPLOYEE][2]={ {2300,0}, {3400,0}, {3200,0}, {1200,0}, {3450,0}, {3800,0}, {3900,0}, {2680,0}, {3340,0}, {3000,0} }; int lCount=0,gCount=0,i=0;

for(i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ Salary[i][1] = ((Salary[i][0]*20)/100); } cout << "Initial Salary + Increment = Total Salary" << endl; for (i=0; i<NUM_EMPLOYEE; i++){ printf("%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\n",Salary[i][0],Salary[i][1],Salary[i][0]+Salar y[i][1]); } system("PAUSE"); return EXIT_SUCCESS; }