CALL DROPPI NGANALYSI S I NA UMTS/WLAN I NTEGRATED CELL

Si bar am Khar a
1
, Saj al Saha
2
, Asish K Mukhopadhyay
3
& Chandan Kumar Ghosh
4
Droppi ng probabi l i ty of the cal l requests i n the UMTS wi th i ntegrated WLAN reduces drasti cal l y i f some porti on of the
WLAN bandwi dth i s kept reserved f or the UMTS traff i c. But the cal l admi ssi on control (CAC) requi res a new ai r i nterf ace
on the reserved WLAN spectrum to handl e the deni ed requests of UMTS. Thi s prevents the i mpl ementati on of WLAN
hotspots usi ng commerci al WLAN standards. We propose a modi f i ed CAC scheme i n whi ch al l requests are handl ed wi th
the same pri ori ty wi thout reservi ng any WLAN spectrum. The proposed model not onl y f aci l i tates easy depl oyment of
WLAN hotspots f or UMTS operator, but al so provi des better perf ormance at hi gher traff i c l oad.
Keywor ds: Handoff , CAC, UMTS, WLAN, Hotspot, Mi xed Cel l .
1. I NTRODUCTI ON
I n recent ti mes, there has been a growi ng i nterest i n the
methodol ogi es f or effi ci ent shari ng of cal l requests between
UMTS and wi rel ess LAN (WLAN) to i mprove system
capaci ty as wel l as qual i ty of servi ce (QoS) metri cs (e.g.,
bl ocki ng/ droppi ng probabi l i ti es) [ 1] , [ 2] , [ 3] , [ 4] . I n a
compl ementary WLAN (C-WLAN) model [ 3] , a mobi l e
stati on (MS) al ways accesses UMTS wi th pri ori ty i n a
mi xed cel l . Mi xed cel l i s a UMTS cel l wi th underl yi ng
WLANs where, the UMTS users have addi ti onal pri vi l ege
to access WLAN. I f a request i s bl ocked i n UMTS, an MS
automati cal l y swi tches to WLAN mode to access some f ree
channel s f rom the reserved pool of WLAN channel s. The
unreserved WLAN channel s can be accessed by the WLAN-
onl y users (i .e., users who cannot access the UMTS system).
Thus, the bl ocked requests of UMTS are not necessari l y
dropped i n UMTS-WL AN mi xed cel l . As a resul t, the
droppi ng probabi l i ty i mproves drasti cal l y f or the UMTS
system. But i n such si tuati on, some WL A N spectrum
reserved f or UMTS cal l requests are permanentl y wasted
f or the WLAN-onl y users. Theref ore, A new ai r i nterf ace
i s desi rabl e f or i mpl ementati on at MS on thi s reserved
WL AN spectrum. Thi s cannot be i mpl emented usi ng
conventi onal standards of WLAN si nce i t requi res separate
ai r i nterf ace on unavai l abl e reserved WLAN spectrum.
We propose a modi f i ed C-WL AN model wi thout
reservi ng any WLAN spectrum f or the UMTS bl ocked cal l
requests. Rather, the enti re WLAN bandwi dth i s used to
1
School of El ectroni cs Engi neeri ng VI T Uni versi ty, Vel l ore, Tami l
Nadu, 6320014
2
Dept. of CA, Narul a I nsti tute of Technol ogy, Kol kata-700109
3
Dept of ECE, Dr. B C Roy Engi neeri ng Col l ege, Durgapur
713206, I ndi a
4
Dept of EI E, Dr. B C Roy Engi neeri ng Col l ege, Durgapur
713206, I ndi a
Emai l :
1
si anba@r edi f f mai l .com,
2
saj al kr saha@gmai l .com,
3
askm55@gmai l .com
handl e the combi ned traffi cs of bl ocked requests of UMTS
and t he r equest s of WL A N user s. Ther ef or e, any
conventi onal 802.11 based WLAN standard wi l l f i t i n the
proposed access methodol ogy as l ong as an MS i s resi di ng
wi thi n t he WL A N. Thus our proposed access scheme
f aci l i t ates easy depl oyment of WL A N hotspot s usi ng
commerci al WL ANs. A bl ocked UMTS cal l request i s
dropped onl y when al l channel s of UMTS and al l channel s
of WLAN are busy. Thus, at hi gher UMTS traffi c l oad, the
proposed scheme i mproves the request droppi ng probabi l i ty.
Our numeri cal resul ts shows that, at hi gher traf fi c l oad, a C-
WLAN model [ 3] must reserved 20% WLAN channel s to
yi el d the perf ormance l evel comparabl e to that of our
proposed model .
2. SYSTEM OVERVI EW OF THE PROPOSED MODEL
Fi gure 1 shows the transi ti on f l ow di agram of the l ogi cal
coverage i n a mi xed cel l . The UMTS cel l coverage wi thout
underl yi ng WLAN i s cal l ed UMTS-onl y coverage. When
an MS moves to nei ghbour cel l wi th ongoi ng cal l sessi on, i t
i ni ti ates hori zontal handoff request (HHR). A bl ocked cal l
of UMTS when transf erred to WLAN i s cal l ed verti cal
handof f request (V HR) i n WL A N. When an MS wi th
ongoi ng cal l sessi on moves f rom WLAN to UMTS-onl y
coverage, i t i ni ti ates VHR i n UMTS.
Fig.1: States of Cal l Requests and Tr ansi ti on Pr obabi l ities
I nter nati onal Jour nal of I nfor mati on Technol ogy and Knowl edge Management
Jul y-December 2010, Vol ume 2, No. 2, pp. 411-415
412 SI BARAM KHARA, SAJAL SAHA, ASI SH K MUKHOPADHYAY & CHANDAN KUMAR GHOSH
A. States of Requests and Fl ow Gr aphs
I n UMTS-onl y coverage, the ori gi ns of new cal l request
(NR), HHR and VHR are represented by NR-ar r i val , HHR-
ar r i val and VHR-ar r i val states, respecti vel y. The ori gi ns of
NR and VHR i n WLAN are represented by NR-ar r i val and
VHR-ar r i val states (Fi g. 1) i n WLAN coverage. An NR-
ar r i val transi ts ei ther to NR-bl ocked or to NR-successful
states i f an NR i s deni ed or granted a channel , respecti vel y.
A sessi on i s establ i shed i n an NR-successful state. An NR-
successful state may move to compl eti on state when a
sessi on i n compl eted or termi nated. Or, i t may move to HHR-
ar r i val state when MS i ni ti ates HHR i n nei ghbour cel l .
Si mi l arl y, HHR-ar r i val and VHR-ar r i val states of UMTS
wi l l move to other states as shown i n Fi gure 1. I n WLAN,
the VHR-ar r i val moves to ei ther bl ocked or VHR-successful
state. VHR-successful moves to ei ther compl eti on or VHR-
ar r i val state (i n UMTS).
B. StateTr ansi ti on Pr obabi li ty
We assume there are total M channel s i n a UMTS cel l , out
of whi ch maxi mum m channel s can be used f or NRs and
(M m) channel s are reserved f or handoff requests. There
are total k WLAN channel s i n al l WLANs of a mi xed cel l .
Let us assume, bl ocki ng probabi l i ti es of NR and HHR (or
VHR) i n UMTS are b
1
and b
2
, respecti vel y. Cal l bl ocki ng
probabi l i ty i n WLAN i s b. For our conveni ence, we represent
any vari abl e x' as the compl ement of x gi ven by x' = (1 x).
I n UMTS-onl y coverage, NR-ar r i val , HH0R-ar r i val
and VHR-ar r i val states move to NR-bl ocked, HHR-bl ocked
and VHR- bl ocked wi t h pr obabi l i t i es b
1
, b
2
and b
2
,
respecti vel y. They move to NR-successful , HHR-successful
and VHR-successful states wi th probabi l i ti es (b
1
)', (b
2
)' and
(b
2
)', respectivel y. NR-successful , HHR-successful and VHR-
successful transi t to HHR-ar r i val state i n nei ghbour cel l wi th
probabi l i ti es
u
ns
P ,
u
hhs
P and
u
vhs
P , respecti vel y, and they move ve
to compl eti on state wi th probabi l i ti es( )
u
hhs
P , ( )
u
hhs
P and
( )
u
vhs
P
, respecti vel y. A bl ocked NR and HHR occurri ng i n
UMTS-onl y coverage wi l l i ni ti ate i ndi rect VHRs i n WLAN,
i .e., an ongoi ng sessi on of UMTS i n WLAN cover age i s
f orcef ul l y handed over to WLAN, and the f reed UMTS
channel i s assi gned to a bl ocked requests of UMTS.
Probabi l i ti es that bl ocked NR and HHR wi l l i ni ti ate i ndi rect
VHR i n WLAN are P
i n
and P
i h
, respecti vel y. From [ 3] we
wri te the f ol l owi ng.
, ) 1 1
m
i n
P g and
, ) 1 1
M
i h
P g
Assume g as the normal i zed WLAN coverage gi ven by
the rati o of the coverage of al l WL A N hotpots to the
coverage of a pure UMTS cel l . NRs i n a mi xed cel l are
shared by WLAN i n proporti on wi th g. So, NR-bl ocked state
occurs i n UMTS wi th WLAN coverage and i n UMTS-onl y
coverage wi th probabi l i ty g and g' respecti vel y. So, NR-
bl ocked and HHR-bl ocked states of UMTS occurri ng i n
UMTS-onl y coverage, wi l l move to VHR-ar r i val state i n
WLAN wi th probabi l i ti es gP
i n
and P
i h
, respecti vel y. NR-
bl ocked state of UMTS whi ch i s occurri ng i n WL A N
coverage wi l l move to VHR-ar r i val state i n WLAN wi th
probabi l i ty g. VHR-ar r i val moves to bl ocked state wi th
probabi l i ty 1.
I n WLAN coverage, both NR-ar r i val and VHR-ar r i val
states move to bl ocked and NR-successful states wi th
probabi l i ti es b and b', respecti vel y. A VHR-successful state
moves to VHR-ar r i val state (i n UMTS) and compl eti on states
(i n WLAN) wi th probabi l i ti es
w
vhs
P and ( )
w
vhs
P respecti vel y. y.
Si nce NRs are generated by the WLAN users onl y, they
cannot access UMTS. Hence, the NR-successful state moves
to onl y compl eti on state wi th probabi l i ty 1.
Usi ng Lapl ace transf orm approach as i n [ 5] , we may
di rectl y wri te,
, )
*
_
0
1 ( )
( ) ( )
u
CRT
u
ns r esi dual CRT SHT
t
r f h
P f t f d dt
h

*
( ) 1 (1 )( )
u u u u
hhs vhs CRT ns
P P f h r hP ,
, )
*
1 ( )
u
CRT
w
vhs
r f h
P
h

Wher e 1/ r
u
i s mean cel l
resi dence ti me (CRT) of a UMTS cel l , 1/h i s the mean
sessi on hol di ng ti me (SHT) i n a mi xed cel l and
*
( )
CRT
f h i s
Lapl ace transf orm of probabi l i ty densi ty f uncti on of CRT
at s = h.
3. HANDOFF ESTI MATI ON
The state transi ti on probabi l i ti es are gi ven by the product
of the probabi l i ti es of al l transi ti ons that take pl ace to reach
f rom one state to another as shown i n Fi gure 1. We represent,
u
nr
,
u
hhr
and
u
vhr
to be the NR, HHR and VHR arri val rates,
respecti vel y, i n UMTS.
w
nr
and
w
vhr
are the NR of WLAN
users and VHR of mi xed users respecti vel y ). We may wri te
the f ol l owi ng f l ow bal ance equati ons under equi l i bri um state
(i .e., f l ow i n=f l ow out across UMTS cel l s), f rom Fi gure 1.
1 2 2
u u u u u u u
hhr nr ns hhr hhs vhr vhs
b P b P b P

+ +
(1)
1 2
( )
w u u
vhr nr i n hhr i h
b g g P b P + + (2)
u w w
vhr vhr vhs
b P (3)
Usi ng equati ons (1), (2) and (3), we can sol ve f or
u
hhr
,
u
vhr
and
w
vhr
, when
u
nr
and other parameters are known. wn.
4. STEADY STATE PROBABI LI TY OF CALL SESSI ONS
Usi ng Erl ang s l oss-f ormul a f or three di mensi onal steady
state Markov chai n [ 5] , the probabi l i ty that there i s NR-
successful , HHR-successful and VHR-successful states i n the
CALL DROPPI NG ANALYSI S I N A UMTS/ WLAN I NTEGRATED CELL 413
UMTS system of a mi xed cel l i s gi ven as f ol l ows.
( , , )
u
P i j k =
, ) , ) , )
[ ] [ ] [ ]
(0, 0, 0)
! ! !
i j k
u u u u u u
nr ns hhr vhs vhr vhs
u
E T E T E T
P
i j k



' ;

)
(4)
P(0, 0, 0) i s the probabi l i ty that no request i s bei ng
processed i n a UMTS cel l .
u
ns
T ,
u
hhs
T and
u
vhs
T represent
channel hol di ng t i mes ( CHTs) of new sessi on ( NS) ,
hori zontal l y handed over sessi on (HHS) and verti cal l y
handed over sessi on (VHS), respecti vel y.
(0, 0, 0)
u
P
=
, ) , ) , )
1
0 0 0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
! ! !
i j k
u u u u u u
M i j m M i
nr ns hhr hhs vhr vhs
i j k
E T E T E T
i j k

1 _

1

' ;
1


1
,
) ]

The probabi l i ty of i NR-successful and kVHR-successful
states i n the WLAN system i s as f ol l ows.
, ) , )
[ ] [ ]
( , ) (0, 0)
! !
i k
w w w w
nr ns vhr vhs
w w
E T E T
P i k P
i k

' ;

)
(5)
P
w
(0, 0) i s the probabi l i ty that no request i s bei ng
processed i n a WLAN.
w
ns
T and
w
vhs
T represent the CHTs of
NS and VHS, respecti vel y.
, ) , )
1
0 0
[ ] [ ]
(0, 0)
! !
i k
w w w w
K K i
nr ns vhr vhs
w
i k
E T E T
P
i k

1

1

' ;
1

1
) ]

5. MEAN CHANNEL HOLDI NG TI ME
We assume SHT has exponenti al di stri buti on wi th mean
1/ h sec i n enti r e mi xed cel l . CRT has Hyper- Er l ang
di stri buti on wi th mean 1/r
u
sec i n UMTS-onl y coverage and
1/r
w
sec i n WLAN. Di stri buti on of channel hol di ng ti me
(CHT) i s gi ven by the di stri buti on of mi ni mum of CRT and
SHT.
( ) ( ) 1 ( , _ )
CHT
F t P CHT t P SHT t r esi dual CRT t > >
( ) 1 ( ) ( )
CHT SHT r esi dual CRT
t t
d
f t f t dt f t dt
dt

_


,

Usi ng Lapl ace transf orm approach [ 6] , the mean val ue
of X can be obtai ned as f ol l ows.
* (1)
[ ] ( 1) (0)
CRT
E X f , wher ee
* (1)
(0)
CRT
f i s t he f i r st
deri vati ve of
*
( )
CRT
f s at s = 0. From [ 6] , we di rectl y wri te
mean CHT f or di ff erent sessi ons as f ol l ows.
, )
*
2
1
[ ] 1 ( )
u
u
ns CRT
r
E T f h
h
h

,
, )
*
[ ] [ ] 1 ( )
u
u u
hhs vhs CRT
r
E T E T f h
h
and
, )
*
[ ] 1 ( )
w
w
vhs CRT
r
E T f h
h
.
Lapl acc transf orm of Hyper-Erl ang di stri buti on i s,
*
1
( )
i
n
N
i i
cr t i
i i
i
n
f s
s n

_


+ ,
(6)
Where 0
i
,
0
1
N
i
i

, and N, n
i
and
i
are posi ti vee
numbers.
6. PERFORMANCE ANALYSI S
Bl ocki ng Pr obabi li ty
NR bl ocki ng probabi l i ty i n UMTS: An NR wi l l be bl ocked
i n the f ol l owi ng two scenari os.
Case 1: An NR-ar r i val moves to bl ocked state when
there are al ready mNR-successful states i n UMTS. The
probabi l i ty b
1
m
that there are mNR-successful states i s gi ven
by,
1
0 0
( , , )
M m j M m
m u
j k
b P m j k

(7)
Case 2: An NR-ar r i val moves to bl ocked state when
there are total M successful states. Thi s si tuati on ari ses when
i < m, (j + k) > (M m) and ( ) i j k M + + . The
probabi l i ty that there wi l l successful states (say
1
M
b ) i s gi ven
by,
1
1
0 0
( , , )
m M i
M
i j
b P i j M i j



(8)
Net bl ocki ng probabi l i ty of an NR i n a UMTS cel l i s,
1 1 1
( )
m M
b b b + (9)
Handof f bl ocki ng probabi l i ty i n UMTS: An HHR-
ar r i val or a VHR-ar r i val moves to bl ocked state when there
are al ready M successful states i n UMTS. Thi s si tuati on
ari ses when ( ) ( ) j k M m + and i j k M + + . Bl ocki ng
probabi l i ty of handof f request (HHR or VHR) (i .e., b
2
) i s
gi ven by,
2
0 0
( , , )
m m i
u
i j
b P i j M i j

(10)
414 SI BARAM KHARA, SAJAL SAHA, ASI SH K MUKHOPADHYAY & CHANDAN KUMAR GHOSH
NR or a VHR probabi l i ty i n WLAN: A request i s WLAN
i s bl ocked when there are al ready K successf ul states i n the
system.
So,
0
( , )
K
w
i
b P i K i

(11)
Dr oppi ng Pr obabi li ty
Droppi ng Probabi l i ty of NR: From Fi gure 1, i t i s seen that
an NR-ar r i val state of UMTS-onl y coverage moves to
dropped state i n UMTS-onl y coverage wi th probabi l i ty
1
( )
i n
b g P and t hat i n WL A N wi t h pr obabi l i t y
, )
1 i n
b g g P b + .. So, probabi l i ty that an NR of a mi xed user
i s dropped i s gi ven by,
, )
1 1
( )
dnr i n i n
P b g P b g g P b + + or,
1 1 dnr
P b b b g (12)
Where, b
1
, b' and g are posi ti ve f racti on. At g = 0,
1 dnr
P b . So, wi thout i ntegrated WLAN, the droppi ng
probabi l i ty of NR i n a UMTS cel l i s equal to the bl ocki ng
pr obabi l i t y i n t he U M TS syst em. I f 0 g , t hen
1 1
b b b g > and
1 dnr
P b < . Al so P
dnr
decreases as g i ncreases.
Theref ore, droppi ng probabi l i ty of NR i n a UMTS system
wi th i ntegr ated WLAN i s al ways l ess than that of a pure
UMTS cel l and thi s droppi ng probabi l i ty decreases wi th
i ncreasi ng WLAN cover age.
Droppi ng Probabi l i ty of HHR: Fi gure 1 shows that an
HHR- ar r i val moves t o dr opped stat e i n UMTS onl y
coverage wi th probabi l i ty
2
( )
i h
g b P and to dropped state i n
WLAN wi th probabi l i ty
2 i h
b g P b . So probabi l i ty of an HHR
i s dropped i n a mi xed cel l i s gi ven by the f ol l owi ng.
2 2
( )
dhr i h i h
P g b P b g P b

+ or,,
2 2
(1 )
dhr i h
P b gb P b (13)
From equati on (13), i t i s seen, i f g = 0 then P
dhr
= b
2
and i f g 0 the P
dhr
decreases wi th i ncreasi ng g.
Our i nterest i s to anal yse f or the i mprovement of cal l
droppi ng probabi l i ty i n UMTS system due to embedded
WLAN system. So, we exami ne the droppi ng probabi l i ty
of NR and HHR whi ch are the two events of a pure UMTS
cel l .
7. NUMERI CAL RESULTS
We compare the cal l request droppi ng probabi l i ti es of
C-WLAN and the proposed access scheme. We use n = 2,
n
1
= 3, n
2
= 2,
1
= 0.4,
2
= 0.6,
1
= 0.45 and
2
= 0.35 i n
equati on (6) and set 2.5 sec h , 3.31sec
u
r , M = 30,
m = 5 f or UMTS system. For WLAN, we use n = 2, n
1
= 2,
n
2
= 2,
1
= 0.2,
2
= 0.8,
1
= 0.25 and
2
= 0.35 i n equati on
(6), and set r
w
= 2.75sec, K = 50 f or WLAN system.
Fig. 2: Effect of I ncr easing NR Ar r ival Rate fr om Mi xed
user s on (a) NR Dr opping Probabil ity, and
(b) HHR Dr opping Probabil ity
I n Fi gure 2(a), we provi de the droppi ng probabi l i ty of
NR wi th i ncreasi ng NR arri val rate. I t i s seen that both
C-WL A N model and the pr oposed scheme yi el d l ow
droppi ng probabi l i ty compared to that of a pure UMTS cel l .
A t l ow NR ar r i val r at e, i .e., 9
u
nr
< , t he dr oppi ng
perf ormance of C-WLAN i s margi nal l y better than that of
proposed scheme. But when NR arri val rate (
u
nr
) exceeds
per sec, C-WL AN must have at l east reserved WL AN
channel s (i .e., K
v
= 5) to provi de the perf ormance l evel of
proposed scheme. At 11
u
nr
per sec, C-WLAN reserves
20% of WLAN channel s to provi de the perf ormance l evel
of proposed scheme. Fi gure 2(b) shows the droppi ng
probabi l i ty HHR i n the UMTS system i n C-WLAN and
proposed scheme.
Fig. 3: NR Dr opping Probabil i ty wi th I ncr easing WLAN
Cover age.
CALL DROPPI NG ANALYSI S I N A UMTS/ WLAN I NTEGRATED CELL 415
Fi gur e 3 shows t he NR dr oppi ng pr obabi l i t y i n
C-WLAN model i s superi or to that i n proposed scheme at
10
u
nr
per sec wi th normal i zed WLAN coverage moree
t han 0.30. But at hi gher t r af f i c envi r onment , i .e., at
15
u
nr
per sec, the perf ormance of proposed scheme i s
better than that of C-WLAN model .
8. CONCLUSI ON
Proposed cal l request handl i ng scheme i n a UMTS cel l wi th
i ntegrated WLAN provi des better cal l -droppi ng perf ormance
than the exi sti ng model at hi gher traf f i c condi ti on. Our
scheme based on conventi onal WLAN standard hel ps easy
i mpl ementati on of WLAN hotspots. Si nce al l requests i n
WLAN are handl ed wi th same pri ori ty, the new requests of
mi xed users can al so be handl ed di rectl y.
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