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Volatility (finance)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In finance, volatility is a measure for variation of price of a financial instrument over time. Historic volatility is derived from time series of past market prices. An implied volatility is derived from the market price of a market traded derivative (in particular an option). It is common for discussions to talk about the volatility of a security's price, even while it is the returns' volatility that is being measured. It is used to quantify the risk of the financial instrument over the specified time period. Volatility is normally expressed in annualized terms, and it may either be an absolute number ($5) or a fraction of the mean (5%).
Contents
1 Volatility terminology 2 Volatility and Liquidity 3 Volatility for investors 4 Volatility versus direction 5 Volatility over time 6 Mathematical definition 7 Crude volatility estimation 8 Estimate of compound annual growth rate (CAGR) 9 See also 10 References 11 External links
Volatility terminology
Volatility as described here refers to the actual current volatility of a financial instrument for a specified period (for example 30 days or 90 days). It is the volatility of a financial instrument based on historical prices over the specified period with the last observation the most recent price. This phrase is used particularly when it is wished to distinguish between the actual current volatility of an instrument and actual historical volatility which refers to the volatility of a financial instrument over a specified period but with the last observation on a date in the past actual future volatility which refers to the volatility of a financial instrument over a specified period starting at the current time and ending at a future date (normally the expiry date of an option) historical implied volatility which refers to the implied volatility observed from historical prices of the financial instrument (normally options) current implied volatility which refers to the implied volatility observed from current prices of the financial instrument future implied volatility which refers to the implied volatility observed from future prices of the financial instrument For a financial instrument whose price follows a Gaussian random walk, or Wiener process, the width of the distribution increases as time increases. This is because there is an increasing probability that the instrument's price will be farther away from the initial price as time increases.
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However, rather than increase linearly, the volatility increases with the square-root of time as time increases, because some fluctuations are expected to cancel each other out, so the most likely deviation after twice the time will not be twice the distance from zero. Since observed price changes do not follow Gaussian distributions, others such as the Lvy distribution are often used.[1] These can capture attributes such as "fat tails".
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Mathematical definition
The annualized volatility is the standard deviation of the instrument's yearly logarithmic returns.[5] The generalized volatility T for time horizon T in years is expressed as:
Therefore, if the daily logarithmic returns of a stock have a standard deviation of SD and the time period of returns is P, the annualized volatility is
A common assumption is that P = 1/252 (there are 252 trading days in any given year). Then, if SD = 0.01 the annualized volatility is
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The formula used above to convert returns or volatility measures from one time period to another assume a particular underlying model or process. These formulas are accurate extrapolations of a random walk, or Wiener process, whose steps have finite variance. However, more generally, for natural stochastic processes, the precise relationship between volatility measures for different time periods is more complicated. Some use the Lvy stability exponent to extrapolate natural processes:
If = 2 you get the Wiener process scaling relation, but some people believe < 2 for financial activities such as stocks, indexes and so on. This was discovered by Benot Mandelbrot, who looked at cotton prices and found that they followed a Lvy alpha-stable distribution with = 1.7. (See New Scientist, 19 April 1997.)
Realistically, most financial assets have negative skewness and leptokurtosis, so this formula tends to be over-optimistic. Some people use the formula:
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See also
Beta (finance) Derivative (finance) Financial economics Implied volatility IVX Risk Standard deviation Stochastic volatility Volatility arbitrage Volatility smile
References
1. ^ http://www.wilmottwiki.com/wiki/index.php/Levy_distribution 2. ^ Easley, D., M. Lpez de Prado and M. O'Hara (2010): "Flow Toxicity and Volatility in a High Frequency World", Johnson School Research Paper Series No. 9-2011, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1695596 3. ^ Investment Risks - Price Volatility (http://www.retailinvestor.org/risk.html#volatility) 4. ^ http://www.wilmottwiki.com/wiki/index.php/Volatility#Definitions 5. ^ "Calculating Historical Volatility: Step-by-Step Example" (http://www.lajiri.com/calc-hist-vol.pdf) . 2011-07-14. http://www.lajiri.com/calc-hist-vol.pdf. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
Lin Chen (1996). Stochastic Mean and Stochastic Volatility A Three-Factor Model of the Term Structure of Interest Rates and Its Application to the Pricing of Interest Rate Derivatives. Blackwell Publishers.
External links
Graphical Comparison of Implied and Historical Volatility (http://trainingportal.us/video/v.php?v=273) , video Complex Options (http://www.optionistics.com/f/strategy_calculator) Multi-Leg Option Strategy Calculator An introduction to volatility and how it can be calculated in excel, by Dr A. A. Kotz (http://quantonline.co.za/Articles/article_volatility.htm) Interactive Java Applet "What is Historic Volatility? (http://www.frognumerics.com/ifs/ifs_LevelA/HistVolaBasic.html) " Diebold, Francis X.; Hickman, Andrew; Inoue, Atsushi & Schuermannm, Til (1996) "Converting 1-Day Volatility to h-Day Volatility: Scaling by sqrt(h) is Worse than You Think" (http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/244698.html) A short introduction to alternative mathematical concepts of volatility (http://staff.science.uva.nl/~marvisse/volatility.html) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" Categories: Mathematical finance | Technical analysis This page was last modified on 1 August 2011 at 13:31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)
07/08/2011