Contents

Contents................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter # 1............................................................................................................ 2 Introduction Indo-Pak Relation................................................................................2 Chapter # 2............................................................................................................ 3 THE WAR ............................................................................................................... 4 Chapter # 4............................................................................................................ 7 Assessment of losses & consequences...................................................................7 Heroes of 1965 war :...........................................................9 Indo-Pak war 1971................................................................................................10 Chapter # 5 ..................................................11 Causes of separation of east wing of Pakistan................................11 The Roots of conflict:............................................................................................11 Chapter #6...............................................12 OPERATIONS.........................................................................................................12 Naval hostilities..............................................................................................12 Air operations.................................................................................................12 PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation. As the war progressed, the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones, but the number of sorties flown by the PAF gradually decreased day-byday The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while its counterpart, the PAF offered little in retaliation, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel........................................................................................12 Ground operation...........................................................................................12 Surrender of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan................................................13 Chapter # 7..........................................................................................................14 CONCEQUENCES OF WAR.....................................................................................14 India...............................................................................................................14 Bangladesh....................................................................................................14 Heroes of indo-Pak-war 1971................................................................................15 REFERENCES:.......................................................................................................16

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 1

Chapter # 1 Introduction Indo-Pak Relation

Pakistan and India both came into being on August 1947. Muslims of subcontinent got Pakistan after long tiring efforts and great many sacrifices. So, they were very happy after independence. On the other hand people of India saw that independence as an assault on their nationalism. They even today consider that, Muslims of Pakistan has just divided their country which they consider as Hindustan (Land of Hindus). So the entire nation of India is just against Pakistan right form the day of independence. People of India till now have not accepted Pakistan. Pakistan and India are the inheritors of two of the richest cultures and civilizations of the world. Along with other countries of South Asia, they are also among the poorest segments of mankind. There is much in common between Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The diplomatic relations developed soon after independence but these relations did not ensure good friendship. The blaming process started soon after the inception of Pakistan Despite enjoyment of independence for over sixty years, they remain afflicted with mass poverty and all its concomitant ills. It is a tragedy of their short history as independent states that their mutual antagonism plunged them into three wars and when not engaged fighting, has kept them close to the brink. The major conflict between India and Pakistan is Kashmir. The Wars in chronological order NAME OF WAR FIRST KASHMEER WAR 2ND KASHMEER WAR Bangali war of independence Kashmir border conflict INDO-PAK WARS Kargil war STARTING DATE 1947 ENDEIN G DATE 1949 RESULTS

6TH.Sept.1 965 1971 1991 Not ended yet July 1999

No terrestrial changes Partition of bangaladess h No result is still a major issue

May 1999

Page 2 India regains control over Pakistani occupied ridges. Pakistan withdrew from Kashmir to pre-war Line of Control

*IN THIS REPORT I will provide information about 2nd Kashmir war and Bangali war of independence

Chapter # 2

Indo- Pak war 1965

Some facts and figures about the war: The Pakistani-Indian War Began: The Pakistani-Indian War Ended: August 5, 1965 September 23, 1965

The Pakistani-Indian War Was Fought Between: Location of the Pakistani-Indian War:

Pakistan vs. India Pakistan and India fought along the entire length of their common border. An inconclusive cease-fire Six weeks 3,000 Killed; At least 175 tanks and 6075 aircraft destroyed 3,800 Killed; 200 tanks and 20 aircraft destroyed

The Pakistani-Indian War Resulted In: The Length of the Pakistani-Indian War: Indian Military Casualties: Pakistani Military Casualties

*Pre war escalation:

The War of Rann Kutch

Conflicts at the Rann of Kutch flared up almost accidentally in the Spring of 1965, and India and Pakistan found themselves drawn into the first of their two undeclared wars. The dispute goes back to the days of the British rule in India. The Rann was the bone of contention between the princely state Kutch, and the British Indian province of Sindh. When British India was partitioned, Kutch granted to India and Sindh to Pakistan. The issue was inherited by these two states along some 3,500 sq. miles of territory. From January 1965 onwards, border incidents became frequent. On March 20, 1965, and later in April 1965, fighting broke out between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch. Initially involving border police from both nations. From January 1965 onwards, border incidents became frequent. By all accounts the Indian forces were badly defeated in the Kutch area by the Pakistan army. INDO-PAK WARS Page 3

CHAPTER #3

THE WAR
On August 15, 1965, Indian forces crossed the ceasefire line and launched an attack on the region referred to by the disputants as either "Azad Kashmir" or "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir". Pakistani reports cite this attack as unprovoked, while Indian reports cite the attack as a response to massive armed infiltrations of Kashmir by Pakistan. Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success, capturing three important mountain positions after a prolonged artillery barrage. By the end of August, however, both sides had experienced successes; Pakistan had made progress in areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Punch and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass, eight kilometers inside Pakistanioccupied territory.

OPERATION GRAND SLAM

On September 1, 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called "Operation Grand Slam", with the objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu, which would sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops. Operation Grand Slam was one of a number of contingency plans that had been prepared to support Gibraltar. Since Gibraltar's failure was considered inconceivable, this plan intended to sever the road link between India and Indian held Kashmir once the valley was up in flames. Gibraltar had not just failed but resulted in the loss of some key posts in Kashmir, the operation was undertaken to relieve pressure on the troops defending Kashmir. Operation Grand Slam was four phased; the capture of Chamb, the crossing of river Tawi and consolidation followed by the capture of Akhnur, Severing the Indian lines of communication and capturing Rajauri.

The operation was commanded by Akhter malik.The operation was to commence at 05 am on September 1, but was delayed by a day. It started as planned: Chamb fell within the hour and soon after first light around 7 am on September 2 our troops started crossing the river Tawi. Operations from here onwards continued with speed and by 1 pm troops had consolidated and were ready to move into concentration areas from which an attack on Akhnur could have commenced well before last light around 3 pm.Though the official reason for the change of command of Operation Grand Slam at this stage was that Akhtar Malik could not handle troops from Northern Areas to Kharian, that holds little credence. Ayub has been blamed of changing the command so that Yahya but this decision was not by him. Whatever the reason for changing horses midstream, precious time was lost. the troops were also disheartened by the change of command.pak army failed in this operation.

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 4

Perhaps if Akhnur had been captured and the Indian lines of communication severed, the Indian attack on Sialkot could never have occurred!

Lahore offensive
At 3:00 AM on September 6, 1965, without a formal declaration of war, Indians crossed the international border of West Pakistan. the 15th Infantry Division of the Indian Army, under World War II veteran Major General Prasad, battled a massive counterattack by Pakistan near the west bank of the Ichogil Canal (BRB Canal), which was a de facto border of India and Pakistan. The General's entourage itself was ambushed and he was forced to flee his vehicle. A second, this time successful, attempt to cross the Ichhogil Canal was made over the bridge in the village of Barki, just east of Lahore. These developments brought the Indian Army within the range of Lahore International Airport. The thrust against Lahore consisted of the 1st Infantry Division supported by the three tank regiments of the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade; they quickly advanced across the border, reaching the Ichhogil (BRB) Canal by 6 September. The Pakistani Army held the bridges over the canal or blew up those it could not hold, effectively stalling any further advance by the Indians on Lahore.

Major Raja Aziz Bhattti Saheed:

On 6 September 1965, as a Company Commander in the Burki area of the Lahore sector, Major Raja Aziz Bhatti chose to stay with his forward platoon under incessant artillery and tank attacks for five days and nights in the defence of the strategic BRB Canal. Throughout, undaunted by constant fire from enemy small arms, tanks and artillery, he organized the defence of the canal, directing his men to answer the fire until he was hit by an enemy tank shell and embraced martyrdom on 10 September 1965.. One unit of the Indian Jat Regiment, had also crossed the Ichogil canal and captured the town of Batapore on the west side of the canal. The same day, a counter offensive consisting of an armored division and infantry division supported by Pakistan Air Force Sabres forced the Indian 15th Division to withdraw to its starting point. Although 3 Jet suffered minimal casualties, the bulk of the damage being taken by ammunition and stores vehicles, the higher commanders had no information of 3 Jet's capture of Batapore and misleading information led to the command to withdraw from Batapore and Dograi to Ghosal-Dial. This move brought extreme disappointment to Lt-Col Desmond Hayde, CO of 3 Jat. Dograi was eventually recaptured by 3 Jet on 21 September, for the second time but after a much harder battle due to Pakistani reinforcements On 6 September 1965, as a
Company Commander in the Burki area of the Lahore sector. On September 8, 1965, a company of 5 Maratha Light Infantry was sent to reinforce a Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (RAC) post at Munabao a strategic hamlet about 250 kilometres from Jodhpur. Their brief was simple. To hold the post and to keep Pakistan's infantry battalions from overrunning the post at bay. But at Maratha Hill the Indian company could barely manage to INDO-PAK WARS Page 5

thwart the intense attack for 24 hours. A company of 3 Guards with 954 heavy mortar battery ordered to reinforce the RAC post at Munabao could never reach. The Pakistani Air Force had strafed the entire area, and also hit a railway train coming from Barmer with reinforcements near Gadra road railway station. On September 10, Munabao fell into Pakistani hands, and efforts to capture the strategic point did not succeed.

The Sialkot offensive:

On the days following September 9, both nations' premiere formations were routed in unequal battles. India's 1st Armoured Division, labeled the "pride of the Indian Army", launched an offensive towards Sialkot. The Division divided itself into two prongs, was forced back by the Pakistani 6th Armoured Division at Chawinda and was forced to withdraw after suffering heavy losses of nearly 100 tanks. The Pakistanis followed up their success by launching Operation Windup, which forced the Indians back farther. Similarly, Pakistan's pride, the 1st Armoured Division, pushed an offensive towards Khem Karan, with the intent to capture Amritsar (a major city in Punjab, India) and the bridge on River Beas to Jalandhar.

Battle of Asal Uttar

The Battle of Asal (lit meaning real answer) was one of the largest tank battles fought during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. It was fought from September 8 through September 10, 1965, when the Pakistan Army thrust its tanks and infantry into Indian territory, capturing the Indian town of Khem Karan 5km from International Border. The area became known as 'Patton Nagar' (Patton Town), because of the large number of US-made Pakistani Patton tanks.Approximately 97 Pakistani tanks were destroyed or abandoned, with only 32 Indian tanks destroyed or damaged. The Pakistani 1st Armoured Division less 5th Armoured Brigade was next sent to Sialkot sector behind Pakistani 6th Armoured Division where it didn't see action as 6th Armoured Division was already in process of routing Indian 1st Armoured Division which was superior to it in strength. The war was heading for a stalemate, with both nations holding territory of the other. The Indian army suffered 3,000 battlefield deaths, while Pakistan suffered 3,800. The Indian army was in possession of 710 miles (1,800 km) of Pakistani territory and the Pakistan army held 210 mile (550 km) of Indian territory. The territory occupied by India was mainly in the fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir sectors, while Pakistani land gains were primarily south in deserts opposite to Sindh and in Chumb sector near Kashmir in north.

Naval hostilities
The navies of India and Pakistan did not play a prominent role in the war of 1965, although Pakistani accounts dispute this.On September 7, a flotilla of the Pakistani Navy carried out a small scale bombardment of the Indian coastal town and radar station of Dwarka, which was 200 miles (300 km) south of the Pakistani port of Karachi. Codenamed Operation Dwarka, it did not fulfill its primary objective of disabling the radar station and there was no immediate retaliatory response from India. Later, some of the Indian fleet sailed from Bombay to Dwarka to patrol the area and deter further bombardment. According to some Pakistani sources, one submarine, PNS Ghazi, kept the Indian Navy's aircraft carrier INS Vikrant besieged in Bombay throughout the war. Indian sources claim that it was not their INDO-PAK WARS Page 6

intention to get into a naval conflict with Pakistan, and wished to restrict the war to a land-based conflict.

Chapter # 4 Assessment of losses & consequences

Indian claims Casualtie s Combat flying effort Aircraft lost 4,073+ combat sorties 35 IAF (official), 73 PAF.Other sources based on the Official Indian Armed Forces History put actual IAF losses at 30 including 19 accidents (non combat sortie rate is not known) and PAF's combat losses alone at 43. 17 + 3 (post war) Pakistani claims 2,279 combat sorties 19 PAF, 104 IAF 20 PAF, Pakistan claims India rejected neutral arbitration Independent Sources 3,000 Indian soldiers, 3,800 Pakistani soldiers

128 Indian tanks, 152 Pakistani tanks captured, 150 Pakistani tanks destroyed. Officially 471 Pakistani tanks destroyed and 38 captured Land area 1,500 mi2(3,885 km2) of won Pakistani territory

Aerial victories Tanks destroye d

30 165 Pakistan tanks

250 mi (648 km) of Indian territory

India held 710 mi(1,1840 km) of Pakistani territory and Pakistan held 210 mi(545 km) of Indian territory

Cease-Fire:

The United States and the Soviet Union used significant diplomatic tools to prevent any further escalation in the conflict between the two South Asian nations. At the invitation of Soviet Premier Alexsei Kosygin Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan come for negotiations in Tashknat. At the end signed the Tashknet agreement, ceasefire negotiations. They agreed to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than February 25, 1966. Shastri died of a heart attack in Tashkent right after he signed the declaration and Mrs. Indira Gandhi succeeded him. On September 22, the United Nations Security Council unanimously

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 7

passed a resolution that called for an unconditional ceasefire from both nations. The war ended on September 23rd 1965.

Consequences of the war

India

The war had created a tense state of affairs in its aftermath. Though the war was indecisive, Pakistan suffered much heavier material and personnel casualties compared to India. Both India and Pakistan increased their defense spending and the Cold War politics had taken roots in the subcontinent. The Indian Military, which was already undergoing rapid expansions, made improvements in command and control to address some shortcomings. India established the Research and Analysis Wing for external espionage and intelligence. India viewed the American policy during the war as biased India slowly started aligning with the Soviet Union both politically and militarily. This would be cemented formally years later before the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Indian premier, Shastri was hailed as a hero in New Delhi.
Pakistan

Many Pakistanis rated the performance of their military positively. September 6 is celebrated as 'Defence Day' in Pakistan in commemoration of the successful defence of Sialkot against the Indian army. Pakistani Air Force's performance was seen in much better light compared to that of the ground troops. Several Pakistani writers criticized the military's ill-founded belief that their "Martial Race" of soldiers could defeat India in the war. The Tashkent declaration was seen as a raw deal in Pakistan. Pakistan was taken aback by the lack of support by the United States. The United States declared its neutrality in the war by cutting off military supplies to both sides. After the war, Pakistan would increasingly look towards China as a major source of military hardware and political support. Another negative consequence of the war was the growing resentment against the Pakistani government in East Pakistan. Bengali leaders accused the government for not providing adequate security for East Pakistan during the conflict, even though large sums of money were taken from the east to finance the war for Kashmir. In fact despite some PAF attacks being launched from East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh) during the war, India did not retaliate in that sector, although East Pakistan was defended only by a two-infantry brigade division (14 Division) without any tank support. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was apprehensive of this situation, and the need for greater autonomy for the east led to another war between India and Pakistan in 1971.

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 8

Heroes of 1965 war :

Maj Raja Aziz Bhati Shaheed,Neshan- E-Haider

Squadron Leader Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui Shaheed, Sitara-EJurat,Hilal-I-Jurat

Flt Lt Yunus Hussain Shaheed, Sitara-E- Jurat

Squadron Leader (Now Air Cdr. Retd.) M. M. Alam, Sitara-EJurat (Bar)

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 9

Indo-Pak war 1971

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 10

Chapter # 5 Causes of separation of east wing of Pakistan The Roots of conflict:

The Eastern wing of Pakistan was more populous than the Western one, political power since independence rested with the Western elite. This caused considerable anger in East Pakistan. The location of the Capital, it was said, created great economic imbalance, uneven distribution of national wealth and privileges, and better jobs for the people of West Pakistan, because they were able to sway decisions in their own favor. Bengalis resented the vast sums of foreign exchange earned from the sale of jute from East, which were being spent on defense. They questioned how the expenditure for the Kashmir cause would be justified. India exploited Pakistans dilemma to the full. It sought to wring full propaganda and strategic value for itself out of the Bengali suffering and misery. Bengali leader called, Sheikh Mujibur Rehman, most forcefully articulated that resentment by forming an opposition political party called the Awami League and demanding more autonomy for East Pakistan within the Pakistani Federation. Mujidbur Rehman won the election in 1970 the people of east wing think that Mujibyr Rehman should be the Prime minister or at least the ruler of his province. But the West Pakistan's ruling elite were so distressed by the turn of events and by the sheikh's demands for autonomy that instead of allowing him to rule east Pakistan, they put him in jail. India exploited Pakistans dilemma to the full. It sought to wring full propaganda and strategic value for itself out of the Bengali suffering and misery. India exploited Pakistans dilemma to the full. It sought to wring full propaganda and strategic value for itself out of the Bengali suffering and misery.

India's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War

By November, war seemed inevitable; a massive buildup of Indian forces on the border with East Pakistan had begun. On 23 November, Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war. On the evening of 3 December Sunday, at about 5:40 p.m. the Pakistani Air Force (PAF) launched a preemptive strike on eleven airfields in north-western India, including Agra which was 300 miles (480 km) from the border. As a result, the Indian runways were cratered and rendered non-functional for several hours after the attack.
INDO-PAK WARS Page 11

Chapter #6

OPERATIONS
Naval hostilities

In the western theatre of the war, the Indian Navy, under the command of Vice Admiral Kohli, achieved success by attacking Karachi's port in the code-named Operation Tridenton the night of 45 December, which resulted in the sinking of the Pakistani destroyer PNS Khyber and a minesweeper PNS Muhafiz; PNS Shajehan was badly damaged. This resulted in tactical Indian success: 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded, and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships, thus crippling the Pakistan Navy's further involvement in the conflict. Air operations PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation. As the war progressed, the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones, but the number of sorties flown by the PAF gradually decreased day-by-day The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while its counterpart, the PAF offered little in retaliation, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel. Ground operation On the eastern front, the Indian Army joined forces with the Mukti Bahini to form the Mitro Bahini ("Allied Forces"); Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, who commanded the eighth, twentythird, and fifty-seventh divisions, led the Indian thrust into East Pakistan. As these forces attacked Pakistani formations, the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dhaka airfield out of commission. In the meantime, the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan. Faced with insurmountable losses, the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight. On 16 December, the Pakistani forces stationed in East Pakistan surrendered.

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 12

Surrender of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan

The Instrument of Surrender of Pakistani forces stationed in East Pakistan was signed at Ramna Race Course in Dhaka at 16.31 on 16 December 1971, by Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora. India took approximately 90,000 prisoners of war, including Pakistani soldiers and their East Pakistani civilian supporters.

Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as follows:

Branch Army Navy Air Force Paramilitary including police Civilian personnel Total:

Number of captured Pakistani POWs 54,154 1,381 833 22,000 12,000 90,368

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 13

Chapter # 7 CONCEQUENCES OF WAR

India The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of its population and with nearly one-third of its army in captivity, clearly established India's military dominance of the subcontinent. In spite of the magnitude of the victory, India was surprisingly restrained in its reaction. Mostly, Indian leaders seemed pleased by the relative ease with which they had accomplished their goalsthe establishment of Bangladesh and the prospect of an early return to their homeland of the 10 million Bengali refugees who were the cause of the war.

Pakistan For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat. The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept defeat; the state-controlled media in West Pakistan had been projecting imaginary victories. When the surrender in East Pakistan was finally announced, people could not come terms with the magnitude of defeat, spontaneous demonstrations and mass protests erupted on the streets of major cities in West Pakistan. The cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was very high. The loss of East Pakistan had shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military. Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army.

Bangladesh

Bangladesh became an independent nation, the world's third most populous Muslim state. Mujibur Rahman was released from a West Pakistani prison, returned to Dhaka on 10 January 1972 and to become first President of Bangladesh and later its Prime Minister.

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 14

Heroes of indo-Pak-war 1971

Recipients of the Nishan-E-Haider:

Major Muhammad Akram

Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas

Major Shabbir Sharif

Sowar Muhammad Hussain

Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 15

REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971 http://www.storyofpakistan.com http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com http://www.scribd.com/doc/14627984/Research-Paper-on-IndoPak-Relation
http://tripatlas.com/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965

http://e-maqzine.blogspot.com/2010/09/indo-pak-war-of-1965.html

INDO-PAK WARS

Page 16