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3 PECKER Liquefaction
3 PECKER Liquefaction
Alain Pecker
Loose sand
A’ A
u ⇒ σ’ ⇒ τl
A état ultime τ = 0 et σ’ = 0
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-2.50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
120
100
40
20
-20
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
60.0
0.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Time
60
40
20
Strain (%)
Shear stress (kPa)
0
-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0
-20
-40
-60
60
40
20
-20
-40
-60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.5
Cyclic stress ratio τ/σ’ V
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 10 100 1000
Number of cycles N
Percent passing (%)
GRANULARITE
Harbour of Bejaïa
80
60
40
20 Koeberg sand
Harbour of Bejaïa
0.4
0.2
Number of cycles N
INFLUENCE DE DENSITE RELATIVE
INFLUENCE DE ASSEMBLAGE
low frequency high frequency vibration
wet rod
vibration on humid samples
DR = 50%
wet pouring wet tamping
σ’3 = 50 kPa
dry pouring
high frequency
dry rod
vibration
Number of cycles
ANALYSE EN CONTRAINTES
TOTALES
• Evaluation des contraintes simiques:
demande sismique
• Evaluation de la résistance du sol :
capacité sismique
Ö Essais de laboratoire
Ö Essais en place
• Calcul du coefficient de sécurité
• Définition d’une valeur acceptable
Stress / Strength
τl cyclic undrained
shear strength
τl
SF =
τeq
CONTRAINTES SISMIQUES
amax
σ=0 σ=0
h
γh
τ max = amax rd
g
τmax
COEFFICIENT DE FLEXIBILITE
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
rd
5
z ≤ 9.15 m
Depth (m)
10 rd = 1.0 – 0.00765 z
15
9.15 m < z ≤ 23 m
20 rd = 1.174 – 0.0267 z
25
CONTRAINTE CYCLIQUE
EQUIVALENTE
τ τ
τmax
τeq τeq
Neq
t t
τav σv
CSR = = 0.65 amax rd
σ 'v g σ 'v
RESISTANCE A LA LIQUEFACTION
• Essais de laboratoire
Ö Cisaillement simple, triaxial ou torsion
Ö Centrifuge, table vibrante
• Essais en place
Ö Standard penetration tests SPT
Ö Pénétromètres CPT (avec mesure de pression
interstitielle CPTU)
Ö Célérité des ondes de cisaillement: cross hole,
SASW
ESSAIS EN PLACE
CSR
(N1)60
CORRECTIONS SPT
FC ≅ 35% 15 ≤5
0.4
0.3
CRR
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 10 20 30 40
FC ≤ 5% α=0 β = 1.0
(
α = exp ⎡⎣1.76 - 190 / FC2 ⎤⎦ )
5% ≤ FC ≤ 35%
( )
β = ⎡⎣ 0.99 + FC1.5 / 1000 ⎤⎦
20
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
0
Profondeur
CRR
SF =
10 CSR
15
CRR
CSR
20
LIQUEFACTION MITIGATION
Technique Efficiency Cost
Densification
Vibro systems + -
Deep compaction + -
Compaction Grouting + ++
Preloading - -
Hardening
Chemical Grouting +/- ++
Soil Mixing + +/-
Removal / Replacement
Jet Grouting + ++
Excavation / Replacement + +/-
Drainage
Dewatering + +
Gravel drains - -
DOMAIN OF APPLICATIONS
SAND SILT CLAY
Vibrocompaction
Blasting
Chemical Grouting
Compaction Grouting
Dynamic Deep Compaction
Soil Mixing
Jet Grouting
60
SPT1
50 SPT2
SPT3
SPT4
40
Raw blow counts N
SPT5
SPT6
SPT7
30
SPT8
20
10
0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
0.5
⎡ 100 ⎤ 50
N =9 N1 = C N ER N = N ⎢ ⎥ i =7
⎣ σ v′ ⎦ 60
(τ l ) M = 7.5 = 11.5kPa
M = 5.5 ⇒ CM = 2.86
τ l 32.9
τ l = CM i (τ l ) M = 7.5 = 32.9kPa ⇒ CRR = = = 0.31
′
σ v 106
SPT DATA
70
SPT1
SPT2
60 SPT3
SPT4
Corrected blow counts (N 1)cs60
SPT5
50
SPT6
SPT7
40 SPT8
30
20
10
0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
70
SPT1
SPT2
60 SPT3
SPT4
Corrected blow counts (N 1)cs60
SPT5
50
SPT6
SPT7
40 SPT8
30
20
10
0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
a g S = 1.8 m / s 2
ag S
τ eq = 0.65 σ v rd = 0.65 i 0.18 i 157 i 0.94 = 17.4kPa
g
τ eq
CSR = = 0.16
σ v′
CRR 0.31
FS = = = 1.94
CSR 0.16
SPT DATA
5
SPT1
SPT2
4 SPT3
SPT4
SPT5
Safety Factor
3
SPT6
SPT7
SPT8
2
0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0