Harnessing the wind

Wind power in Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka

Practical Action South Asia is developing reliable and cost effective wind energy systems for charging batteries to help meet the electrical energy needs of rural Sri Lankans who do not have access to the national grid. More than 70 percent of people in Sri Lanka live in poor rural areas, far beyond the reach of the national grid and often miles from the nearest kerosene seller. People face untold hardship every day - and even lethal danger - simply because they cannot get the safe, clean, renewable energy they need. For Weerasinghe, being without power was much more than an inconvenience. It is a major source of poverty, preventing him from working, stopping his children learning, and forcing him to use up precious natural resources - as well as precious hours that could be spent improving his life instead. Before he started working with Practical Action, Weerasinghe had no choice but to use energy sources that were either dangerous or hugely expensive in order to get the basic light and heat he needed. The kerosene lamps he used for light were so notorious for causing injuries, especially to children playing or doing their homework (kerosene burns are a major cause of children being admitted to hospital in Sri Lanka). And the old car battery he relied on for a little electricity cost more than eight dollars a month to recharge - a real fortune when money is so scarce. Weerasinghe now generates light from his own small wind turbine system. Living in Usgala village in the south of Sri Lanka, Weerasinghe's life is hard indeed. Surviving on subsistence farming, he grows just enough to feed his family with little to spare. "It was wonderful! Straight away there was enough power to light a few light bulbs, so I could work and the children could do their homework. I could charge up my own battery, and earn a little money by charging up those of my friends and neighbours too."

Over the months, the pilot turbine project surpassed all expectations, generating power when there was wind, and storing it for calmer days. Simple - and self-sufficient too. Villagers are trained to do all the installation and maintenance work themselves, and the turbine parts are made by local people, from local materials. Video: renewable energy in Sri Lanka
"Some people feel like they belong to the society ... they say that they are not alone any more because they have light."

2 min 15 sec WMV 565k | WMV 1.6Mb | Flash video

See also Small wind energy systems for battery charging

PANGEAs growth is multi-dimensional. The year 2010 saw our small, shared office space in downtown Brussels grow to encompass an entire corner of a dynamic incubator for environmental organisations located in the heart of Brussels European Quarter. Sharing space with those with whom we share common goalsand with those whom we must challenge to see the true benefits of bioenergy in Africahas empowered us to become stronger in both tangible and intangible ways.

During 2010, we became one of the first green NGOsand perhaps the only oneto have two full-time interns specifically focused in the European Parliament. Every committee meeting related to environment, trade, agriculture, energy and development has a PANGEA intern sitting in attendance, taking fastidious notes for our membership. The events they attend and the workshops in which they participate help us to not only grow our name in Brusselspeople see PANGEA everywhereit also enhances the development of our expertise. We are that much more capable of determing how best to advise on policy decisions when consulted by the European Commission (as we often are) or when an issue arises where we must take a positionsuch as the food and fuel competition debate or Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC). Our paid staff has grown as well, with three full-time staff members manning different aspects of PANGEAs day-to-day activities ranging from policy development and analysis to membership outreach and development to communication. As our expertise, our staff and our facilities have expanded, so has our communication: we are on Facebook (become a fan!) and Twitter (@pangea_link); our network management is more

sophisticated as is our newsletter, membership and website tracking. We are collecting and analyzing ever-increasing amounts of data to make certain that we are satisfying the industrys development needs. As the needs of our membership grow, so do the services offered by PANGEA. Beyond communications, workshops and event management, lobbying and networking, our premium members are asking for specific productsand we are delivering. From reports exploring policy developments and competitors in a potential investment market to making connections with the European Parliament in Brussels and hosting their events, we are producing results in every arena.

Some things never change

What became clear in 2010 was that some challenges require long-term planning, continual attention, and persistent solutions. The two that come first to mind are Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) and the Food and Fuel competition debate. A third is the continued stream of misinformation in the press about both of those issues. In fact, it is this issue of misinformation that seems to be more of the roadblock to progress than either ILUC or feedstock competition. It is such a significant issue, that the University of Essex published a scholarly article last summer in Sociological Research Onlineexamining the influence these anti-biofuels NGOs have had on the biofuels debate in Europe: We found that in many cases the development of NGO policy has been driven more by narrow political opportunities for influence than by broader and more coherent policy responses to global climate change or economic development, or indeed rigorous assessment of the scientific evidence. With the millions of euros behind these NGOs and their anti-biofuels agendasome of those millions coming directly from the European Commissions fund for environmental NGOs budgetsthe question becomes how can a growing, young organisation like PANGEA ever hope to get sensible policy in Europe let alone develop a market for Africas sustainable biofuel exports? Now, more than ever, it is up to us to get the real data to the public. How food and fuel co-production, how ILUC isnt a factor in Africa, and how unsustainably produced biofuels in other parts of the world, from rainforest destruction to landgrabbing, has absolutely nothing to do with the African experiencelet alone the future of bioenergy in Africa. PANGEA voiced its concerns at every Brussels-based event held in 2010 on these issues. We also were in attendance at several events further afield like an event on landgrabbing in Cameroon and one on food and fuel coproduction in Ghana. We received top billing in the global sugar and ethanol industrys leading market report, FO Licht, explaining the difference between ILUC in Africa and ILUC everywhere else. We wont stop there. Just as we learned in 2010 that these issues arent going away quickly or easily, we learned that we couldnt afford to be silent. We need more data, more research, more studies and we will produce more reports, more Tweets, and more policy papers. Our memberspresent and future depend on it.

Focus on regional markets

By 2020, the European Unions 27 member states are mandated to use 10% biofuels in their overall transport fuel use under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). It is an ambitious goal but one that many are determined to reach. In the EU, the objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of the EUs universal goals to become more energy efficient and use more environmentally friendly energy sources. In the achieving of this goal there will be help for the regions farmers and help to promote more rural development, ultimately diversifying the economy as well.

So what if Africa did the same?

The results of PANGEAs analysis are rather impressive. We looked at some of the regional groupingsWAEMU, SADC (of which South Africa is the only oil producer) and EACand guess what we found? Replacing 10% of petrol use in these three regions would reduce fuel imports by nearly US$2 billion per year. For countries that are often starving for foreign exchange, imagine what those savings could purchase rather than oil. Thats also a 10% reduction in energy riskless impact on the economy when oil prices skyrocket, but the knock on effects of risk reduction would likely be a lot higher. The bonus is the enormous and tangible increase to local economic development through new jobs, technology transfer, increased food security, increased infrastructure for both people and goods, development of secondary and tertiary support industries, new SMEs and most of all, more money for school fees. What other industry offers those kinds of benefits top down and bottom up?

Looking at India and Brazil

During our first year, we wanted to explore more closely the relationship between the Northostensibly through development aid and foreign agenciesand Africa in terms of bioenergy investment. The results of our workshop showed good intentions but very few viable projects. As much of the excitement over investment from Europe and the US fell off as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, PANGEA began to look at where investment and technology transfer was actually coming from. The answer, it turned out, was Brazil and India. We decided to launch a workshop series that would focus on what these countries, their governments and their private sectors were doing in African biofuels, and our results were really exciting. At each of the three workshops PANGEA held in 2010in Maputo, Nairobi and Johannesburgthe Brazilian government was a key highlight. They are investing money and know how to help governments across Africa develop biofuel policies that will encourage not only project development but also build long-lasting industries. The national agricultural research agency, EMBRAPA, has its sleeves rolled up and is working on bioenergy in both Accra and Maputo.

It is apparent that it will take the Brazilian private sector a little while longer to embrace the opportunities, and it is easy to see why. They are experiencing very high returns from their own huge domestic ethanol market and do not yet see the value in investing in new markets. Brazilian companies are happy to sell technology in Africa, but getting direct investment from them will require more time. Thankfully, the African Development Bank (AfDB) is working on a bioenergy investment programme in conjunction with the Brazilian national development bank (BNDES) to do just that. (PANGEA authored a report on this new development which is available on the Members Only portion of our website.) India is also having a significant impact on the African bioenergy industry, but in a much more modest manner. Indian technology companies have seen the African market as a potential hot spot and are already delving into markets, especially in biogas and ethanol. One Indian company who presented at our workshop in Nairobithanks to our members Pipal Ltd.has built its business in East Africa over the past few years to such a degree that now it is seeking out new markets as there isnt enough agricultural waste left to process. Indias EXIM Bank is doing an excellent job of financing as well. With major investments of more than US$680 million in Ethiopias sugar industry working to facilitate the transition into a better, more efficient ethanol producer, the EXIM Bank is a recent investor of US$180 million to Sudans newest sugar and ethanol project. The bank has opened a branch in South Africa, which may lead to more investments across the continent.

The key to sustainability

Sustainability is at the heart of PANGEAs work and is a key factor in the development of any industry, and especially in the case of bioenergy. In Europe, sustainability is often two pronged: environmental and social. PANGEA agrees, however, as we work so closely with the private sector, we are well aware that economic sustainability is just as key. Without economic sustainability a project cannot survive without subsidies. Profits are necessary to maintain payroll, to finance environmental rehabilitation projects, and to provide community services and the like. Whose responsibility is sustainability? Often the focus is purely on the investor and that, in itself, isnt sustainable. Its a team effort, one built with the company, the community and the governmenta check and balance system where everyone is required to work together. The triangle of sustainabilitys three pillars must be balanced by the triangle of those ensuring that sustainability. This is a concept developed by our Secretary General while she was preparing for a conference on landgrabbing in Cameroon last October. Companies are responsible for how they invest and how they interact with communities, but governments are also responsible for ensuring that companies dont damage the environment or the communities where they will invest. Equally, however, it is up to communities to not be passive recipients of investment but to engage with investors and government so that those governments and investors are informed of the true risks, the true benefits and how they can participate and mitigate. Then, inform their neighbours. This sustainability paradigm is a shared responsibility, and everyone must work together.

Small-scale wind power

How the wind can generate electrical energy

Families living in rural areas who do not have access to the national grid may have to travel long distances and wait long times for their batteries to be recharged at commercial centres. Practical Action has developed reliable and cost effective wind energy systems for charging batteries to help meet the electrical energy needs of these people. Small scale wind energy generators also have the potential to stimulate village-level charging enterprises for either community or private use. Therefore Practical Action aims to develop and promote local industries capable of manufacturing and maintaining the generators. Converting wind energy into electricity is clean, renewable and sustainable - the wind supply will never run out

The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 197 GW by the end of 2010. China (44,733 MW), US (40,180 MW), Germany (27,215 MW) and Spain (20,676 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position.[10] The short gestation periods for installing wind turbines, and the increasing reliability and performance of wind energy machines has made wind power a favored choice for capacity addition in India.[11] Suzlon, as Indian-owned company, emerged on the global scene in the past decade, and by 2006 had captured almost 7.7 percent of market share in global wind turbine sales. Suzlon is currently the leading manufacturer of wind turbines for the Indian market, holding some 52 percent of market share in India. Suzlons success has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind turbine technology.[12]

[edit] State-level wind power

There is a growing wind energy installations in the number of the states across the India.
[edit] Tamil Nadu (6007 MW)

India is keen to decrease its reliance on fossil fuels to meet its energy demand. Shown here is a wind farm in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu.

Tamil Nadu is the state with the most wind generating capacity: 6007 MW constituting almost 47% of the total capacity of India[13]. Not far from Aralvaimozhi, the Muppandal wind farm, the largest in the subcontinent, is located near the once impoverished village of Muppandal, supplying the villagers with electricity for work.[14][15] The village had been selected as the showcase for India's $2 billion clean energy program which provides foreign companies with tax breaks for establishing fields of wind turbines in the area.

Wind turbiness in Tamil Nadu

In February 2009, Shriram EPC bagged INR 700 million contract for setting up of 60 units of 250 KW (totaling 15 MW) wind turbines in Tirunelveli district by Cape Energy.[16] Enercon is also playing a major role in development of wind energy in India. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tiruppur Districts having more wind Mills from 2002 onwards,specially, Chittipalayam, Kethanoor, Gudimangalam, Poolavadi, Murungappatti (MGV Place), Kottamangalam, Kumarapalayam, Sunkaramudaku, KongalNagaram, Gomangalam, Anthiur, Edyarpalayam,

Bogampatti, Puliya Marathu Palayam, Chandrapuram are the high wind power production places in the both districts.
[edit] Maharashtra (2310.70 MW)

Maharashtra is second only to Tamil Nadu in terms of generating capacity. Suzlon has been heavily involved.[11] Suzlon operates what was once Asia's largest wind farm, the Vankusawade Wind Park (201 MW), near the Koyna reservoir in Satara district of Maharashtra.[17]
[edit] Gujarat (2175.60 MW)

Samana & sadodar in jamanagar district is set to host energy companies like China Light Power (CLP) and Tata Power have pledged to invest up to 8.15 billion ($189.5 million) in different projects in the area. CLP, through its India subsidiary CLP India, is investing close to 5 billion for installing 126 wind turbines in Samana that will generate 100.8 MW power. Tata Power has installed wind turbines in the same area for generating 50 MW power at a cost of 3.15 billion. Both projects are expected to become operational by early next year, according to government sources. The Gujarat government, which is banking heavily on wind power, has identified Samana as an ideal location for installation of 450 turbines that can generate a total of 360 MW. To encourage investment in wind energy development in the state, the government has introduced a raft of incentives including a higher wind energy tariff. Samana has a high tension transmission grid and electricity generated by wind turbines can be fed into it. For this purpose, a substation at Sadodar has been installed. Both projects are being executed by Enercon Ltd, a joint venture between Enercon of Germany and Mumbai-based Mehra group.[18] ONGC Ltd has commissioned its first wind power project. The 51 MW project is located at Motisindholi in Kutch district of Gujarat. ONGC had placed the EPC order on Suzlon Energy in January 2008, for setting up the wind farm comprising 34 turbines of 1.5 MW each. Work on the project had begun in February 2008, and it is learnt that the first three turbines had begun production within 43 days of starting construction work. Power from this 308 crore captive wind farm will be wheeled to the Gujarat state grid for onward use by ONGC at its Ankleshwar, Ahmedabad, Mehsana and Vadodara centres. ONGC has targeted to develop a captive wind power capacity of around 200 MW in the next two years.[19]
[edit] Karnataka (1730.10 MW)

There are many small wind farms in Karnataka, making it one of the states in India which has a high number of wind mill farms. Chitradurga, Gadag are some of the districts where there are a large number of Windmills. Chitradurga alone has over 20000 wind turbines.[citation needed] The 13.2 MW Arasinagundi (ARA) and 16.5 MW Anaburu (ANA) wind farms are ACCIONAS first in India. Located in the Davangere district (Karnataka State), they have a total installed capacity of 29.7 MW and comprise a total 18 Vestas 1.65MW wind turbines supplied by Vestas Wind Technology India Pvt. Ltd.[citation needed] The ARA wind farm was commissioned in June 2008 and the ANA wind farm, in September 2008. Each facility has signed a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) for off-take of 100% of the output. ARA and ANA are Accionas first wind farms eligible for CER credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).[citation needed]

ACCIONA is in talks with the World Bank for The Spanish Carbon Fund which is assessing participation in the project as buyer for CERs likely to arise between 2010 and 2012. An environmental and social assessment has been conducted as part of the procedure and related documents have been provided. These are included below, consistent with the requirement of the World Bank's disclosure policy.[citation needed]
[edit] Rajasthan (1524.70 MW)

Gurgaon-headquartered Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd is in an advanced stage of commissioning a large wind farm in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. A senior official[who?] told Projectmonitor that out of the total 31.5 mW capacity, 12 mW had been completed so far. The remaining capacity would come on line shortly, he added. For the INOX Group company, this would be the largest wind farm. In 2006-07, GFL commissioned a 23.1-mW wind power project at Gudhe village near Panchgani in Satara district of Maharashtra. Both the wind farms will be grid-connected and will earn carbon credits for the company, the official noted.[citation needed] In an independent development, cement major ACC Ltd has proposed to set up a new wind power project in Rajasthan with a capacity of around 11 mW. Expected to cost around 60 crore, the wind farm will meet the power requirements of the company's Lakheri cement unit where capacity was raised from 0.9 million tpa to 1.5 million tpa through a modernisation plan. For ACC, this would be the second wind power project after the 9 mW farm at Udayathoor in Tirunelvelli district of Tamil Nadu.[citation needed] Rajasthan is emerging as an important destination for new wind farms, although it is currently not amongst the top five states in terms of installed capacity. As of 2007 end, this northern state had a total of 496 mW, accounting for a 6.3 per cent share in India's total capacity.[citation needed]
[edit] Madhya Pradesh (275.50 MW)

In consideration of unique concept, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh has sanctioned another 15 MW project to MPWL at Nagda Hills near Dewas. All the 25 WEGs have been commissioned on 31.03.2008 and under successful operation.[20]
[edit] Kerala (32 MW)

The first wind farm of the state was set up at Kanjikode in Palakkad district. It has a generating capacity of 23.00 MW. A new wind farm project was launched with private participation at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district. The project, which was inaugurated by chief minister V. S. Achuthanandan in April 2008, aims at generating 10.5 MW of electricity.[citation needed] The Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT), an autonomous body under the Department of Power, Government of Kerala, is setting up wind farms on private land in various parts of the state to generate a total of 600 mW of power. The agency has identified 16 sites for setting up wind farms through private developers. To start with, ANERT will establish a demonstration project to generate 2 mW of power at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district in association with the Kerala State Electricity Board. The project is slated to cost 21 crore. Other wind farm sites include Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram districts. The contribution of non-conventional energy in the total 6,095 mW power potential is just 5.5 per cent, a share the Kerala government wants to increase by 30 per cent. ANERT is engaged in the field of development and promotion of renewable sources of energy in Kerala. It is also the nodal agency for implementing renewable energy programmes of the Union ministry of nonconventional energy sources.[citation needed]

[edit] West Bengal (1.10MW)

The total installation in West Bengal is just 1.10 MW as there was only 0.5 MW addition in 2006-2007 and none between 20072008 and 20082009 Bengal - Mega 50 MW wind energy project soon for country[citation needed] Suzlon Energy Ltd plans to set up a large wind-power project in West Bengal Suzlon Energy Ltd is planning to set up a large wind-power project in West Bengal, for which it is looking at coastal Midnapore and South 24-Parganas districts. According to SP Gon Chaudhuri, chairman of the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency, the 50 MW project would supply gridquality power. Gon Chaudhuri, who is also the principal secretary in the power department, said the project would be the biggest in West Bengal using wind energy. At present, Suzlon experts are looking for the best site. Suzlon aims to generate the power solely for commercial purpose and sell it to local power distribution outfits like the West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEDCL).[citation needed] Suzlon will invest around 250 crore initially, without taking recourse to the funding available from the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (Ireda), said Gon Chaudhuri. He said there are five wind-power units in West Bengal, at Frazerganj, generating a total of around 1 MW. At Sagar Island, there is a composite wind-diesel plant generating 1 MW. In West Bengal, power companies are being encouraged to buy power generated by units based on renewable energy. The generating units are being offered special rates. S Banerjee, private secretary to the power minister, said this had encouraged the private sector companies to invest in this field.[citation needed]

[edit] Projects in India

India's Largest Wind power production facilities (10MW and greater)[21]
Power Plant Producer Location State Total Capacity (MWe) 259 33 30 25 22 21 20

Vankusawade Wind Suzlon Energy Ltd. Park Cape Comorin Kayathar Subhash Ramakkalmedu Muppandal Wind Gudimangalam Puthlur RCI

Satara Dist.

Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu

Aban Loyd Chiles Offshore Ltd. Kanyakumari Subhash Ltd. Subhash Ltd. Muppandal Wind Farm Gudimangalam Wind Farm Wescare (India) Ltd. Kayathar

Ramakkalmedu Kerala Muppandal Tamil Nadu

Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu Puthlur Andhra

Pradesh Lamda Danida Chennai Mohan Danida India Ltd. Lamda Gujarat Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu 15 15

Mohan Breweries & Distilleries Chennai Ltd. MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Chitradurga Dist Perungudi Kethanur Hyderabad Muppandal Poolavadi

Jamgudrani MP

14

Jogmatti BSES Perungudi Newam

BSES Ltd. Newam Power Company Ltd.

14 12 11 10 10 10 20.4

Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Hyderabad APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corp.

Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Shalivahana Wind
[22]

Shalivahana Green Energy. Ltd. Tirupur

[edit] Barriers
Initial cost for wind turbines is greater than that of conventional fossil fuel generators per MW installed. Noise is produced by the rotor blades. This is not normally an issue in the locations chosen for most wind farms and research by Salford University[23] shows that noise complaints for wind farms in the UK are almost non-existent.

[edit] Future
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has fixed a target of 10,500 MW between 200712, but an additional generation capacity of only about 6,000 MW might be available for commercial use by 2012.[6]

[edit] See also

India portal Renewable energy portal

Energy policy of India Solar power in India List of large wind farms Wind Power in Kerala

[edit] References
1. 2. 3. 4. ^ "World Wind Energy Report 2008". Report. "World Wind Energy Report 2008" ^ http://panchabuta.com/2011/08/07/14-55-gw-of-wind-installed-in-india-627-monitoring-stationsestablished-to-harness-potential/ ^ "Mega power plants in AP and wind power in Orissa". Projectsmonitor.com. http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=15318. Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ "National Thermal Power Corporation to Develop Renewable Energy Projects in Orissa, India". Azocleantech.com. 2010-03-27. http://www.azocleantech.com/details.asp?newsID=9397. Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ "INDIAN WIND TURBINE-Installed Wind Capacity". Indianwindpower.com. http://www.indianwindpower.com/installed_wind_capacity.php. Retrieved 2010-11-27. ab ^ India to add 6,000 mw wind power by 2012; but below target [dead link] ^ [1] [dead link] ^ [2] ^ "India to add 6,000 mw wind power by 2012; but below target". Business-standard.com. http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=44562. Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ Global Wind 2008 Report ab ^ Suzlon partners with Maharashtra in record year for wind power ^ Lewis, Joassa I. (2007). A Comparison of Wind Power Industry Development Strategies in Spain, India and China ^ http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/Revised_Budget_Speech_e_2011_2012.pdf ^ "Tapping the Wind - India". February 2005. http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=1678&lang=English. Retrieved 2006-10-28. ^ Watts, Himangshu (November 11 2003MGV will provide more information). "Clean Energy Brings Windfall to Indian Village". Reuters News Service. http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/22758/story.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-28. ^ 27 Feb, 2009, 12.11PM IST,ET Bureau (2009-02-27). "Shriram EPC bags 70 cr contract - The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-ByIndustry/Energy/Power/Shriram-EPC-bags-70-cr-contract/articleshow/4199499.cms. Retrieved 2010-1127. [dead link] ^ [3] ^ Gujarat's Samana set to become wind power hub ^ ONGC starts maiden wind farm project ^ "Developer of Wind Power Estate". Wind Power India. http://www.windpowerindia.com/generation.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ "Indian Wind Energy - Projects, Companies, Research, Data, Statistics - Energy Alternatives India". EAI.in. http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/win/win.html. Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ http://www.shalivahanagroup.com/ ^ Salford University, Moorhouse, AT, Hayes, M, von Hnerbein, S, Piper, BJ and Adams, MD 2007.

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17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.