Frequency Response of FIR Filters: (ch.6) O Recall the Special input signals: a unit impulse sequence S[o] e unit step sequence u[n] Et # complex exponentials x[nJ= Ae t*e!" in this chapter ® sinusoids x[n]=Acos(Gn+6) First, let us consider a continuous-time complex exponential fee signals x(t) = Aes? tet -act <0 Uni®orm sempling of x(t) gives a discrete-time complex exponential x[n]ax(oTe)= AetPe P= Act e!°° here G= wT, and -a bk]s[n-k] => Hel) = > ped k=0 k=0 « periodicity o H(e) An important property of a discrete-time LT| system is that its Prequency response H(e!®) always a periodic function with period 2m. For the causal FIR filter: M 45 H Gos) Lt a irammk ge ciate HC 8) uw ; = © keo ae (Q: integer) i A change in the input frequency by 21 (or its integer multiples) a a wea KIARA 95m CEO 3c gn ae (Litwteges) 4 Tso complex exponentials with Prequencies diPPering by 2 (or its integer multiples) cannot be distinguished from their somples alone. Thus, it is sufficient to specify the Frequency response over -T< O REMY FT a ic k=O theo by real 7 s bik ects Co) 0© lt Pollows that: The magnitude fonction is an even Runction of : [Hci] =| H¢e#)| 4 a ” “7 odd "Aoi 2 eid) Similarly, The real part of H(ei®) is an even function of & Re {HCE )} = Ref HCeH)} ” imaginary 9 % % % odd “on: Imm § H(i) = Im fH Ce Therefore, plots of He!) are shown only over half a period over 06.47 Response te Sinusoidal Input: Now, let us consider sinusoidal input together with a constant term: x[p]= Ay+ A, cos(Qin+@) SAA, (ear. saul 2 = Aor Are ed 4 ay cM ue z 2 W=0 wary we-4) Since the system is assumed to be LT! and the input is a sum off complex exponentials, we can determine the output to each input separately and then superpose (add) them to get the output y[n]: oo 50 cs 4d . ah. gels H@P)] Aes Hee! . Hel) a, cierto _ io——4 ded, * =e : nest, es a AHL) A a Ce) ar torre | HCE) ay nr o A 2 jo Ja, 50+ B) ae 56 ce = H(e)A, + He Are! 4H Ce AL stern system) 35) A LHe") n ‘ a | ed (in) . me = H(e"?) Ag + [HC] & Ae ial + [He] 6 a, cio) 2 2 jo ja, (,0+G,+ZHe!9), : re (ei) = HCP )A.+|HCe [As Ginrh + [ney] SO ae z = Heo + | H(e!)[ A, cos (O.0 +614 Zile'™))IP the input consists of many exponentiols, the output doe to each © component cam be found separately and the results can be added (the principle oP superposition) IP we con Pind a representation for a signal in terms of complex exponentials, the output of the LTI system to thet signal is relatively easy to get. For example, iP the input to an LT! system is a real signal thot can be represented as: N Pr She oe x[nJ= + 2 (Xe oo, x ow*k ) hn kel a Xe jo je i x1 (bale oe cael = %, + > [Xi| cos (dyn + ZX) (eo constant plus N sinusoids) k=l ‘i In the above, Xp= Ao (a constort), Xp= |X fe? a Ke * pend Xpe 1 we hove o real LTI system so that H(ed*)— HYel*y , the corresponding output is: ZS ie glrd= He] x Z(H] me oe HC ey) xe 610) S=0 Baik, bendy W N a He) xy + > (HC IH HY x oie) —_ kel 2 N a on = HCE) x, + > [He *)|]xu] cos (Sune Kn + ZH kel @ Each individual complex exponential is modified by the Frequency vesponse fonetion evalvated ot the frequency oP that. porticuler component. e@ We used a Prequency-domein approach here. When the input can be expressed as a sum of complex exponentials, we do not need to deal with the time-domain ceseription(e.g. diPPerence equation or the impulse response) of the system. We can work with the Prequency-domein description, indicating how the signal spectrum is modified | by the system rather than what happens to the individual time. samples of x[n]@ « For a given system, H(e!®) usually varies with frequency so that sinusoids of diPPerent frequencies are treated differently by the system. @ By appropriate choice of the Piller conPficients {by}, a wide variety oP Prequency response shapes can be realized. fe To Visualize the variation of H(e!®) with Prequency, it is usePol to plot H(e!) versus &. The plot tells us at a glance what the system does te complex exponentials and sinusoids of different frequencies at the input. ex: ideal-delay system anaes yle]ex[n-n] Mang Lengel tbe} ={0,0,0,..-,0,1°} (only one oon-zer0 coefPicient) a OM re jo) =jOk je at inde z H(e'*) = > be = byt bet + be fous Paes a k=0 ye —_ —_ Ss ae o 6 ee we aieuts tl ae YV& (no dependence on OI!) | Hce*)| J (e'%) = 0,8 pine [H('*)[=1 magnitude | 14 all poss Filter response: ee See ee or a + ue 20 Ze”) = =m phase response: RSet oat’ oe Tepe? (Por ne=2) H SKE = phose jumps by &2m to keep the phase angle within the principal reinge [-T, T) associated with time dela @ linear phase isex: Pirst-diPference system yle]= x[n]-xfo-1] e This system mokes o backward approximation to the Pirst- order derivative in continuous time: y= dxlt) y Ax = x(t)-x(t-at) y xLp]- [ool] = x[n]-x[r-1] dt At At n-(n=1) In discrete time, the corresponding equality is yfn|=x«[n]-~[n-i]- This systems is a causal FIR Pilter with M=1, L=2, $b, 3= {1,-1f. iy jek -j&.0 aj H¢es*) =E oye = ey bel ei [complex form of H(ei*)] Need to pet it in magnitude - phase Porm. The long Woy to do it: H(e!®) = 1- eS? = 4 -[cosC&)+j sinC&)]=(1- coed) +jsin & Re (HC f= 1 - cos lea {HC = sin & | H(e*)| = [Ref He 3] + [Imfuce 3] ———— (cos BY + sink " SSE eee ere eee eee eee =|1-2e08 b+ cos* + sin? ce el A u eel 2(4-cos d) 2| 2i0 B| (using the halP-ongle formula: sin@= [1220528 ) [= Me) = atan 2 (1-cos & , sin >) ithe shorter and smarter way: © There is a simpler and shorter way to get the magnitude ancl the phase when the sequence of filter coefficients is symmetric of asym— metric about a central point. bee by oF bea bank Csymmetry) Casymmetry) ~jMO oe The trick is to factor out a term & 7%" in the complex form of H(e%) The remaining port will contain complex exponential teres Por which the two inverse Euler Pormulas can be used to express them in terms of sinusoids. Going back te our example H(el®) 21-6! — (recall that M=1 for this filter) U2 (MF oF) (since elt. 8) =e 32 os = eJF 2) sind & rie nee J = 2jsinde J 2 ner pa cata ze? singe “(eB wd lb ® = 2singe z This is in a Porm which resembles the magnitude phase form but need to check iP 2 sin e is indeed the magnitude. Does it ever become negative? Thus, 2sin 2 >0 Por O In this interval, 2sin & Is negative Therefore, not the magnitude.[HCe5)] [2 sin ee in r OL Set HCe**) - é ig-@ 2sin De for O< HET a iCE-B) -2sin De z A r- JHC") [HC )[= 2] sin 3} magnitude _ Cnonideal) vaspense / “ high-pass (7 Bitter > ar ot H(e™) . elie prose chorgewtbeo\| eof linear phase two types of phase jumps: # FIR systems that have symmetric o by +1 due to a sign change or asymmetric Bilter coePPicients hove 19 amplitude Prequency response with linear phase. e by £211 to keep the phose angle Within the principal range Cw, T].Consider the system described by: @ giod= x Lo] + <[o-t] This system diPPers Prom the Pirst difPecencer by only a sign change in the middle. Had we multiplied each term by £) it would have become a two-point averager. Effectively, it is an averaging, filler that smeothens the input. ylo]=x[n]+x]o-1] averager, smoothens input, LPF gla}=x[o]-x[o-1] — differencer, looks for changes at the input, sharpens the input, HPF He) = N + @ |Hce*)| - (18 oP) lees Ql a LPF IP + sign is used, H(e!”) = 20s If = sign is used, H(e) = 2jsin The sign diPPerence in the middle causes a drastic change in terms of the behavior of the tus systems. One is a low-pass Pilter(LPF), the other is a high-pass filter (HPF).Cascaded LTI Systems Revisited: (Li2, pp.2t-28) ® We have shown earlier that if two LTL systems are connected in cascade (that is, the output of the first is given as input te the second) , then, the overall impulse response of the system is the convolution of the individual impulse responses. Now, we show that the frequency response Punction of a cascade connection of two LT! systems is simply the product oP the individual Prequency response fonctions. sod ebb) Let | ote | ated jaan ' 1488) 259 HC) as Pa e — H,Ce™) Hi(e3) & | ee) Ll Ge Le), ein IHD] fe] HCl) Hcy FP Ul xtel_| . Lt os a) 28 TH eH DHS WMA] Hegel)" Selecting the arbitrary input x[n] as x[r]= en, wala] = Hi (ef) xe[0] = HyCei®) eI" gen] = HC) wife = HCP) Hy CoP) ot" gale] = Hy(e!) oat] = Hy(e8®) H, (8) 2" From the commutative property of complex multiplication, property P| f | HaCe®) H, (22) = H,Ce'@ DH, Cel), It Pollouss thet yLe]=yafn] 2 yfo)- The two cascade arrangements are equivalent in terms of the overall output and have the same equivalent Prequency responses Heg(ei®) = Hy, Ce!) H,Ce8) = H,(ei®) H, (el) o_damain & domain Reqled= bile] halo] = bale] # hing | Hea (el) = HyCe!®) HC) = HC!) 4, (el) (convolution) (onultiphication)