Effects of a High Crime Rate

By Chris Seabury, 2011 http://www.ehow.com/about_5410600_effects-high-crime-rate.html

Common situations that many communities are wrestling with are increasing levels in crime. Once safe communities now have to worry about some of the problems that used to be isolated to dense urban areas such as drugs, homicides and gun violence. In many ways these communities were unprepared for an upsurge in criminal activity causing many of the negative side effects that correspond with high crime rates.

Businesses Leave
As crime levels increase many retail businesses within the community will simply close and relocated elsewhere. This is because the environment for merchants to conduct business has become more dangerous, potentially affecting their profit margins. To remain in business means that you must protect your bottom line at all costs, even if you have to relocate to another community due to high crime rates.

Unemployment Rises
As the different businesses leave the community, the overall unemployment rate will rise. When this occurs the people in the community have less disposable income causing other businesses to have trouble staying afloat leading to even more layoffs.

Successful People Leave

A community that is being affected by high crime rates means that those professionals who are in the higher income brackets will leave. This is because the high crime rate is bringing more criminals to the area, causing these professionals to find communities where they will feel safer.

Tax Revenues Decline

As businesses and many professionals leave the community the tax revenue of the local government declines. Since they both are paying property taxes, income taxes and sales taxes, the local government will miss three potential streams of income tax revenue. This will cause a shortfall in their budget.

Services Decline
As the tax revenue of the local government declines there is an inevitable reduction in services. This means that many of the citizens who remain will be dealing with less police, water and other basic services because the government does not have the money to provide them. This effectively causes the quality of life within the community to decline further and crime rates to rise higher.

Abandoned Properties
As more people leave the community, there are many abandoned houses left behind because former residents can not sell their homes. They find it easier to abandon the property rather than continue owning it. This causes many drug addicts and squatters to move into the abandoned properties, bringing in a lower element of society.

What Are the Causes of Crime Rate?

By Walter Johnson,2011

Defining the variables that cause crime is a deeply ideological issue. It has been one of the major dividing issues between liberals and conservatives in the US, as is well known. The former tend to stress economic and social factors such as unemployment, while conservatives have the tendency to stress family issues such as divorce.

Parenting and Family

The Heritage Foundation, using data from all 50 states, argue that there is a close correlation between family breakdown and the crime rate. Its data suggest that for every 10 percent increase in single parent households, there is a corresponding 17 percent increase in crime. Even in high-crime urban areas, those neighborhoods with a low percentage of divorce and parental abandonment have very low crime. The foundation holds that being rejected by parents is a sure root to crime and violence. Domestic violence in the home, the report finds, is also another good indicator of future criminality among the children affected. The FBI holds that the "stability" of neighborhoods is central. This includes the level of transient residency as well as the stability of families and job opportunities. The FBI makes it clear, however, that "family conditions with respect to divorce and family cohesiveness" remain an important indicator of crime.

Religion and Morality

The Heritage Report also claims that those areas with high religious values, even in inner cities, have little problem with crime originating from their own neighborhoods. The FBI also seconds this assessment, although it is couched in "cultural factors" rather than in religion and that lifestyle per se. "The Freeman," a journal with some libertarian leanings, criticizes both conservative and liberal arguments, taking issue with the fact that both schools assume the root causes of crime are outside the individual. For the libertarian school, internal moral restraint is the main variable that turns people away from crime. Even if one lives in an urban, high-crime area, there are people, suffering from the same problems, who do not commit crimes; the journal reasons this is because they are morally attuned to reject criminal behavior regardless of external factors. According to the journal, this---and this alone---should be the main focus of crime prevention.

Urbanization
The FBI's well-known Crime in the United States report, issued every year (the last being 2008), stresses both the level of urbanization and access to highways and other forms of rapid transportation as major variables affecting crime. Rural areas away from major highways are generally safe. Parallel with urbanization is a variable called "youth concentration." In urban areas where people live in very close proximity, juvenile delinquency should be considerably higher. Heritage holds that although this is true, it needs to be controlled by the variable of family stability in order to be a truly significant indicator of crime.

References
FBI: Crime in the US, Variables Affecting Crime (2008) Heritage Foundation: The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime (1995) The Freeman; The "Root Causes" of Crime, 1995

Factors Influencing the Crime Rate

By Barbara Diggs, 2011-09-11 influencing-crime-rate.html http://www.ehow.com/list_5969328_factorsThere are many factors that can contribute to the crime rate in America--the econmony, geography and the weather all seem to play a role. Social scientists, politicians and law enforcement officials continually attempt to identify the factors that influence criminal activity in the hope that they can use the information to reduce crime.

High Population/Population Density

According to the FBI's report, "Crime in the United States," areas with high populations as well as those with dense populations often have a higher rate of crime. These crimes tend to be residential in nature: burglaries, car theft, larceny, and domestic assaults.

Commercial/Business Districts
Areas with high commercial populations (business districts) usually have more crime. Offenses in these areas tend to be "business" crimes including commercial burglaries, forgery, larceny, and shoplifting. In addition, there are more crimes committed against people in these areas, such as muggings, theft of bikes, cars and personal objects in cars.

Economic Conditions
According to a 2002 study conducted by Bruce Weinburg at Ohio State University, a poor economy has an immense impact on crime rates. Weingburg and colleagues studied national crimes rates between 1979 and 1997 and found that the increase of crime during that period was most likely attributable to falling wages and increased unemployment among low-educated men. Weinburg believes that crime increases with declining wages because the payoff for criminal activity is greater. The study was published in The Review of Economics and Statistics.

Climate
It has been long theorized that warm weather tends to aggravate the occurrence of violent crimes. In 1984, support was found for this theory when John Rotton, a psychologist with Florida International University, conducted a study based on 858 U.S. cities. He found that hot, dry weather was a significant a factor in predicting crime as economic factors or population density. Rape, robbery and murder were all more likely to occur on warm days than on cold or rainy days. Although Dr. Rotton's study was conducted decades ago, the FBI's 2007 "Crime in the United States" report also targets climate as an important factor in crime rates.

Distressed Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods that are run-down, graffiti-covered, and generally in a state of disorder tend to have more crime than orderly neighborhoods. In 1982, social scientists George L. Kelling (of Rutgers University) and James Q. Wilson (of Harvard University), came up with a hypothesis to explain this phenomena: the "broken windows" theory. According to this theory, when one broken window of a building remains broken, eventually all other windows of the building will become broken. The first broken window signals to the citizenry that no one cares about it, nor any of the windows. The remaining unbroken

windows become targets of petty criminal activity, which then spreads in various ways throughout an apathetic neighborhood. Since the presentation of this theory, many studies have confirmed its validity, including a 2008 study by K. Keizer and S. Lindenberg of University of Groningen.

References
FBI Crime in the United States: Variables affecting crime Boston.com: Breakthrough on Broken Windows Ohio State Research: Higher Crime Rate Linked to Low Wages and Unemployment

Social Problems that Lead to Increases in the Crime Rate

By Alison J. Walkley, April 13, 2011 http://www.ehow.com/info_8220554_social-lead-increases-crime-rate.html
the social problems that lead to crime can help determine how to make positive changes. While there are many overlapping causes for crime worldwide, there are social factors that tend to lead increases in crime as well. Income inequality, abuse, drug use and teenage pregnancies are four social problems that contribute to the rise in crime rates.

Poverty and Income Inequality

poverty and income inequality have been attributed as a cause for many crimes, as those living in impoverished situations oftentimes turn to crime in order to provide food and clothing for their families. The larger the differential between the higher and lower income earners, the more crime is present. For instance, murder rates are three times higher in countries with more inequalities between high and low earners. Along with the aforementioned, studies by Harvard and Berkeley reported that income inequality and poverty contributed to higher rates of incarceration also.

Drug Use
Drug use can be a crime in most cases, the drugs themselves being illegal. For highly addictive drugs like cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and even marijuana to an extent, it is a crime to use, carry and sell in most places. The type of behaviors drug users' exhibit while on drugs also contributes to crime, some even generating violence in the user. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has reported that illicit drug users are 16 times more likely to be arrested and booked for larceny or theft than nonusers. These users are also 14 times as likely to be arrested and booked for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and nine times as likely to be arrested and booked for assault.

References

Social Problems and Crime Control: Crime in America.Net Crime in America.net: Want a Safer World? Stop Children from Being Abused and Neglected Steve Kangas' Web Page: Income Inequality is not the Cause of this Nation's Social Problems John Crace: Almost Every Social Problem Stems from One Root Cause - Inequality Office of National Drug Control Policy; Drug-Related Crime; March 2000

Reasons the Crime Rate Is Getting Higher

By Aubrey Warshaw, eHow Contributor June 30, 2011 http://www.ehow.com/info_8670386_reasons-crime-rate-getting-higher.html Back in 1960, the reported crimes in the United States amounted to 3,384,200, according to the Disaster Center. The U.S. crime rate increased to 10,639,369 reported crimes as the population increased by approximately 170 percent . Many economic and social reasons contribute to the increased crime rate.

Recession
Poor economic conditions can impact criminal behavior. For example, falling wages and increased unemployment among men without college educations can account for increased crime, according to an Ohio State University study. Many unemployed people who become bored or desperately need money may resort to crime. Moreover, low-skilled workers needing to fulfill personal and family financial obligations might resort to crime. Property crimes are known to increase when unemployment and poverty rates increase, according to a University of Maryland study. Higher crime rates can be attributed to people who have been hit hard during a recession. Police departments might reduce staff on patrol to save on fuel costs or overtime pay, while store owners might eliminate a security guard to save money, leaving stores more vulnerable.

Education
Many inmates in state prisons cannot read or write beyond elementary school levels. Their poor educational backgrounds resulted in low-wage jobs with frequent periods of unemployment. Despite government help, such as public housing, Medicaid and welfare programs, the income of a minimum wage household is unable to provide basic needs. Moreover, many people must decide between continued long-term low income or the prospect of profitable crime.

Population
Population density can can have an impact on the number of crimes committed. Many people in large cities might feel a sense of anonymity and thus more opportunities to steal and distribute stolen goods. A densely populated area could result in a higher criminal population, making people more likely to be victims of criminal behavior.

Drugs and Alcohol

Drugs and alcohol are a strong influence over a person's ability to make choices. Many people decide to commit crime to support a drug or alcohol habit. Because drugs and alcohol impair judgment, people are given the courage to commit a crime. There are many treatment programs available for young people addicted to drugs and alcohol. Such treatment programs can focus on positive support to influence a person's future decision-making abilities and to reduce the tendency for criminal behavior.

Peer Pressure

A person's peer group can strongly influence his decision to commit crime. For example, children of families who cannot afford adequate clothing may resort to shoplifting or membership in a gang to earn respect and status in a different way. Many people resort to fraud and theft to obtain materials they cannot afford.

Technological Growth
More crimes are committed due to growth in the number of computers available to users. Many modern-day crimes are committed with the use of computers, such as embezzlement, identity theft and computer hacking. Computers can simplify the process to steal money or personal information from users and not get caught. The Internet also has made it easier to locate targeted individuals of crime and their personal information, such as their home address and income.

References
The Arbor: Causes of Crime Ohio State Research News; Higher Crime Rate Linked to Low Wages and Unemployment PilotOnline.com ; Statistics Point to Increase in Crime During Recessions; Lauren King; January 2009 Michigan State University: Crime Rates in America "International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences"; Property Crimes and Violence in United States; Keith Harries; July 2006 Disaster Center: U.S. Crime Rates 1960 to 2009

Crime rate up by 63 percent in 2009 - PNP

by Cecille Suerte Felipe, 2010 The Philippine Star
MANILA, Philippines - Criminality nationwide increased by 63 % in 2009 compared to the previous year, the Philippine National Police (PNP) reported Thursday. In a statement, the PNP said the total crime volume in 2009 was recorded at 101,798 incidents with 61.26 % of these index crimes like robbery, murder and other offenses against persons, and 38.74 % non-index offenses, or crimes against property. The PNP said the crime rate in 2009 indicated a 63.79-% increase, as the total crime volume in 2008 was only 62,148. PNP spokesman Chief Superintendent Leonardo Espina said the figure does not necessarily reflect a worsening crime situation, but is actually the product of more efficient and accurate crime reporting under the Integrated Transformation Program to develop more efficient police systems and procedures. Director Raul Bacalzo, PNP Director for Investigation and Detective Management, said the National Crime Reporting System (NCRS) is now being implemented in all PNP units to report crime incidents to the national headquarters for centralized recording. Bacalzo said all PNP Units were required to submit the Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER) to the PNP headquarters for consolidation into the NCRS to effectively implement the new crime reporting system. Bacalzo said the UCPER was designed to promote consistency in recording crime incidents and serve as an effective tool in deriving accurate assessment of the prevailing crime situation.

PNP chief Director General Jesus Verzosa said the program was formulated in preparation for the adoption of a computer-based Crime Information System by 2010. Verzosa noted the program would be efficient in arresting suspects through classification of cases, whether solved with arrested suspects or those filed but with suspects still at large. The Police Blotter remains the main source of crime data which is the working basis for policies and programs on various anti-criminality measures, Bacalzo added. He said the effectiveness of the policy is monitored through crime statistics, and significant changes in recording index crime incidents were noted with the inclusion of specific violations of special laws such as cattle rustling and vehicle theft. With Mike Frialde, The Philippine Star

DAVAO CITY PROFILE

THE CITY OF DAVAO (TAGALOG: LUNGSOD NG DABAW; BISAYA LANGUAGE: CIUDAD SA DABAW) IS THE LARGEST CITY ON THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO IN THE PHILIPPINES. ITS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AND SEAPORTS ARE AMONG THE BUSIEST CARGO HUBS IN THE PHILIPPINES. ECONOMICALLY, DAVAO CITY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT IN MINDANAO. DAVAO CITY IS ONE OF THE MOST COMPETITIVE AND HIGHLY URBANIZED CITIES IN THE COUNTRY. SITUATED IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF MINDANAO, IT IS BOUNDED ON THE NORTH BY PROVINCE OF DAVAO DEL NORTE, ON THE SOUTH BY THE PROVINCE OF DAVAO DEL SUR, ON THE WEST BY BUKIDNON, AND ON THE EAST BY THE DAVAO GULF. IT HAS A LAND AREA OF 2,444 SQ KM AND CONSIDERED TO BE THE LARGEST CITY IN THE WORLD IN TERM OF LAND AREA AND A POPULATION OF 1.6M. THE CITY HAS BEEN DIVIDED INTO THREE POLITICAL (CONGRESSIONAL) DISTRICTS: 1ST DISTRICT COMPOSED OF POBLACION AND TALOMO; 2ND DISTRICT COMPOSED OF BUHANGIN, BUNAWAN, AGDAO AND PAQUIBATO; AND 3RD DISTRICT COMPOSED OF BAGUIO, CALINAN, MARILOG, TORIL AND TUGBOK. THE CITY HAS 183 BARANGAYS WITH BRGY 76-A IN TALOMO DISTRICT AS THE LARGEST IN TERMS OF POPULATION. IT IS NAMED BY THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT MAGAZINE AS THE 10TH ASIAN CITY OF THE FUTURE. IN RECENT YEARS, DAVAO CITY HAS EMERGED AS THE BUSINESS, INVESTMENT AND TOURISM HUB FOR THE ENTIRE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. THE CITY HAS GOOD BEACHES AND MOUNTAIN RESORTS, AND IS CLOSE TO DIVING SPOTS AND THE HIGHEST PEAK IN THE PHILIPPINES, MOUNT APO. DAVAO CITY POLICE OFFICE HAS TWELVE (12) POLICE STATIONS, ONE (1) MOBILE PATROL GROUP, ONE (1) PUBLIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT COMPANY AND ONE (1) TRAFFIC GROUP. AT PRESENT THE DCPO HAS A TOTAL OF 1,244 UNIFORMED PERSONNEL COMPOSED OF 80 PCOS AND1,164 PNCOS. THIRTY-ONE (31) NUPS PERFORM CLERICAL JOBS FOR THE DCPO. RELATIVELY, THE 1 : 1,300 POLICE TO POPULATION RATIO IS FAR FROM THE IDEAL RATIO OF 1 : 500. THIS HANDICAP HOWEVER DID NOT PREVENT THE OFFICE TO ADDRESS VARIOUS THREATS TO PEACE AND ORDER IN THE CITY. THIS IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE ALL-OUT SUPPORT FROM THE CITY GOVERNMENT OF DAVAO HEADED BY THE HON. MAYOR INDAY SARA ZIMMERMAN DUTERTE.

MOBILE PATROL GROUP

AN AVERAGE OF 3 TO 4 MINUTES RESPONSE TIME FROM A DISTANCE OF MORE OR LESS 2 KM UPON NOTIFICATION TO RESPOND TO POLICE ASSISTANCE, EMERGENCY CALL, MEDICAL AND RESCUE OPERATIONS.

PUBLIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT COMPANY

THE PUBLIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT COMPANY COMPOSED OF THREE OPERATING UNITS: TECHNICAL SUPPORT PLATOON PUBLIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLATOON AND RAPID DEPLOYMENT PLATOON.

TRAFFIC GROUP
377 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CENTER PERSONNEL EMPLOYED BY THE CITY RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC DIRECTION IS UNDER THE OPERATIONAL CONTROL OF THE TRAFFIC GROUP.

Our Vision
Imploring The Aid Of The Almighty By 2030, We Shall Be A Highly Capable, Effective And Credible Police Service Working In Partnership With A Responsive Community Towards The Attainment Of A Safer Place To Live, Work, And Do Business.

Our Mission
To Enforce The Law, To Prevent And Control Crimes, To Maintain Peace And Order, And To Ensure Public Safety And Internal Security With The Active

England has worst crime rate in world

By David Bamber, Home Affairs Correspondent

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1414855/England-has-worst-crimerate-in-world.html
2011,

England and Wales have the highest crime rate among the world's leading economies, according to a new report by the United Nations. The survey, which is likely to prove embarrassing to David Blunkett, the Home Secretary. shows that people are more likely to be mugged, burgled, robbed or assaulted here than in America, Germany, Russia, South Africa or any other of the world's 20 largest nations. Only the Dominican Republic, New Zealand and Finland have higher crime rates than England and Wales. According to the comparison of international crime statistics produced by the UN's Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, England and Wales had 9,766 crimes for every 100,000 people in the year 2000. America had 8,517, South Africa 7,997, Germany 7,621 and Russia 2,022. During the period 1998-2000, Britain went from fifth to fourth worst in the world league table. An analysis of total recorded crime figures before 1998 also suggests that England and Wales have moved sharply up the league table since Labour came to power in 1997.

Crimes fell from 5.5 million in 1993 to 4.5 million in 1997. By 1999, total crimes had risen again to 5.3 million. Last night Oliver Letwin, the shadow home secretary, said: "This does rather blow a hole in David Blunkett's claim that New Labour has crime under control. It is a damning picture."

Sociological Theories of Crime

Heather Zarka, May 3, 2007 "
I will begin by giving an overview of Sociological Theories and then move on to the theories that I believe are contributing to the recent burglaries. "Sociological Theories of crime causation look for elements in social structure and processes that create motivation and provide the opportunity to commit crime" (http://online.morainevalley.edu). I also want to remind everyone that Psychological, Biological, and Physiological Theories all need to be incorporated when trying to determine the causes of crime. Anyhow, there are four types of Sociological Theories. Social structure theories, social process theories, social conflict theories, and the rational theory make up sociological theories. Two social structural theories I will discuss are the Social Disorganization Theory and the Strain Theory. The social disorganization theory focuses on urban conditions that affect crime rates. The theory holds that high unemployment, high school drop out rates, low income levels, and large numbers of single parent households contribute to crime. The strain theory holds that crime is a conflict between people's goals and the means they can use to legally obtain them. Basically the strain theory holds that people in a low socioeconomic class have less opportunity to achieve their goals so they will commit crime to do so. Social process theories contend that crime is a function of individual socialization (http://online.morainevalley.edu). The interactions that people have within their environment lead them to criminal behavior. Social learning theory states that crime, like everything else, is a learned behavior (http://online.morainevalley.edu). A person's family members, peer groups, as well as other groups within a community influence their behavior.