HSL Basic VFD Theory

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ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS

DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS
Variable Frequency Drives
Basic VFD Theory
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What is a VFD
( Variable Frequency Drive)
! Electrical / electronic piece of
equipment that varies the speed of a
3 phase or AC motor.
! Also called .
! VSD ( Variable speed drive)
! ASD ( Adjustable speed drive)
! AFD ( Adjustable frequency drive)
! Inverter
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Basic VFD Operation
! Convert AC power to DC power.
! Filter DC power.
! Invert DC power to variable voltage
and variable frequency AC power.
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Voltage Source VFD
INPUT
3 PHASE
D.C. VOLTAGE
SPEED
REFERENCE
REGULATOR
FEEDBACK
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
AND FREQUENCY
CONTROL SIGNALS
INVERTER
PWM BLOCK DIAGRAM
DIODE
RECTIFIER
MOTOR
LOAD
REACTOR
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Input
Line
Capacitor
Inverter Rectifier
AC Motor
PWM Power Diagram
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Convert AC Input Power to DC
AC input power is rectified to DC through a six pulse
diode bridge
DC voltage is equal to AC input voltage * 1.414 (root
2)
!230 * 1.414 = 325
!460 * 1.414 = 650
!600 * 1.414 = 850
DC power is filtered and stored through a capacitor
bank called the DC bus
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Diode Rectifier
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Rectifier and Filter
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Power Factor
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Invert DC Power to Variable Voltage
and Frequency AC Power
! 2 IGBTs per output phase switch the positive and negative
sides of the DC Bus utilising pulse width modulation
! IGBTs will have a characteristic rise time depending on its
generation and current rating
! Rise time is the time it takes the IGBT pulse when switched on
to reach DC bus voltage level
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Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
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Inverter
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Full Voltage, 60 Hz PWM Waveform
Half Voltage, 30 Hz PWM Waveform
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-1.0
PWM Waveform
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Pulse Width Modulation
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Modulation of Waveform
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PWM Carrier Frequency
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Volts / Hz Ratio
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Variable Voltage Variable Frequency
100
%
Amount
of Boost
Field Weakening
Region
O
u
t
p
u
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
60Hz
Output
Frequency
SALES & SERVICE FOR
VFD Summary
! VFD Varies the speed of an AC Motor
! Maximum output voltage = input
voltage
! V/Hz ratio is controlled throughout the
range up to 60 Hz.
! Torque decreases after 60Hz.
! Output wave form is Pulse Width
Modulated (PWM) .
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Application Types
! Variable Torque
! Constant Torque
! Constant Horsepower
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Variable Torque Curve
V
O
L
T
A
G
E

(
%
)
60
20
0
0
10
50 60 20 10 30 40
SPEED (Hz.)
40
30
50
HORSEPOWER
TORQUE
100
80
70
90
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Variable Torque
Affinity Laws:
! Flow is proportional to speed.
(Flow
1
/ Flow
2
) = (RPM
1
)/(RPM
2
)
! Pressure is proportional to the square of the
speed.
(Press
1
/ Press
2
) = (RPM
1
)
2
/ (RPM
2
)
2
! HP is proportional to the cube of the speed.
(HP
1
/ HP
2
) = (RPM
1
)
3
/ (RPM
2
)
3
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Load Torque Proportional
To The Square of Speed
60 100
200%
100%
63%
T
o
r
q
u
e
(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)
Continuous torque
capability
Speed in Hertz
Region of continuous
operation
Region of intermittent
operation
Peak torque
capability
Load torque
Requirement
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Variable Torque - Flow
Flow is proportional to speed.
(Flow
1
/ Flow
2
) = (RPM
1
) / (RPM
2
)
Flow RPM Second Second
Gallons/min RPM Flow
10000 1800 900 5000.00
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Variable Torque - Pressure
Pressure is proportional to the
square of the speed.
(Press
1
/ Press
2
) = (RPM
1
)
2
/ (RPM
2
)
2
Pressure RPM Second Second
Lb/sq. in RPM Pressure (lb/sq. in)
1000 1800 3600 4000
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Variable Torque Horsepower
HP is proportional to the cube of the speed.
(HP
1
/ HP
2
) = (RPM
1
)
3
/ (RPM
2
)
3
Horsepower RPM Second Second
RPM Horsepower
10 3450 3000 6.58
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Variable Torque Applications
Irrigation Water Pumps
Down-hole Water Pumps
Submersible Water Pumps
Domestic Water Pumps
Centrifugal Sewage
Treatment Pumps
Centrifugal Fans
Blowers
Air Handling Units
Chillers
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Constant Torque
! Torque remains constant up to the motor base
speed.
! HP is proportional to the speed.
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Constant Torque Curve
V
O
L
T
A
G
E

(
%
)
HORSEPOWER
40
SPEED (Hz.)
0
0 10 30 20
60
40
30
10
20
50
50 60
100
80
70
90
TORQUE
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Constant Torque Applications
Conveyors
Compressors
Positive Displacement Pumps
Crushers
Mixers
Elevators
Escalators
Etc.
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Constant Torque Load
60
100
200%
100%
63%
T
o
r
q
u
e
(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)
Continuous torque
capability
Speed in Hertz
Region of continuous
o eration
Region of intermitten
operation
Load torque
requirement
operation
Peak torque
capability
60
100
200%
100%
63%
T
o
r
q
u
e
(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)
Continuous torque
capability
Speed in Hertz
egion of continuous
peration
operation
Load torque
requirement
operation
Peak torque
capability
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Torque De-rating Due to
Motor Cooling
60 100
200%
100%
63%
Field weakening region
Peak torque capability
provided that the AC
dri ve has adequate
overload capability T
o
r
q
u
e
(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)
Continuous torque
capability limited
by motor cooling
Speed in Hertz 60 100
200%
100%
63%
Field weakening region
Peak torque capability
provided that the AC
dri ve has adequate
overload capability T
o
r
q
u
e
(
T
y
p
i
c
a
l
)
Continuous torque
capability limited
by motor cooling
Speed in Hertz
SALES & SERVICE FOR
Torque Curve Below & Above 60
Hz, Constant Torque V/F Ratio
Torque (AC Motor)
Constant Torque Mode of Operation
2.0
Speed
Base
1.5
HP
Torque
and
HP
Torque
Torque (DC Motor)
HP

HSL Basic VFD Theory

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HSL Basic VFD Theory

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SALES & SERVICE FOR

ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS

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