62/87,210$18$/

 (1*/,6+81,7352%/(06
 &+$37(5

 SONNTAG • BORGNAKKE • VAN WYLEN 

FUNDAMENTALS
of
Thermodynamics
Sixth Edition


   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


&+$37(5 

  68%6(&7,21    352%12

  &RQFHSW6WXG\*XLGH3UREOHPV  
  $YDLODEOH(QHUJ\5HYHUVLEOH:RUN  
  ,UUHYHUVLELOLW\     
  $YDLODELOLW\H[HUJ\    
  'HYLFHQG/DZ(IILFLHQF\   
  ([HUJ\%DODQFH(TXDWLRQ   
  5HYLHZ3UREOHPV    


&RUUHVSRQGHQFH/LVW

 7KHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQWKHQHZ(QJOLVKXQLWSUREOHPVHWDQGWKHSUHYLRXV
WKHGLWLRQFKDSWHUSUREOHPVHWZLWKWKHFXUUHQWVHWRI6,SUREOHPV


1HZ WK 6, 1HZ WK 6, 1HZ WK 6,
 QHZ      QHZ 
 QHZ      QHZ 
 QHZ      PRG 
 QHZ       
 QHZ   E   PRG 
 QHZ       
       QHZ 
       QHZ 
 QHZ       
    QHZ    
 D       
 QHZ      QHZ 
        

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


&RQFHSW6WXG\*XLGH3UREOHPV


(
 $IORZRIDLUDWSVLD5LVWKURWWOHGWRSVLD:KDWLVWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\"
:KDWLVWKHGURSLQIORZDYDLODELOLW\"

  $WKURWWOHSURFHVVLVFRQVWDQWHQWKDOS\LIZHQHJOHFWNLQHWLFHQHUJLHV

 3URFHVVKH KLVRLGHDOJDV !7H 7L
R R 3H 3H
 (QWURS\(T VHVL VJHQ V7HV7L±5OQ 3  ±5OQ 3 
L L
 
   VJHQ   OQ %WXOEP5

 (T L 7RVJHQ × %WXOEP


 7KHGURSLQDYDLODELOLW\LVH[HUJ\GHVWUXFWLRQZKLFKLVWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\
    ∆ψ L %WXOEP

 P T
i Pi Pe
150
i e i
e e
75
Phigh Plow
cb
v s
 

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $KHDWH[FKDQJHULQFUHDVHVWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIOEPVZDWHUE\EWXOEPXVLQJ
OEPVDLUFRPLQJLQDW5DQGOHDYLQJZLWK%WXOEPOHVVDYDLODELOLW\
:KDWDUHWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\DQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\"

 
&9+HDWH[FKDQJHUVWHDG\IORZLQOHW 

DQGH[LWIRUDLUDQGZDWHUHDFK7KH
WZRIORZVH[FKDQJHHQHUJ\ZLWKQRKHDW
DLU
WUDQVIHUWRIURPWKHRXWVLGH ZDWHU
 

  7KHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\LVWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIH[HUJ\DYDLODELOLW\VR
   
  , ΦGHVWUXFWLRQ ΦLQΦRXW ×±× %WXV
 7KHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\(T
  ×
   η,, ΦRXWΦLQ   
×

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $KHDWHQJLQHUHFHLYHV%WXKKHDWWUDQVIHUDW5DQGJLYHVRXW
%WXKDVZRUNZLWKWKHUHVWDVKHDWWUDQVIHUWRWKHDPELHQW:KDWDUHWKHIOX[HVRI
H[HUJ\LQDQGRXW"
  7R    
 ([HUJ\IOX[LQΦ+ ±7 4+ ±  %WXK EWXK
 +  

  7R  
 ([HUJ\IOX[RXWΦ/ ±7 4/  7/ 7R
 /
 
 7KHRWKHUH[HUJ\IOX[RXWLVWKHSRZHUΦRXW : %WXK

 5 

4
H %WXK

+(
FE
: %WXK
4L
7DPE 

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $KHDWHQJLQHUHFHLYHV%WXKKHDWWUDQVIHUDW5DQGJLYHVRXW
%WXKDVZRUNZLWKWKHUHVWDVKHDWWUDQVIHUWRWKHDPELHQW)LQGLWVILUVWDQG
VHFRQGODZHIILFLHQFLHV

 )LUVWODZHIILFLHQF\LVEDVHGRQWKHHQHUJLHV
  
   η, :4+  
 7KHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\LVEDVHGRQZRUNRXWYHUVXVDYDLODELOLW\LQ
  7R    
 ([HUJ\IOX[LQΦ+ ±7 4+ ±  %WXK EWXK
 +  

: 
   η,,    

Φ+
 1RWLFHWKHH[HUJ\IOX[LQLVHTXDOWRWKH&DUQRWKHDWHQJLQHSRZHURXWSXWJLYHQ
%WXKDW5DQGUHMHFWLQJHQHUJ\WRWKHDPELHQW

 5 

4
H %WXK

+(
FE
: %WXK
4L
7DPE 

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $KHDWSXPSKDVDFRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHRIXVLQJDSRZHULQSXWRI
%WXK,WVORZWHPSHUDWXUHLV7RDQGWKHKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHLV)ZLWKDPELHQW
DW7R)LQGWKHIOX[HVRIH[HUJ\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHHQHUJ\IOX[HVLQDQGRXW

  )LUVWOHWXVGRWKHHQHUJLHVLQDQGRXW

4+  
  &23 β   !4+ β: ×%WXK %WXK

:
  
  (QHUJ\(T 4/ 4+−: − %WXK

  7R  
  ([HUJ\IOX[LQΦ/ ±7 4/ 7/ 7R 
 /
 
  ([HUJ\IOX[LQΦ: : %WXK
  7R    
  ([HUJ\IOX[RXWΦ+ ±7 4+ ± %WXK
 +  
 
 5HPDUN,WGHVWUR\V± %WXKRIH[HUJ\

 ) 
4H

+3
FE
: %WXK
4L
7R 

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 )LQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\RIWKHKHDWSXPSLQSUREOHP

  7KHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\LVDUDWLRRIH[HUJLHVQDPHO\ZKDWZHZDQWRXW
GLYLGHGE\ZKDWZHKDYHWRSXWLQ([HUJ\IURPILUVWWHUPRQ5+6(T

  7R  
   Φ+ ±7 4+ 
 +
 
   4+ β: ×%WXK %WXK

 
Φ+  7 R  4+   
   η,,   ±7   ± 
  +   
: :

 ) 
4H

+3
FE
: %WXK
4L
7R 

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


$YDLODEOH(QHUJ\5HYHUVLEOHZRUN

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $FRQWUROPDVVJLYHVRXW%WXRIHQHUJ\LQWKHIRUPRI
 D (OHFWULFDOZRUNIURPDEDWWHU\
 E 0HFKDQLFDOZRUNIURPDVSULQJ
 F +HDWWUDQVIHUDW)
 )LQGWKHFKDQJHLQDYDLODELOLW\RIWKHFRQWUROPDVVIRUHDFKRIWKHWKUHHFDVHV

6ROXWLRQ
 D:RUNLVDYDLODELOLW\ ∆Φ −:HO %WX
 E:RUNLVDYDLODELOLW\ ∆Φ −:VSULQJ %WX
 F*LYHWKHKHDWWUDQVIHUWRD&DUQRWKHDWHQJLQHDQG:LVDYDLODELOLW\
 7    
  ∆Φ 7 4RXW  %WX
 +  

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 7KHFRPSUHVVRULQDUHIULJHUDWRUWDNHVUHIULJHUDQW5DLQDWOEILQ)DQG
FRPSUHVVHVLWWROEILQ):LWKWKHURRPDW)ILQGWKHUHYHUVLEOHKHDW
WUDQVIHUDQGWKHPLQLPXPFRPSUHVVRUZRUN
6ROXWLRQ
  
&9&RPSUHVVRURXWWRDPELHQW0LQLPXPZRUNLQ
LVWKHUHYHUVLEOHZRUN

6WHDG\IORZLQOHWDQGH[LW
:&

(QHUJ\(T ZF KKTUHY

(QWURS\(TV V⌠GT7V UHY

⌡ JHQ VT 7R

 !TUHY 7RV V 
TUHY ×    %WXOEP 
ZFPLQ K  K 7RV V      %WXOEP

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
$KHDWHQJLQHUHFHLYHVEWXKDW5DQGEWXKDW5
UHMHFWLQJHQHUJ\E\KHDWWUDQVIHUDW5$VVXPHLWLVUHYHUVLEOHDQGILQGWKH
SRZHURXWSXW+RZPXFKSRZHUFRXOGEHSURGXFHGLILWFRXOGUHMHFWHQHUJ\DW7R
5"
6ROXWLRQ
 &97KHKHDWHQJLQHWKLVLVLQVWHDG\VWDWH 4 4
   
(QHUJ\(T  44±4/±:
   :
4 4 4/ +(
(QWURS\(T   7  7 ± 7  4/ 
  /

1RZVROYHIRU4/IURPWKHHQWURS\HTXDWLRQ
 7/  7/   
 4/  7 4 7 4 ×× %WXK
 
6XEVWLWXHLQWRWKHHQUJ\HTXDWLRQDQGVROYHIRUWKHZRUNWHUP
   
  : 44±4/ ± %WXK
)RUDORZWHPSHUDWXUHRI5ZHFDQJHW
  
  4/ 4/ EWXK

   
: 44±4/ ± %WXK

5HPDUN1RWLFHWKHODUJHLQFUHDVHLQWKHSRZHURXWSXW

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $LUIORZVWKURXJKDFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUHKHDWLQJGHYLFHDVVKRZQLQ)LJ3,W
LVKHDWHGXSLQDUHYHUVLEOHSURFHVVZLWKDZRUNLQSXWRI%WXOEPDLUIORZLQJ
7KHGHYLFHH[FKDQJHVKHDWZLWKWKHDPELHQWDW57KHDLUHQWHUVDW5
OEILQ$VVXPLQJFRQVWDQWVSHFLILFKHDWGHYHORSDQH[SUHVVLRQIRUWKHH[LW
WHPSHUDWXUHDQGVROYHIRULW
 &97RWDORXWWR7
(QHUJ\(TKTUHY UHY
 Z  K

 (QWURS\(TVTUHY UHY
 7 V⇒T  7VV

  KK 7VVZUHY  VDPHDV(T

 &RQVWDQW&SJLYHV&S77 7&S OQ 77
 7KHHQHUJ\HTXDWLRQEHFRPHV
  77OQ77 7&S
 7 5&S %WXOEP57 5
  7 OQ 7  5
 1RZWULDODQGHUURURQ7
 $W5/+6 5WRRORZ  
 $W5/+6 5
,QWHUSRODWHWRJHW7 5/+6 52.

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $URFNEHGFRQVLVWVRIOEPJUDQLWHDQGLVDW)$VPDOOKRXVHZLWK
OXPSHGPDVVRIOEPZRRGDQGOEPLURQLVDW)7KH\DUHQRZ
EURXJKWWRDXQLIRUPILQDOWHPSHUDWXUHZLWKQRH[WHUQDOKHDWWUDQVIHUE\
FRQQHFWLQJWKHKRXVHDQGURFNEHGWKURXJKVRPHKHDWHQJLQHV,IWKHSURFHVVLV
UHYHUVLEOHILQGWKHILQDOWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHZRUNGRQHGXULQJWKHSURFHVV

7DNH&97RWDOURFNEHGDQGKHDWHQJLQH
(QHUJ\(T PURFNXXPZRRGXXP)HXX :
(QWURS\(T PURFNVVPZRRGVVP)HVV 
7 7 7
 P&URFNOQ 7 P&ZRRGOQ 7 P&)HOQ 7  
  

  ×  OQ 7   ×  OQ 7

       ×  OQ 7 
 ⇒7 5
1RZIURPWKHHQHUJ\HTXDWLRQ
 :  ×   
      ×    ×   
 ⇒: %WX

 
:

+
2
8
+( 6
FE
4 4/ (
+


   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


,UUHYHUVLELOLW\

(
 $FRQVWDQWSUHVVXUHSLVWRQF\OLQGHUFRQWDLQVOEPRIZDWHUDWSVLDDQG
)+HDWLVDGGHGIURPDUHVHUYRLUDW)WRWKHZDWHUXQWLOLWUHDFKHV)
:HZDQWWRILQGWKHWRWDOLUUHYHUVLELOLW\LQWKHSURFHVV
 
6ROXWLRQ
 &93LVWRQF\OLQGHURXWWRWKHUHVHUYRLULQFOWKHZDOOV
  
(QHUJ\(T PXX 4:
(QWURS\(T PVV 47UHV6JHQ
H2O
6WDWHK %WXOEPV %WXOEP5
6WDWHK %WXOEPV %WXOEP5
3URFHVV3 & !: 39±9
1300 F

 )URPWKHHQHUJ\HTXDWLRQZHJHW
  4 PXX: PKK
   ± %WX
)URPWKHHQWURS\HTXDWLRQZHJHW
 4 
 6JHQ PVV±7  ±
UHV
  %WX5
1RZWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\LVIURP(T
 , PL 7R6JHQ 5×%WX5 %WX

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $VXSSO\RIVWHDPDWOEILQ)LVQHHGHGLQDKRVSLWDOIRUFOHDQLQJ
SXUSRVHVDWDUDWHRIOEPV$VXSSO\RIVWHDPDWOEILQ)LVDYDLODEOH
IURPDERLOHUDQGWDSZDWHUDWOEILQ)LVDOVRDYDLODEOH7KHWZRVRXUFHV
DUHWKHQPL[HGLQDPL[LQJFKDPEHUWRJHQHUDWHWKHGHVLUHGVWDWHDVRXWSXW
'HWHUPLQHWKHUDWHRILUUHYHUVLELOLW\RIWKHPL[LQJSURFHVV

&90L[LQJFKDPEHU
  
&RQWLQXLW\(T PP P
  
(QHUJ\(T  PKPK PK
   
(QWURS\(T  PVPV6JHQ PV
 7DEOHSURSHUWLHV
   )K %WXOEPV %WXOEP5
   )K %WXOEPV %WXOEP5
 )K %WXOEPV %WXOEP5
 )URPWKHHQHUJ\HTXDWLRQZHJHW
  
  PP KKKK  

 
  P OEPVP OEPV
 )URPWKHHQWURS\HTXDWLRQZHJHW
    
 , 76JHQ 7PVPVPV
   ×  ×  ×  ×  %WXV

 7
FE 

0,;,1*  
 
&+$0%(5 V
 

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 )UHVKZDWHUFDQEHSURGXFHGIURPVDOWZDWHUE\HYDSRUDWLRQDQGVXEVHTXHQW
FRQGHQVDWLRQ$QH[DPSOHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ3ZKHUHOEPVVDOWZDWHU
VWDWHFRPHVIURPWKHFRQGHQVHULQDODUJHSRZHUSODQW7KHZDWHULVWKURWWOHGWR
WKHVDWXUDWHGSUHVVXUHLQWKHIODVKHYDSRUDWRUDQGWKHYDSRUVWDWHLVWKHQ
FRQGHQVHGE\FRROLQJZLWKVHDZDWHU$VWKHHYDSRUDWLRQWDNHVSODFHEHORZ
DWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUHSXPSVPXVWEULQJWKHOLTXLGZDWHUIORZVEDFNXSWR3
$VVXPHWKDWWKHVDOWZDWHUKDVWKHVDPHSURSHUWLHVDVSXUHZDWHUWKHDPELHQWLVDW
)DQGWKDWWKHUHDUHQRH[WHUQDOKHDWWUDQVIHUV:LWKWKHVWDWHVDVVKRZQLQWKH
WDEOHEHORZILQGWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\LQWKHWKURWWOLQJYDOYHDQGLQWKHFRQGHQVHU

  6WDWH        
  7>)@        
  
&99DOYHP PH[ PP
(QHUJ\(TK KH(QWURS\(TVLVJHQ VH
 K VL %WXOEP53 3VDW7 7 SVLD
 KH K⇒[H  
 ⇒VH × %WXOEP5
 
  P   [HPL ± OEPV
 VJHQ VHVL  %WXOEP5
 
 , P7VJHQ  ×  ×  %WXV
&9&RQGHQVHU
  6WDWH 
 K%WXOEP 
 V%WXOEP5  
   
(QHUJ\(TPKPK PKPK⇒
   OEP
 P P × K  KK  K    V 

    
 (QWURS\(TPVPV6JHQ PVPV
   
 , 76JHQ 7>PVVPVV@

  >  @

   ×  %WXV
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 &DOFXODWHWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\IRUWKHSURFHVVGHVFULEHGLQ3UREOHPDVVXPLQJ
WKDWWKHKHDWWUDQVIHULVZLWKWKHVXUURXQGLQJVDW)
&9&\OLQGHUYROXPH
&RQWLQXLW\(T PP PLQ
(QHUJ\(T PXPX PLQKOLQH4:
3URFHVV 3LVFRQVWDQWWRVWRSVWKHQFRQVWDQW9WRVWDWHDW3
39 ××
6WDWH37P 57    OEP
 ×

  PA1 = 45 lbf/in 2
2SHQWR 3 OEILQ T1 = 60°F
7DEOH) V1 = 9 ft3
Vstop = 36 ft 3
KL EWXOEP AIR
X %WXOEP
X %WXOEP ×

 3 3XQWLO9 9VWRSWKHQFRQVWDQW9

 : ⌠3G9
⌡ 39VWRS9  ×  %WX

× × 

 P 3957   OEPPL OEP
× 
 4 PX  PX PL KL + :
  ×   ×   7× + 
  %WX
, 7R6JHQ VRDSSO\QGODZRXWWR7R ) 5
 PVPV PLVL47R6JHQ
 7R6JHQ 7RPVPVPLVL4
8VHIURPWDEOH) &S 5  %WXOEP5
7R6JHQ , 7R>PVVPLVVL@4
   
  >&SOQ5OQ&SOQ5OQ@

    
   
   %WX
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $OEPSLHFHRILURQLVKHDWHGIURPURRPWHPSHUDWXUH)WR)E\DKHDW
VRXUFHDW):KDWLVWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\LQWKHSURFHVV"

&9,URQRXWWR)VRXUFHZKLFKLVDFRQWUROPDVV
(QHUJ\(T P)HX  X 4  :
(QWURS\(T P)HVV 47UHV6JHQ
3URFHVV&RQVWDQWSUHVVXUH !: 3P)HY  Y
 ⇒4 P)HK  K P)H&7  7
  4   ×  ×  %WX
 6JHQ P)HV  V47UHV P)H& OQ 7747UHV
 
    ×  × OQ   %WX5

 ,  7R6JHQ  ×  %WX


  
Fe $UHDOIODPHPD\EHPRUHWKDQ)
EXWDOLWWOHDZD\IURPLWZKHUHWKHJDV
KDVPL[HGZLWKVRPHDLULWPD\EH
)


   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $LUHQWHUVWKHWXUERFKDUJHUFRPSUHVVRURIDQDXWRPRWLYHHQJLQHDWOEILQ
)DQGH[LWVDWOEILQDVVKRZQLQ)LJ37KHDLULVFRROHGE\)LQDQ
LQWHUFRROHUEHIRUHHQWHULQJWKHHQJLQH7KHLVHQWURSLFHIILFLHQF\RIWKH
FRPSUHVVRULV'HWHUPLQHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHDLUHQWHULQJWKHHQJLQHDQG
WKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\RIWKHFRPSUHVVLRQFRROLQJSURFHVV
 6ROXWLRQ
 D&RPSUHVVRU)LUVWLGHDOZKLFKLVUHYHUVLEOHDGLDEDWLFFRQVWDQWV
N
   7V 7  
3
3
N
 

  

 5

  ZV &37V7  %WXOEP

 1RZWKHDFWXDOFRPSUHVVRU
 Z ZVηV   &37  7 7  
   !7 5
 &RROGRZQ)⇒7  5
E,UUHYHUVLELOLW\IURP(TZLWKUHYZRUNIURP(TT DW7+
  
 VV OQ    OQ %WXOEP5

 L 7V VKKZ 7V V&377&377
   %WXOEP

 
&RROHU 4 &

 
([KDXVW
(QJLQH
FE
:&

 &RPSUHVVRU


   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $URFNEHGFRQVLVWVRIOEPJUDQLWHDQGLVDW)$VPDOOKRXVHZLWK
OXPSHGPDVVRIOEPZRRGDQGOEPLURQLVDW)7KH\DUHQRZ
EURXJKWWRDXQLIRUPILQDOWHPSHUDWXUHE\FLUFXODWLQJZDWHUEHWZHHQWKHURFNEHG
DQGWKHKRXVH)LQGWKHILQDOWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\LQWKHSURFHVV
DVVXPLQJDQDPELHQWDW)

&97RWDO5RFNEHGDQGKRXVH1RZRUNQR4LUUHYHUVLEOHSURFHVV

  (QHUJ\HTPURFNXXPZRRGXXP)HXX 
 (QWURS\(TPURFNVVPZRRGVVP)HVV 6JHQ
7 7 7
   P&URFNOQ 7 P&ZRRGOQ 7 P&)HOQ 7  6JHQ
  

 (QHUJ\HT P&URFN7P&ZRRGP&)H7 

 ×7××7 
   77 
    7 ) 5
7 7 7
 6JHQ ∑PLVVL P&URFNOQ 7 P&ZRRGOQ 7 P&)HOQ 7 
  

 
 OQ  OQ  %WX5

 ,  76JHQ  ×  %WX


 
+
2
8
6
FE (
4



   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


$YDLODELOLW\H[HUJ\

(
 $VWHDG\VWUHDPRI5DWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH)DQGDWOEILQHQWHUVD
VRODUFROOHFWRU7KHVWUHDPH[LWVDW)OEILQ&DOFXODWHWKHFKDQJHLQ
DYDLODELOLW\RIWKH5EHWZHHQWKHVHWZRVWDWHV

 6ROXWLRQ
 

FE

LQOHW 62/$5&2//(&725 H[LW



,QOHW7DEOH)OLTXLGKL %WXOEPVL %WXOEP5
([LW7DEOH)VXSYDSKH %WXOEPVH %WXOEP5
)URP(TRU
∆ψLH ψH  ψL KHKL7VHVL
±
 %WXOEP
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 &RQVLGHUWKHVSULQJWLPHPHOWLQJRILFHLQWKHPRXQWDLQVZKLFKJLYHVFROGZDWHU
UXQQLQJLQDULYHUDW)ZKLOHWKHDLUWHPSHUDWXUHLV):KDWLVWKH
DYDLODELOLW\RIWKHZDWHUUHODWLYHWRWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHDPELHQW"
 ψ KK7VV IORZDYDLODELOLW\IURP(T
$SSUR[LPDWHERWKVWDWHVDVVDWXUDWHGOLTXLG
 ψ  ×    %WXOEP

:K\LVLWSRVLWLYH"$VWKHZDWHULVEURXJKWWR)LWFDQEHKHDWHGZLWKT/
IURPDKHDWHQJLQHXVLQJT+IURPDWPRVSKHUH7+ 7WKXVJLYLQJRXWZRUN

 



   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $JHRWKHUPDOVRXUFHSURYLGHVOEPVRIKRWZDWHUDWOEILQ)IORZLQJ
LQWRDIODVKHYDSRUDWRUWKDWVHSDUDWHVYDSRUDQGOLTXLGDWOEILQ)LQGWKHWKUHH
IOX[HVRIDYDLODELOLW\LQOHWDQGWZRRXWOHWVDQGWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\UDWH
&9)ODVKHYDSRUDWRUFKDPEHU6WHDG\IORZZLWKQRZRUNRUKHDWWUDQVIHU

   
&RQW(TP PP 9DS
 
   /LT
(QHUJ\(TPK PKPK 
    
(QWURS\(TPV6JHQ PVPV
3URSHUWLHVIURP7DEOH)
KR K K K %WXOEP
VR V V V %WXOEP5
  KK
 K [K[K ![ PP K K  
 
   
  P [P OEPV P [P OEPV

 6JHQ ××× %WXV5
)ORZDYDLODELOLW\(Tψ K7RVKR7RVR KKR7RVVR
 ψ × %WXOEP
 ψ × %WXOEP
 ψ × %WXOEP
  
 Pψ %WXV Pψ %WXV Pψ %WXV
   
 , PψPψPψ %WXV

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $QDLUFRPSUHVVRULVXVHGWRFKDUJHDQLQLWLDOO\HPSW\IWWDQNZLWKDLUXSWR
OEILQ7KHDLULQOHWWRWKHFRPSUHVVRULVDWOEILQ)DQGWKH
FRPSUHVVRULVHQWURSLFHIILFLHQF\LV)LQGWKHWRWDOFRPSUHVVRUZRUNDQGWKH
FKDQJHLQHQHUJ\RIWKHDLU
 &97DQNFRPSUHVVRUFRQVWDQWLQOHWFRQGLWLRQV
 &RQWLQXLW\P PLQ(QHUJ\PX PLQKLQ:
 (QWURS\PV PLQVLQ6*(1
 7RXVHLVHQWURSLFHIILFLHQF\ZHPXVWFDOFLGHDOGHYLFH
 5HYHUVLEOHFRPSUHVVRU6*(1 ⇒V VLQ
R R 3   %WX
 ⇒V7 V7LQ5OQ3    × OQ OEP5
LQ

  ⇒7V 5XV %WXOEP

  ⇒ZV KLQXV  %WXOEP
 $FWXDOFRPSUHVVRUZ$& ZVηF %WXOEP
  X$& KLQZ$& ⇒7$& 5

 )LQDOVWDWH X3 ⇒Y 573 IWOEP

  P 9Y OEP
  ⇒: P:$& %WX
 Pφφ P>XX3YY7VV@

  > 

   88    13  520  

 
 
   OQ @  ×  %WX

  

− :

FE



   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $QHOHFWULFVWRYHKDVRQHKHDWLQJHOHPHQWDW)JHWWLQJ:RIHOHFWULFSRZHU
,WWUDQVIHUVRIWKHSRZHUWROEPZDWHULQDNHWWOHLQLWLDOO\DW)DWPWKH
UHVWOHDNVWRWKHURRPDLU7KHZDWHUDWDXQLIRUP7LVEURXJKWWRWKHERLOLQJ
SRLQW$WWKHVWDUWRIWKHSURFHVVZKDWLVWKHUDWHRIDYDLODELOLW\WUDQVIHUE\D
HOHFWULFDOLQSXWEIURPKHDWLQJHOHPHQWDQGFLQWRWKHZDWHUDW7ZDWHU

:HWDNHKHUHWKHUHIHUHQFH7WREHWKHURRP) 5
 
D :RUNLVDYDLODELOLW\ Φ : :
E+HDWWUDQVIHUDW)LVRQO\SDUWO\DYDLODELOLW\
  7R     
   Φ ±7 4 ± :
 +  
F:DWHUUHFHLYHVKHDWWUDQVIHUDW)DVRI: :

  7R     
   Φ ±7 4 ± :
 ZDWHU  

 cb 


:DW)

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $OEPLURQGLVNEUDNHRQDFDULVDW)6XGGHQO\WKHEUDNHSDGKDQJVXS
LQFUHDVLQJWKHEUDNHWHPSHUDWXUHE\IULFWLRQWR)ZKLOHWKHFDUPDLQWDLQV
FRQVWDQWVSHHG)LQGWKHFKDQJHLQDYDLODELOLW\RIWKHGLVNDQGWKHHQHUJ\
GHSOHWLRQRIWKHFDU¶VJDVWDQNGXHWRWKLVSURFHVVDORQH$VVXPHWKDWWKHHQJLQH
KDVDWKHUPDOHIILFLHQF\RI
$OOWKHIULFWLRQZRUNLVWXUQHGLQWRLQWHUQDOHQHUJ\RIWKHGLVNEUDNH
 PXX 4:⇒4 P)H&)H77
  4   ×  ×  %WX
1HJOHFWWKHZRUNWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJVDW3

 PVV P& OQ77  ×  × OQ  %WX5
1RFKDQJHLQNLQHWLFRUSRWHQWLDOHQHUJ\DQGQRYROXPHFKDQJHVR
 ∆φ PXX7PVV  ×  %WX
 :HQJLQH ηWK4JDV 4 )ULFWLRQZRUN
 4JDV 4ηWK  %WX

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 &DOFXODWHWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIWKHV\VWHPDOXPLQXPSOXVJDVDWWKHLQLWLDODQGILQDO
VWDWHVRI3UREOHPDQGDOVRWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\
6WDWH7 )Y   3 SVL
,GHDOJDV Y Y YR  57R3R
7KHPHWDOGRHVQRWFKDQJHYROXPHVRWKHWHUPVDV(TDUHDGGHG
φ PJDVφJDVP$Oφ$O
7 3
  PJDV&Y77RPJDV7R>&SOQ7R5OQ3R@PJDV3RYYR
   P$O>&77R7R&OQ77R@$O
  
φ >OQ  OQ
 
 @×>OQ@

   %WX

  
φ >OQ  OQ 
 
  @×>OQ@

    %WX

, φφ7R7+4:$&3RP99


  ××
  %WX
 >6JHQ %WX57R6JHQ VR2.@

 

Al
Q
CO 2
Tamb


   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $ZRRGEXFNHWOEPZLWKOEPKRWOLTXLGZDWHUERWKDW)LVORZHUHG
IWGRZQLQWRDPLQHVKDIW:KDWLVWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIWKHEXFNHWDQGZDWHU
ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHVXUIDFHDPELHQWDW)"

 &9%XFNHWDQGZDWHU%RWKWKHUPDODYDLODELOLW\
DQGSRWHQWLDOHQHUJ\WHUPV
Y≈YIRUERWKZRRGDQGZDWHUVRZRUNWRDWP
LV]HUR

8VHFRQVWDQWKHDWFDSDFLW\WDEOH)IRUZRRGDQG
WDEOH)VDWOLTXLGIRUZDWHU
)URP(T


φφ PZRRG>XX7VV@P+2>XX7VV@PWRWJ]]


 >×OQ@>

  @××

   %WX

  5HFDOO%WXOEP IWV
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


'HYLFHQG/DZ(IILFLHQF\

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $FRIORZLQJVDPHGLUHFWLRQKHDWH[FKDQJHUKDVRQHOLQHZLWKOEPVR[\JHQ
DW)DQGSVLDHQWHULQJDQGWKHRWKHUOLQHKDVOEPVQLWURJHQDWSVLD
DQG5HQWHULQJ7KHKHDWH[FKDQJHULVORQJHQRXJKVRWKDWWKHWZRIORZVH[LW
DWWKHVDPHWHPSHUDWXUH8VHFRQVWDQWKHDWFDSDFLWLHVDQGILQGWKHH[LW
WHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\IRUWKHKHDWH[FKDQJHUDVVXPLQJ
DPELHQWDW)

6ROXWLRQ 
  
&9+HDWH[FKDQJHUVWHDG\
IORZVLQDQGWZRIORZVRXW

 
   
  (QHUJ\(T P2KP1K P2KP1K
6DPHH[LWWHPSHDUWXUHVR7 7ZLWKYDOXHVIURP7DEOH)
   
 P2&327P1&317 P2&32P1&317
×××× 
7    5
××
7KHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\IRUDKHDWH[FKDQJHULVWKHUDWLRRIWKHDYDLODELOLW\JDLQ
E\RQHIOXLGGLYLGHGE\WKHDYDLODELOLW\GURSLQWKHRWKHUIOXLG)RUHDFKIORZ
DYDLODELOLW\LV(TLQFOXGHPDVVIORZUDWHDVLQ(T
)RUWKHR[\JHQIORZ
 
 P2ψψ P2>KK7RVV@

   P2>&3777R>&3OQ77−5OQ33@

   P2&3>777ROQ77@
   ×>±±OQ@
   %WXV
 )RUWKHQLWURJHQIORZ
 
  P1ψψ P1&3>777ROQ77@
  ×>±OQ@
  %WXV
)URP(T
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


P2ψψ 
 ηQG/DZ    

P1ψψ
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $VWHDPWXUELQHKDVDQLQOHWDWSVLDDQG)DQGDFWXDOH[LWRIDWPZLWK[
)LQGLWVILUVWODZLVHQWURSLFDQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQFLHV

6ROXWLRQ
&96WHDPWXUELQH
(QHUJ\(T Z KLKH
(QWURS\(T VH VLVJHQ
,QOHWVWDWH7DEOH) KL %WXOEPVL %WXOEP5
([LWDFWXDOVWDWH)KH %WXOEPVH %WXOEP5
$FWXDOWXUELQHHQHUJ\HTXDWLRQ
   Z KLKH %WXOEP
,GHDOWXUELQHUHYHUVLEOHSURFHVVVRVJHQ JLYLQJ
  VHV VL  [HV×
  [HV KHV × 
7KHHQHUJ\HTXDWLRQIRUWKHLGHDOJLYHV
   ZV KLKHV %WXOEP
7KHILUVWODZHIILFLHQF\LVWKHUDWLRRIWKHWZRZRUNWHUPV
   ηV ZZV  
7KHUHYHUVLEOHZRUNIRUWKHDFWXDOWXUELQHVWDWHVLV(T
   ZUHY KLKH7RVHVL
    ±
     %WXOEP
6HFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\(T
   ηQG/DZ ZZUHY  

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $FRPSUHVVRULVXVHGWREULQJVDWXUDWHGZDWHUYDSRUDWOEILQXSWR
OEILQZKHUHWKHDFWXDOH[LWWHPSHUDWXUHLV))LQGWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\DQG
WKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\

,QOHWVWDWH7DEOH) KL %WXOEPVL %WXOEP5
$FWXDOFRPSUHVVRU)KH %WXOEPVH %WXOEP5
(QHUJ\(TDFWXDOFRPSUHVVRUZFDF KHKL %WXOEP
(T L 7VH  VL  ×    %WXOEP
(T ZUHY LZFDF  %WXOEP
 η,, ZUHYZFDF  

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 7KHVLPSOHVWHDPSRZHUSODQWLQ3UREOHPVKRZQLQ)LJ3KDVDWXUELQH
ZLWKJLYHQLQOHWDQGH[LWVWDWHV)LQGWKHDYDLODELOLW\DWWKHWXUELQHH[LWVWDWH
)LQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\IRUWKHWXUELQHQHJOHFWLQJNLQHWLFHQHUJ\DWVWDWH
3URSHUWLHVIURP3UREOHPDQGVYDOXHVIURP)
 K K KR DOOLQ%WXOEP
 V  V VR DOOLQ%WXOEP5

.LQHWLFHQHUJ\DWVWDWH.( 9 × %WXOEP

 5HFDOO%WXOEP IWV

 ψ K.(KR7RVVR %WXOEP

 ZUHY ψψ KK7RVV %WXOEP

 Z$& KK %WXOEP

  η,, ZDFZUHY  

 3 7 
 

 
Y V



   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 6WHDPLVVXSSOLHGLQDOLQHDWOEILQ)$WXUELQHZLWKDQLVHQWURSLF
HIILFLHQF\RILVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHOLQHE\DYDOYHDQGLWH[KDXVWVWRWKH
DWPRVSKHUHDWOEILQ,IWKHVWHDPLVWKURWWOHGGRZQWROEILQEHIRUH
HQWHULQJWKHWXUELQHILQGWKHDFWXDOWXUELQHVSHFLILFZRUN)LQGWKHFKDQJHLQ
DYDLODELOLW\WKURXJKWKHYDOYHDQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\RIWKHWXUELQH
&99DOYH(QHUJ\(TK K %WXOEP
(QWURS\(TV ! V %WXOEP5
6WDWHK 3⇒V %WXOEP5
 ,GHDOWXUELQH V V⇒KV %WXOEP
Z7V KKV %WXOEP
 $FWXDOWXUELQH Z7DF η7Z7V %WXOEP
  KDF KZ7DF %WXOEP⇒VDF %WXOEP5
ψψ KK7VV
    %WXOEP
UHY
 Z  ψ  ψ       
 %WXOEP
 η,, ZDFZUHY  

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $LUIORZVLQWRDKHDWHQJLQHDWDPELHQWFRQGLWLRQVOEILQ5DVVKRZQ
LQ)LJ3(QHUJ\LVVXSSOLHGDV%WXSHUOEPDLUIURPD5VRXUFH
DQGLQVRPHSDUWRIWKHSURFHVVDKHDWWUDQVIHUORVVRI%WXSHUOEPDLUKDSSHQV
DW57KHDLUOHDYHVWKHHQJLQHDWOEILQ5)LQGWKHILUVWDQG
WKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQFLHV
&9(QJLQHRXWWRUHVHUYRLUV
  KLT+ T/KHZ
R
7DEOH)KL %WXOEPV7L %WXOEP5
R
KH %WXOEPV7H %WXOEP5
  ZDF  %WXOEP
  η7+ ZT+  
)RUVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\DOVRDTWRIURPDPELHQW
  VLT+7+T7 TORVV7PVH
 T 7>VHVLTORVV7PT+7+@
   
   %WXOEP
 
 ZUHY KL  KH  T+  TORVV  T ZDF  T %WXOEP
 η,, ZDFZUHY  
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


([HUJ\%DODQFH(TXDWLRQ

(
 $KHDWHQJLQHRSHUDWLQJZLWKDQHYLURQPHQWDW5SURGXFHV%WXKRI
SRZHURXWSXWZLWKDILUVWODZHIILFLHQF\RI,WKDVDVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\RI
DQG7/ 5)LQGDOOWKHHQHUJ\DQGH[HUJ\WUDQVIHUVLQDQGRXW

 6ROXWLRQ
 )URPWKHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHILUVWODZHIILFLHQF\
  
   4+ :η    %WXK
  
 (QHUJ\(T 4/ 4+: ± %WXK

 
   Φ: : %WXK
 
 )URPWKHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\η :Φ+
 7R  
   Φ+ ±7 4+    %WXK
+
 7R  
   Φ/ ±7 4/ ± %WXK
/

 1RWLFHIURPWKHΦ+IRUPZHFRXOGILQGWKHVLQJOHFKDUDFWHULVWLF7+DV
7R 
  ±7  %WXK4+  !7+ 5
+

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 7KHFRQGHQVHULQDSRZHUSODQWFRROVOEPVZDWHUDW)TXDOLW\VRLW
FRPHVRXWDVVDWXUDWHGOLTXLGDW)7KHFRROLQJLVGRQHE\RFHDQZDWHU
FRPLQJLQDW)DQGUHWXUQHGWRWKHRFHDQDW))LQGWKHWUDQVIHURXWRIWKH
ZDWHUDQGWKHWUDQVIHULQWRWKHRFHDQZDWHURIERWKHQHUJ\DQGH[HUJ\WHUPV

 
 6ROXWLRQ
 &9:DWHUOLQH1RZRUNEXWKHDWWUDQVIHURXW
 
 (QHUJ\(T4RXW PK±K ± %WXV
 &92FHDQZDWHUOLQH1RZRUNEXWKHDWWUDQVIHULQHTXDOVZDWHUKHDWWUDQVIHURXW
 (QHUJ\(TT KK ± %WXOEP
 
   PRFHDQ 4RXWT  NJV

 ([HUJ\RXWRIWKHZDWHUIROORZV(TZHZLOOXVH7R )
   
   ΦRXW PψPψ P>KK7RVV@
    >±±±@
    %WXV

 ([HUJ\LQWRWKHRFHDQZDWHU
  
 ΦRFHDQ PRFHDQψψ PRFHDQ>KK±7RVV@
  >±±@
  %WXV
 
 1RWLFHWKHUHLVDODUJHDPRXQWRIHQHUJ\H[FKDQJHGEXWYHU\OLWWOHH[HUJ\

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


5HYLHZ3UREOHPV

(
 &DOFXODWHWKHUHYHUVLEOHZRUNDQGLUUHYHUVLELOLW\IRUWKHSURFHVVGHVFULEHGLQ
3UREOHPDVVXPLQJWKDWWKHKHDWWUDQVIHULVZLWKWKHVXUURXQGLQJVDW)

 P 1
/LQHDUVSULQJJLYHV

2 1:2 ⌠3G9
⌡ 31329291
142 PX2X11:2
v
 (TXDWLRQRIVWDWH39 P57
××
 6WDWH91 P57131   IW3
×
××
 6WDWH92 P57232   IW3
×

  1:2 ±î %WX
  )URP7DEOH) 
 &S7DYJ >@0  %WXOEP5

⇒&9 &S±5 ± 
 142 P&972  71  1:2 4î    %WX
UHY DF
:  7R668847R7+ 7RPVV: 47R7R
DF
  7RP>&3OQ77−5OQ33@: 4
  î>OQOQ@
   %WX
UHY DF
, : :   %WX

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $SLVWRQF\OLQGHUDUUDQJHPHQWKDVDORDGRQWKHSLVWRQVRLWPDLQWDLQVFRQVWDQW
SUHVVXUH,WFRQWDLQVOEPRIVWHDPDWOEILQTXDOLW\+HDWIURPD
UHVHUYRLUDW)EULQJVWKHVWHDPWR))LQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\IRU
WKLVSURFHVV1RWHWKDWQRIRUPXODLVJLYHQIRUWKLVSDUWLFXODUFDVHVRGHWHUPLQHD
UHDVRQDEOHH[SUHVVLRQIRULW

3[⇒ Y IWOEPK %WXOEP
V %WXOEP5
3 37⇒Y IWOEPK %WXOEP
V %WXOEP5
 PXX 4: 4399
  4  PXX3PYY PKK %WX
 : 3PYY %WX
 :WRDWP 3PYY %WX
 8VHIXOZRUNRXW ::WRDWP  %WX
 7    
 ∆φUHVHUYRLU 7  4   %WX
 UHV  
 Q,, :QHW∆φ 
5HPDUN<RXFRXOGDUJXHWKDWWKHVWRUHGDYDLODELOLW\H[HUJ\VKRXOGEH
DFFRXQWHGIRULQWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\EXWLWLVQRWDYDLODEOHIURPWKLV
GHYLFHDORQH
   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 &RQVLGHUDJDVROLQHHQJLQHIRUDFDUDVDVWHDG\IORZGHYLFHZKHUHDLUDQGIXHO
HQWHUVDWWKHVXUURXQGLQJFRQGLWLRQV)OEILQDQGOHDYHVWKHHQJLQH
H[KDXVWPDQLIROGDW5OEILQDVSURGXFWVDVVXPHGWREHDLU7KH
HQJLQHFRROLQJV\VWHPUHPRYHV%WXOEPDLUWKURXJKWKHHQJLQHWRWKH
DPELHQW)RUWKHDQDO\VLVWDNHWKHIXHODVDLUZKHUHWKHH[WUDHQHUJ\RI
%WXOEPRIDLUUHOHDVHGLQWKHFRPEXVWLRQSURFHVVLVDGGHGDVKHDWWUDQVIHUIURPD
5UHVHUYRLU)LQGWKHZRUNRXWRIWKHHQJLQHWKHLUUHYHUVLELOLW\SHUSRXQG
PDVVRIDLUDQGWKHILUVWDQGVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQFLHV

&97RWDORXWWRUHVHUYRLUV
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
(QHUJ\(T P DK4+ PDK:4RXW
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
(QWURS\(T PDV4+7+6JHQ PDVV4RXW7

  $LULQWDNHILOWHU )XHOOLQH 
: 5DGLDWRU %XUQLQJRIWKHIXHOUHOHDVHV
‡
6KDIW 4+DW7+
SRZHU 4R )URPWKHDLU7DEOH)
%WXOEP%WXOEP5
7R K Vƒ7 

([KDXVWIORZ &RRODQWIORZ K Vƒ7 


‡ ‡
ZDF :PD K  K  T+  TRXW        %WXOEP
 η7+ ZT+  
 LWRW 7VJHQ 7VVTRXWT+77+

       %WXOEP

)RUUHYHUVLEOHFDVHKDYHVJHQ DQGT5IURP7QRTRXW
 T5LQ 7VV77+T+ LWRWTRXW %WXOEP
 ZUHY KKT+T5LQ ZDFLWRW %WXOEP
 η,, ZDFZUHY 

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
  7KHH[LWQR]]OHLQDMHWHQJLQHUHFHLYHVDLUDW5SVLDZLWKQHJOLJLEOH
NLQHWLFHQHUJ\7KHH[LWSUHVVXUHLVSVLDDQGWKHDFWXDOH[LWWHPSHUDWXUHLV5
:KDWLVWKHDFWXDOH[LWYHORFLW\DQGWKHVHFRQGODZHIILFLHQF\"

 6ROXWLRQ
&91R]]OHZLWKDLUKDVQRZRUNQRKHDWWUDQVIHU
 
(QHUJ\HT KL KHVH[

(QWURS\(T VLVJHQ VH

 
 VH[ KLKH ± %WXOEP
   VH[  ×× IWV

5HFDOO%WXOEP IWV7KLVZDVWKHDFWXDOQR]]OH1RZZHFDQGR
WKHUHYHUVLEOHQR]]OHZKLFKWKHQPXVWKDYHDT
 
(QHUJ\HT KLT KHVH[UHY

(QWURS\(T VLT7R VH !T 7RVH±VL

7H 3H   
  > @
T 7R>&OQ 7 ±5OQ 3 @  OQOQ 
L L
   %WXOEP
 
VH[UHY KLTKH  %WXOEP
   
  η,, VH[VH[UHY  

1RWLFHWKHUHYHUVLEOHQR]]OHLVQRWLVHQWURSLFWKHUHLVDKHDWWUDQVIHU

   6RQQWDJ%RUJQDNNHDQGYDQ:\OHQ


(
 $LULQDSLVWRQF\OLQGHUDUUDQJHPHQWVKRZQLQ)LJ3LVDWOEILQ
5ZLWKDYROXPHRIIW,IWKHSLVWRQLVDWWKHVWRSVWKHYROXPHLVIWDQGD
SUHVVXUHRIOEILQLVUHTXLUHG7KHDLULVWKHQKHDWHGIURPWKHLQLWLDOVWDWHWR
5E\D5UHVHUYRLU)LQGWKHWRWDOLUUHYHUVLELOLW\LQWKHSURFHVV
DVVXPLQJVXUURXQGLQJVDUHDW)

 6ROXWLRQ
(QHUJ\(T PXX 4:
(QWURS\(T ⌠G476JHQ
PVV ⌡
3URFHVV  3 3  α99LI9≤ 9VWRS
,QIRUPDWLRQ 3VWRS 3  α9VWRS9
(TRIVWDWH⇒ 7VWRS 73VWRS9VWRS39 7
6RWKHSLVWRQZLOOKLWWKHVWRSV !9 9VWRS
  3 77VWRS3VWRS  SVLD 3

6WDWH 3
3 9 
P P  57 

D
 × ×  
  
 × 
 OEP Y Q
Air Tres
Y YVWRS



 
 : 3  3VWRS9VWRS 9   6  2 %WX

  4 PX  X  :   9   %WX

R R
 VV V7V75OQ33
    1 OQ ( %WXOEP 5
 7DNHFRQWUROYROXPHDVWRWDORXWWRUHVHUYRLUDW75(6
 6JHQWRW PVV475(6 %WX5
 ,  76JHQ  ×  %WX