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If the only parameter exceeded is d0/t0 then a reduced chord yield strength should be used in the calculated joint capacity. This reduced chord yield strength should be based on BS5950-1:2000 clause 3.6.6 and Table 12 but should not be taken greater than 0.85 py. e.g. From table 12, limiting proportions for Class 3 (semi-compact) CHS in axial compression; D/t 802 where = (275/py)0.5 Assuming limiting proportions for Class 3 sections are met; pyr = 80/(D/t) x 275 = 22000/(D/t) Therefore, if joint d0/t0 limit (typically 40 or 50 depending on joint type) is exceeded; fy0 = pyr but 0.85 py where fy0 is the chord yield strength in the joint formula
Example
In both cases, d0/t0 limit for relevant joint capacity is exceeded, hence the need to reduce fy0 to equal pyr 0.85 py. Example 1 Chord Section Chord Design Strength D/t d0/t0 = pyr = 22000/(D/t) = fy0 = pyr but 0.85 py Hence fy0 = CHS 1810 x 12.5 355 N/mm
2
22000/60.96 = 361 N/mm2 fy0 = 361 but 234 N/mm2 234 N/mm2
Care has been taken to ensure that this information is accurate, but Corus Group plc, including its subsidiaries, does not accept responsibility or liability for errors or information which is found to be misleading. Corus Tubes, PO Box 101, Corby, Northamptonshire NN17 5UA Tel: +44 (0)1536 404120 Page 1/1 Fax: +44 (0)1536 404049 Last revised 30/08/2002 11:35
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(a) 3
(b) 3
(c) 3
(d) 3
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Fig. 1(c,d,g,h): One diagonal brace opposite direction to other two bracings
Follow the advice below depending on gap/overlap and section type. For types Fig. 1(g) and (h) check cross chord loading as described later. KT-gap joints, CHS & RHS The resistance of gap joints can be related to K- and N-joints by replacing d1/d0 with (d1 + d2 + d3)/3 d0 for CHS, and for RHS with (b1 + b2 + b3 + h1 + h2 + h3)/6 b0 in the chord face deformation formula. The joint should be checked for all the relevant joint failure modes. The gap should be taken as the largest gap between two bracing members having significant forces acting in the opposite sense. If the vertical bracing member in a gap KT-joint shown in Fig. 1 has no force
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in it, the gap should be taken as the distance between the toes of members 1 and 2, and the joint treated as a standard K- and N-joint using d1/d0 for CHS and (b1 + b2 + h1 + h2)/4 b0 for RHS in the chord face deformation formula. The force components, normal to the chord, of the two members acting in the same sense are added together to represent the load. This should be less than, or equal to, the joint resistance component, normal to the chord, of the most highly loaded compressive member, normally N1. The single member acting in the opposite sense to the other two members should also be checked to ensure its force component is less than or equal to this joint resistance component. For example Fig. 1(c); N1,App sin1 + N3,App sin3 N1 sin1 N2,App sin2 N1 sin1 For example Fig. 1(d); where; N2,App sin2 + N3,App sin3 N1 sin1 N1,App sin1 N1 sin1 N1 is the calculated joint resistance.
Overlap KT-Joints, CHS Overlaps are more likely to occur in KT-joints. CHS overlap KT-joints are treated in the same way as CHS gap KT-joints but use the smallest overlap (in mm) between bracings. The procedure is easier than RHS KT-joints as they only need be checked for chord face deformation, calculated for the most highly loaded compressive bracing, usually N1. Overlap KT-Joints, RHS RHS overlap KT-joint resistance can be determined by checking each overlapping bracing member and ensuring that Ni Ni,App where Ni is the calculated joint resistance. The efficiency of the overlapped bracing member, subscript j, should be taken as equal to that of the overlapping member, i.e. Nj = Ni (Aj fyj) / (Ai fyi). For the overlapping bracing member effective width formulae, care should be taken to ensure that the member sequence of overlapping is properly accounted for. The overlapping bracing faces are designated as; bi or beff is the face locating onto the chord beov is the face locating onto the overlapped bracing. The terms at the end of the overlapping bracing capacity formulae add these two faces together, i.e. ...+ beff + beov (or bi + beov for overlaps 80%), and assumes that only one face is overlapping. So, if the overlapping bracing is in the middle, and overlaps both diagonals, the formulae needs modifying accordingly, i.e.
beov
j
beov
i
This configuration uses the same formulae as a K-Joint: Ni = fyi ti [(Ov / 50) (2 hi - 4 ti) + beff + beov] Ni = fyi ti [2 hi - 4 ti + beff + beov] Ni = fyi ti [2 hi - 4 ti + bi + beov] 25% Ov < 50% 50% Ov < 80% Ov 80%
beff or bi
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Care has been taken to ensure that this information is accurate, but Corus Group plc, including its subsidiaries, does not accept responsibility or liability for errors or information which is found to be misleading. Corus Tubes, PO Box 101, Corby, Northamptonshire NN17 5UA Tel: +44 (0)1536 404120 Page 3/3 Fax: +44 (0)1536 404049 Last revised 06/09/2002 11:04
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Calculate a single equivalent bracing perimeter based on the overall footprint of both bracings;
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Care has been taken to ensure that this information is accurate, but Corus Group plc, including its subsidiaries, does not accept responsibility or liability for errors or information which is found to be misleading. Corus Tubes, PO Box 101, Corby, Northamptonshire NN17 5UA Tel: +44 (0)1536 404120 Page 2/2 Fax: +44 (0)1536 404049 Last revised 30/08/2002 11:50
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bi ti tf
hi
cs bs tw beff
ts
as
tw
bws
2
bw
2
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hs (bs -t w )/2
hs (bs -t w )/2
Effective width
For effective width, as well as the two bracing out of plane faces (bi) carrying load, the stiffeners will act rather like an extra web, resulting in the faces along the length (hi) of the I-section also carrying some load, as shown by the shaded bracing areas in Fig. 1(a). The standard effective width formula at the chord web is; beff = tw + 2r + 7tf fy0 / fyi Calculate the effective width at the stiffener; heff,s = ts + 2as + 7tf fy0 / fyi but (bi + hi - 2ti) as = stiffener weld throat thickness, (2as becomes as if single sided fillet welds are used) T-, Y-, X-, K- and N-gap joints Check; peff = 2(beff + heff,s) Ni = 2 fyi ti beff with; Ni = fyi ti peff Stiffener plates should be positioned on the bracing centre line. K- and N-overlap joints (25% Ov < 50%) Check; leff = beff + 2heff,s Replace the standard effective width formula; Ni = fyi ti [(Ov/50) (hi - 2ti) + beff + beov] with; Ni = fyi ti [(Ov/50) (hi - 2ti) + leff + beov] but [2hi - 2ti - (Ov/50) (hi - 2ti)] + bi but 2(bi + hi - 2ti) but (bi + hi - 2ti)
x1 x2 x2 Fig. 3 - K- & N-overlap joint (25% Ov < 50% ) chord stiffeners position
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x1
The overlapping bracing stiffener plates should be positioned as shown in Fig. 3. The overlapped bracing should be stiffened the same as the overlapping bracing, but the stiffener plates should be positioned on the overlapped bracing centre line. K- and N-overlap joints (50% Ov < 80%) When Ov 50% the bracing sides, hi, are already fully effective so stiffener plates should be positioned as shown in Fig. 4 to make the bracing width fully effective. Replace the standard effective width formula; Ni = fyi ti [hi - 2ti + beff + beov] with; Ni = fyi ti [hi - 2ti + bi + beov]
= = Fig. 4 - K- & N-overlap joint (50% Ov < 80%) chord stiffeners position
The overlapping bracing stiffener plates should be positioned as shown in Fig. 4, inline with the bracing heel. The overlapped bracing should be stiffened the same as the overlapping bracing, but the stiffener plates should be positioned on the overlapped bracing centre line.
Care has been taken to ensure that this information is accurate, but Corus Group plc, including its subsidiaries, does not accept responsibility or liability for errors or information which is found to be misleading. Corus Tubes, PO Box 101, Corby, Northamptonshire NN17 5UA Tel: +44 (0)1536 404120 Page 3/3 Fax: +44 (0)1536 404049 Last revised 02/09/2002 11:02
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tp
t d (a) Stiffened d
(b) Unstiffened
To assess the L-joint capacity a reduction factor, must be calculated, this is dependant on d/t and steel grade. Angles less than 90 are not recommended especially as the weld integrity would need to be proved. Different diameter CHS should not be used for unstiffened L-joints and is not recommended for stiffened L-joints due to aesthetic reasons and fabrication problems. If different thickness CHS is to be used the thinner tube thickness should be used in the following formulae. Loads should be predominantly moment with the factored applied axial load no greater than 20% of the member tension capacity.
Stiffened
Application limits: 90 <180 235 N/mm2 fy 355 N/mm2 8 d/t 902 (Class 1, 2 or 3) tp 1.5 t but tp 10 mm
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As stiffened L-joints can carry the full moment capacity of the CHS the reduction factor, = 1.0 (plastic for class 1 & 2, elastic for class 3). Section Class Section loaded by bending or compression 1 d/t < 50 2 2 d/t < 70 2 3 d/t < 90 2 fy 235 275 355 1.00 0.92 0.81 = (235/f )
y
1.00
0.85
0.66
Unstiffened
Application limits:
For unstiffened L-joints the following formula for the reduction of the plastic tube cross-section moment in plane capacity in the joint area is;
Napp A fy
Mapp Wpl f y
Reduction factor, k
d = + 0.77 20 t
1.19
1.1 Stiffened 1.0 S235 0.9 S275 0.8 S355 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 10
40
50
CHS 273.0x16 S355, fy = 355 N/mm2, Factored applied loads; Napp = 300 kN,
Example
1.19
273 = + 0.77 20 16
1.19
0.81 = 0.46
300 1000 70 1000 + = 0.25 < 0.46 2 129 10 355 1058 355
PASS
Care has been taken to ensure that this information is accurate, but Corus Group plc, including its subsidiaries, does not accept responsibility or liability for errors or information which is found to be misleading. Corus Tubes, PO Box 101, Corby, Northamptonshire NN17 5UA Tel: +44 (0)1536 404120 Page 2/2 Fax: +44 (0)1536 404049 Last revised 06/05/2005 09:59
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b1
) (1+ 0.25 h /d ) f (n )
1 0 p
N1 for axial capacity formula does not change as yield lines are just a rectangular shape on the CHS regardless of either orientation of an RHS or I-section. M ip,1 = 0.5 h1 N1 / (1 + 0.25 h1 / d0 ) M op,1 = b1 N1 X-joint chord face deformation
N1 =
(1 0.81 )
5 fy0 t 02
N1 for axial capacity formula does not change as yield lines are just a rectangular shape on the CHS regardless of either orientation of an RHS or I section. M ip,1 = 0.5 h1 N1 / (1 + 0.25 h1 / d0 ) M op,1 = b1 N1 Where N1 is chord face deformation joint capacity check from above.
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T- and X- joint chord punching shear In all cases the following check must be made to ensure that any factored applied loads and moments do not exceed the chord punching shear capacity
2 fy 0 t 0 / 3
b1
Plate Effective Width Check: Not Required Chord Face Deformation Check: Use the formula for RHS chords and RHS bracings in 5.2.3 on page 27 Design of SHS Welded Joints for T-, Y- & X-joints when 0.85 only. Chord Side Wall Buckling: Use the formula for RHS chords and RHS bracings in 5.2.3 on page 27 Design of SHS Welded Joints for T-, Y- & X-joints when = 1.0 When 0.85 < < 1.0 interpolate between chord face deformation with = 0.85 and chord side wall buckling where = 1.0. Chord Punching Shear: When b1 <= b0 2t0 only
N1 = 2 fy 0 t 0 3
(2 t1 + 2 h1)
In plane Moment: M ip,1 = 0.5 h1 N1 Out if plane Moment: M op,1 = N1 b1 where N1 is lowest N1 joint capacity from applicable failure checks above where N1 is lowest N1 joint capacity from applicable failure checks above
Care has been taken to ensure that this information is accurate, but Corus Group plc, including its subsidiaries, does not accept responsibility or liability for errors or information which is found to be misleading. Corus Tubes, PO Box 101, Corby, Northamptonshire NN17 5UA Tel: +44 (0)1536 404120 Page 2/2 Fax: +44 (0)1536 404049 Last revised 09/08/2005 10:01