Solutions

Precipitation Reaction Teaching Notes

OVERVIEW This main objectives of this lab are to have students use solubility tables to predict precipitation reactions and then test their predictions by mixing solutions of ionic compounds. The lab also provides the students with practice in understanding and writing net ionic equations. Students often like the immediate results they see with precipitation reactions, and the results correlate well with the class material on precipitation reactions. Except for the initial preparation of the solutions this is a relatively quick and easy lab for the students to perform. The solutions may be stored in dropper bottles and can be used numerous times if contamination does not occur. This lab could be done as two separate labs. In the first lab students could prepare the standard solutions . The second lab would be used to conduct the precipitation tests . OPTIONS It is not necessary to use the full sets of solutions. However students should perform tests in which no reaction occurs in addition to reactions that produce a precipitate.

Set A: Source of Cations

Molar Mass (g mol-1 ) NaNO3 KNO3 AgNO 3 NH4 NO3 Pb(NO3 )2 Ca(NO3 )2 Mg(NO 3 )2 Ba(NO3 )2 Cu(NO 3 )2 Fe(NO3 )3 85.0 101.1 169.9 80.0 331.2 164.1 148.3 261.3 187.6 241.9 Mass (g)

0.85 1.01 1.70 0.80 3.31 1.64 1.48 2.61 1.88 2.42

Alternate Sources of Cations

NaC2H3 O2 Zn(C2 H3 O2)2 82.0 183.5 0.82 0.18

Set B: Source of Anions

Molar Mass (g mol-1 ) Mass (g)

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

If all solutions listed are used, 18 dropper bottles per group of students will be needed. A blank test grid is included this may be photocopied on overheads for the students to use for their test grid.

NaCl NaOH NaBr Na 2 S NaI

58.5 40.0 102.9 78.0 149.9 163.9 142.0 106.0

0.59 0.40 1.03 0.78 1.50 1.64 1.42 1.06

SOLUTION PREPARATION
To prepare 100 mL of 0.1M solutions of the following compounds, dissolve the mass indicated in the table in a small amount of distilled water. Add this to a 100-mL volumetric flask or 100-mL graduated cylinder. Fill to the mark with distilled water. For the purposes of the precipitation reactions, measurements do not need to be precise. However if students are preparing the solutions this is a good opportunity for them to practice good techniques for preparing standard solutions. Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

Na 3 PO4 Na 2 SO4 Na 2 CO3

Alternate Sources of Anions

K2 CO3 K3 PO4 (NH4 )2 SO4 138.2 212.3 132.1 1.38 2.12 1.32
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PREDICTIONS

Reactants NaCl + NaNO 3 NaCl + KNO 3 NaCl + AgNO3 NaCl + NH4 NO3 NaCl + Pb(NO3 )2 NaCl + Ca(NO3 )2 NaCl + Mg(NO3 )2 NaCl + Ba(NO3 )2 NaCl + Cu(NO3 )2 NaCl + Fe(NO3 )3

Predicted Precipitate NaBr + NaNO3 NaBr + KNO3 AgCl NaBr + AgNO3 NaBr + NH4NO3 Pb(NO3 )2 NaBr + Pb(NO3 )2 NaBr + Ca(NO3 )2 NaBr + Mg(NO3 )2 NaBr + Ba(NO3 )2 NaBr + Cu(NO 3 )2 NaBr + Fe(NO 3 )3

Predicted Precipitate

AgBr

PbBr 2

NaOH + NaNO3 NaOH + KNO3 NaOH + AgNO3 NaOH + NH4 NO3 NaOH + Pb(NO3 )2 NaOH + Ca(NO3)2 NaOH + Mg(NO3)2 NaOH + Ba(NO3)2 NaOH + Cu(NO3)2 NaOH + Fe(NO3 )3 Cu(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Pb(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 AgOH

Na 2 S + NaNO 3 Na 2 S + KNO3 Na 2 S + AgNO 3 Na 2 S + NH4NO3 Na 2 S + Pb(NO 3 )2 Na 2 S + Ca(NO3 )2 Na 2 S + Mg(NO3 )2 Na 2 S + Ba(NO3 )2 Na 2 S + Cu(NO3 )2 Na 2 S + Fe(NO3 )3 CuS Fe2 S3 PbS Ag 2S

Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

Reactants NaI + NaNO3 NaI + KNO3 NaI + AgNO3 NaI + NH4 NO3 NaI + Pb(NO3 )2 NaI + Ca(NO3 )2 NaI + Mg(NO 3 )2 NaI + Ba(NO3 )2 NaI + Cu(NO 3 )2 NaI + Fe(NO 3 )3

Predicted Precipitate Na 2 SO4 + NaNO3 Na 2 SO4 + KNO3 AgI Na 2 SO4 + AgNO3 Na 2 SO4 + NH4 NO3 PbI2 Na 2 SO4 + Pb(NO3)2 Na 2 SO4 + Ca(NO3)2 Na 2 SO4 + Mg(NO3 )2 Na 2 SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 Na 2 SO4 + Cu(NO3)2 Na 2 SO4 + Fe(NO3)3

Predicted Precipitate

Ag 2 SO4

PbSO4 CaSO4

BaSO4

Na 3 PO4 + NaNO3 Na 3 PO4 + KNO3 Na 3 PO4 + AgNO3 Na 3 PO4 + NH4 NO3 Na 3 PO4 + Pb(NO3 )2 Na 3 PO4 + Ca(NO3 )2 Na 3 PO4 + Mg(NO3 )2 Na 3 PO4 + Ba(NO3 )2 Na 3 PO4 + Cu(NO3 )2 Na 3 PO4 + Fe(NO3 )3 Pb 3(PO4 )2 Ca 3(PO4 )2 Mg 3(PO4 )2 Ba 3(PO4 )2 Cu 3(PO4 )2 FePO4 Ag3 PO4

Na 2 CO3 + NaNO3 Na 2 CO3 + KNO3 Na 2 CO3 + AgNO3 Na 2 CO3 + NH4 NO3 Na 2 CO3 + Pb(NO3)2 Na 2 CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 Na 2 CO3 + Mg(NO3 )2 Na 2 CO3 + Ba(NO3)2 Na 2 CO3 + Cu(NO3)2 Na 2 CO3 + Fe(NO3)3 PbCO3 CaCO3 MgCO3 Ba CO3 CuCO3 Fe2 (CO3)3 Ag 2 CO3

Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

CONCLUSIONS AND QUESTIONS

1. For every reaction in which a precipitate occurred, write both the full reaction equation and also the net ionic equation. In both equations be sure to identify the precipitate as a solid, by (s) after the formula. Be sure to balance all equations.

Full Equation NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) ? AgCl ( s ) + NaNO3(aq) NaOH(aq) + AgNO3(aq) ? AgOH( s ) + NaNO3(aq) NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) ? AgBr ( s ) + NaNO3(aq) Na 2 S(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) ? Ag2 S( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq) NaI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) ? AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq) Na 3 PO4(aq) + 3 AgNO3(aq) ? Ag 3 PO4(s) + 3 NaNO 3(aq) Na 2 SO4(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) ? Ag 2 SO4(s) + 2 NaNO 3(aq) Na 2 CO3(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) ? Ag2 CO3(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

Net Ionic Equation Ag +(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl ( s ) Ag +(aq) + OH-(aq) AgOH( s ) Ag +(aq) + Br-(aq) AgBr (s) 2 Ag+(aq) + S2-(aq) Ag2 S(s) Ag +(aq) + I-(aq) AgI(s) 3 Ag+(aq) + PO4 3-(aq) Ag3 PO4(s) 2 Ag+(aq) + SO4 2-(aq) Ag2 SO4(s) 2 Ag+(aq) + CO3 2- (aq) Ag2 CO3(s)

2 NaCl(aq) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? PbCl2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) 2 NaOH(aq) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? Pb(OH)2( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq) 2 NaBr(aq) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? PbBr2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) Na 2 S(aq) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? PbS( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq) 2 NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? PbI2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) 2 Na3 PO4(aq) + 3 Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? Pb3 (PO4)2(s) + 6 NaNO 3(aq) Na 2 SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? PbSO4( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq) Na 2 CO3(aq) + Pb(NO3 )2(aq) ? PbCO3( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

Pb 2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) PbCl2( s ) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 OH-(aq) Pb(OH)2(s) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 Br-(aq) PbBr2(s) Pb 2+ (aq) + S2-(aq) PbS( s ) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 I-(aq) PbI2(s) 3 Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 PO4 3-(aq) Pb 3(PO4 )2(s) Pb 2+ (aq) + SO4 2-(aq) PbSO4( s ) Pb 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) PbCO3(s)

2 NaOH(aq) + Ca(NO3 )2(aq) Ca(OH)2( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq) 2 Na3 PO4(aq) + 3Ca(NO3 )2(aq) Ca3 (PO4)2(s) + 6 NaNO 3(aq) Na 2 SO4(aq) + Ca(NO3 )2(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2 NaNO 3(aq) Na 2 CO3(aq) + Ca(NO3 )2(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2 NaNO 3(aq)

Ca 2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) Ca(OH) 2( s ) 3Ca 2+(aq) + 2 PO4 3-(aq) Ca 3 (PO4 )2(s) Ca 2+(aq) + SO4 2-(aq) CaSO4(s) Ca 2+(aq) + CO3 2- (aq) CaCO3( s )

Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

Full Equation 2 NaOH(aq) + Mg(NO3 )2(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) 2 Na3 PO4(aq) + 3Mg(NO3 )2(aq) Mg 3 (PO4 )2(s) + 6 NaNO3(aq) Na 2 CO3(aq) + Mg(NO3 )2(aq) MgCO 3( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

Net Ionic Equation Mg 2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) 3Mg2+(aq) + 2 PO4 3-(aq) Mg3 (PO4)2(s) Mg 2+(aq) + CO3 2- (aq) MgCO 3(s)

2 Na3 PO4(aq) + 3Ba(NO3 )2(aq) Ba3 (PO4)2(s) + 6 NaNO 3(aq) Na 2 SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3 )2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2 NaNO 3(aq) Na 2 CO3(aq) + Ba(NO3 )2(aq) BaCO3(s) + 2 NaNO 3(aq)

3Ba 2+(aq) + 2 PO4 3-(aq) Ba 3(PO4 )2(s) Ba 2+(aq) + SO4 2-(aq) BaSO4(s) Ba 2+(aq) + CO3 2- (aq) BaCO3( s )

2 NaOH(aq) + Cu(NO3 )2(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) Na 2 S(aq) + Cu(NO3 )2(aq) CuS( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq) 2 Na3 PO4(aq) + 3Cu(NO3 )2(aq) Cu3 (PO4)2(s) + 6 NaNO3(aq) Na 2 CO3(aq) + Cu(NO3 )2(aq) CuCO3( s ) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

Cu 2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) Cu 2+ (aq) + S2-(aq) CuS( s ) 3Cu 2+(aq) + 2 PO4 3-(aq) Cu 3(PO4 )2(s) Cu 2+(aq) + CO3 2- (aq) CuCO3(s)

3 NaOH(aq) + Fe(NO3 )3(aq) Fe(OH)3( s ) + 3 NaNO3(aq) 3 Na2 S(aq) + 2 Fe(NO3 )3(aq) Fe2 S3(s) + 6 NaNO3(aq) Na 3 PO4(aq) + 3Fe(NO3 )3(aq) FePO4( s ) + 3 NaNO3(aq) 3 Na2 CO3(aq) + 2 Fe(NO3 )3(aq) Fe2 (CO3)3( s ) + 6 NaNO3(aq)

Fe3+(aq) + 3 OH-(aq) Fe(OH) 3( s ) 2 Fe3+ (aq) + 3 S2-(aq) Fe2 S3(s) Fe3+(aq) + PO4 3-(aq) FePO4(s) 2 Fe3+(aq) + 3 CO3 2- (aq) Fe2 (CO3)3(s)

Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

SET A Na+ K+ Ag+ NO3NH4+ NO3Pb2+ NO3-

SOLUTIONS Ca2+ NO3Mg2+ NO3Ba2+ NO3Cu2+ NO3Fe3+ NO3-

NO3- NO3Na+ ClNa+ OHNa+ SET B SOLUTIONS BrNa+ S2Na+ INa + PO43Na+ SO42Na+ CO32-

PPT

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Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

SET A Na+ NO3Na+ ClNa+ OHNa+ SET B SOLUTIONS BrNa+ S2Na+ INa + PO43Na+ SO42Na+ CO32K+ NO3Ag+ NO3NH4+ NO3-

SOLUTIONS Ca2+ NO3Mg2+ NO3Ba2+ NO3Cu2+ NO3Fe3+ NO3-

Pb2+ NO3-

Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

SET A

SOLUTIONS

Precipitation Reactions Teaching Notes

SET B SOLUTIONS