Combined Humanities (History) GCE O Level Notes

Treaties Signed During 1900-1980

1. Treaty of Versailles The definitive treaty which sought to punished Germany harshly for its role in World War One. Resulted in German anger & desire for revenge. 2. Brest-Litovsk Treaty

Signed during World War One between Germany & Russian to allow Russia to pull out of the war. In return, Russia had to give up large amounts of land to Germany. Always used as a comparison to determine fairness of the Treaty Of Versailles. 3. Washington Naval Conference Allocated ratios to the various naval powers in a bid to prevent naval arms race. Infuriated Japanese as they were given lower ratio than the America & Britain. 4. Locarno Pact The treaty which ended Germany's post World War One status as an international outcast and paved the way for their entry into the League Of Nations. 5. Kellogg-Briand Pact Signed by over 60 nations which promised to renounce the use of force as a means to settle international disputes.

6. Young & Dawes Plan Signed between USA & Germany. This secured American loans to help Germany pay off debts after the Treaty Of Versailles. Also gave Germany more leeway in terms of the repayment period. The Great Depression formally ended these plans as USA couldn't afford to lend anymore money to Germany.

7. London Disarmament Conference Hitler refused to disarm as he perceived unfairness against Germany. He walked out of the Conference & out of the League Of Nations. Japanese military officials were also upset with the civilian government for signing this agreement as they perceived this as a sign of weakness on the

government's part. 8. Munich Agreement

Also known as the agreement which formalised appeasement. Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler without the Russians & the Czechs & agreed to give Sudetenland to Germany. Hitler promised not to demand anymore land after this. (Yeah right!) 9. Nazi-Soviet Pact British & French boycott of the USSR meant that Stalin had to sign a deal with his greatest enemy in order to buy time to build up his forces for the inevitable conflict with Germany. The pact also worked for the Nazis as it allowed them to invade Poland without fear of interference from the

Soviets. This would negate the possibility of fighting a 2 front war, which cost the Germans dearly in WWI. Stalin was also excited with the idea of splitting Poland with the Germans so as to gain a buffer zone against the Germans. 10. Truman Doctrine Not exactly a treaty, but the doctrine which defined US foreign policy for the duration fo the Cold War. It states that America was prepared to provide support to free people's resisting aggression, it was directly aimed at the Communists. 11. Marshall Plan

Truman realised that war torn & poverty stricken post-WWII Europe was fertile ground for communism to spread. To prevent this, he came up with the Marshall Plan to provide free money to help Europe rebuild. 12. Tripartite Pact Japan signs a pact with Italy & Germany & the 3 formally became known as the Axis Powers before World War II.