IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four

Triangles ABC and DEF are congruent. If you mentally slide ABC to the right, you can fit it exactly over DEF by matching up the vertices like this: A D B E C F

(Congruent Triangles) Chapter Four (Congruent Triangles) CONTENTS Corresponding Parts in a Congruence 4-1 Congruent Figures 4-2 Some Ways to Prove Triangles Congruent 4-3 Using Congruent Triangles Some Theorems Based on Congruent Triangles 4-4 The Isosceles Triangle Theorems 4-5 Other Methods of Proving Triangles Congruent Some Theorems Based on Congruent Triangles 4-6 Using More than One Pair of Congruent Triangles 4-7 Medians, Altitudes, and Perpendicular Bisectors Four, (Congruent Figures) Chapter Four, Section One (Congruent Figures) When two figures have the same size and shape, they are called congruent congruent. A D The sides and angles will match up like this:

Corresponding angles A and D B and E C and F

Corresponding sides AB and DE BC and EF AC and DF

This particular set of notes is from Geometry, published by McDougal Littell. All credit is to be given to the authors and publishers of said book. The study guide made from the book contains definitions, diagrams, and notes taken directly from the book.

We can see that the following statements are true:

IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four (1) Since congruent triangles have the same shape, their corresponding angles are congruent. (2) Since congruent triangles have the same size, their corresponding sides are congruent. This gives us the definition for congruent triangles. Two triangles are congruent if and only if their vertices can be matched up so that the corresponding parts (angles and sides) of the triangles are congruent.

When we are referring to congruent triangles, we name their corresponding vertices in order. Using the example from above with triangles ABC and DEF, ABC DEF, CAB FDE, and BCA EFD are all true statements. When the definition of congruent triangles is used to justify either the congruency of individual angles or line segments, the wording commonly used is: Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. or Corr. Parts of s are .

Two polygons are congruent if and only if their vertices can be matched up so that their corresponding parts are congruent. If two polygons share a side, it is called the common side. L M N MP is the common side of the quadrilaterals LMPQ and MNOP. Q P O Two (Some Congruent) Chapter Four, Section Two (Some Ways to Prove Triangles Congruent) Four, To prove you have congruent triangles, you do not have to compare all three sides and all three angles. You can use the three following postulates to prove two triangles are congruent by using only three of the six sides and angles. Postulate 12: SSS Postulate If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four C 3

Postulate 13: SAS Postulate If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. Postulate 14: ASA Postulate If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. (Using Triangles) Four, Chapter Four, Section Three (Using Congruent Triangles) Proving that triangles are congruent can be used to prove information about certain segments and angles. perpendicular A line and a plane are perpendicular if and only if they intersect and the line is perpendicular to all the lines in the given that pass through the point of intersection. Ways to Prove Two Segments or Two Angles Congruent 1. Identify two triangles in which the two segments or angles are corresponding parts. 2. Prove that the triangles are congruent. 3. State that the two parts are congruent, using the reason corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. Four, (The Theorems) Chapter Four, Section Four (The Isosceles Triangle Theorems) The two congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are called legs and the third side is called the base The angles at the base are called the base angles and the angle base. opposite the base is called the vertex angle. Leg Base angles Theorem 4-1: The Isosceles Triangle Theorem If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite those sides are A congruent. Leg

IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four

can also make a paragraph proof. In a paragraph proof, it is important to emphasize the key steps in a proof.

Corollary 1 An equilateral triangle is also equiangular. Corollary 2 An equilateral triangle has three 60 angles. Corollary 3 The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the base at its midpoint. Theorem 4-2 If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite those angles are congruent. Corollary 1 An equiangular triangle is also equilateral. Four, (Other Congruent) Chapter Four, Section Five (Other Methods of Proving Triangles Congruent) Theorem 4-3: AAS Theorem If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of anther triangle, then the triangles are congruent. A D

In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse The hypotenuse. other two sides are called legs legs. Sometimes, it would take too long to prove something using the two-column form. Therefore, we

IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four

Theorem 4-4: HL Theorem If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent. Given: ABC and DEF; C and F are right s AB DE (hypotenuses); BC EF (legs) ABC DEF

Prove:

Proof: By the Ruler Postulate there is a point G on the ray opposite to FD such that FG CA. Draw GE. Because DFE is a right angle, GFE is also a right angle. ABC GEF by the SAS Postulate. Then AB GE. Since DE AB, we have DE GE. In isosceles DEG, G D. Since ABC GEF, A G. Then A D. Finally, ABC DEF by the AAS Theorem. Summary of Ways to Prove Two Triangles Congruent All Triangles: SSS SAS ASA AAS Right Triangles: HL (Using Triangles) Chapter Four, Section Six (Using More than One Pair of Congruent Triangles) Four, Sometimes two triangles you want to prove congruent have common parts with two other triangles that you can easily prove congruent. Chapter Four, Section Seven (Using More than One Pair of Congruent Triangles) A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. The three medians of ABC are shown in pink.

An altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line that contains the opposite side. In an acute triangle, the three altitudes are all inside the triangle.

IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four

In a right triangle, two of the altitudes are parts of the triangle. In an acute triangle, the three altitudes are all inside the triangle. They are the legs of the right triangle. The third altitude is inside the triangle.

In an obtuse triangle, two of the altitudes are outside of the triangle.

A perpendicular bisector of a segment is a line (of ray or segment) that is perpendicular to the segment at its midpoint. In the figure, line l is the perpendicular bisector of segment JK at point M. Theorem 4-5 If a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then the point is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment. A J M K

IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four Theorem 4-6 If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment, then the point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a segment. A

1X

The distance from a point to a line (or plane is defined to be the length of the plane) perpendicular segment from the point to the line (or plane). Theorem 4-7 If a point lies on the bisector of an angle, then the point is equidistant from the sides of the angle. X A P B Z C

Theorem 4-8 If a point is equidistant from the sides of an angle, then the point lies on the X A bisector of the angle. P Z B Y C

IB GEOMETRY BIBLE Chapter Four

Chapter Summary 1. Congruent figures have the same size and shape. Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides and angles are congruent. 2. We have five ways to prove two angles congruent: SSS SAS ASA AAS HL (right s) 3. A common way to prove that two segments or two angles are congruent is to show that they are corresponding parts of congruent triangles. 4. A line and plane are perpendicular if and only if they intersect and the line is perpendicular to all lines in the plane that pass through the point of intersection. 5. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite those sides are congruent. An equilateral triangle is also equiangular, with three 60 angles. 6. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite the angles are congruent. An equiangular triangle is also equilateral. 7. Sometimes you can prove one pair of triangles congruent and then use corresponding parts from those triangles to prove that another pair of triangles is congruent. 8. Proofs in geometry are commonly written in two-column form, as a list of key steps, or in paragraph form. 9. Every triangle has three medians and three altitudes. 10. The perpendicular bisector of a segment is the line that is perpendicular to the segment at its midpoint. 11. A point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a bisector of a segment if and only if the point is equidistant from the endpoints of the segments. 12. A point lies on the bisector of an angle if and only if the point is equidistant from the sides of the angle.