Analog modulation: analysis and simulation Ramjee prasad Reg no: 10804900 Roll no: RH6802B54 Abstract: It is the

technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. For example, changes in the signal strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of television pixels. (Contrast this with frequency modulation, also commonly used for sound transmissions, in which the frequency is varied; and phase modulation, often used in remote controls, in which the phase is varied)In the mid-1870s, a form of amplitude modulationinitially called "undulatory currents" was the first method to successfully produce quality audio over telephone lines. Beginning with Reginald Fessenden's audio demonstrations in 1906, it was also the original method used for audio radio transmissions, and remains in use today by many forms of communication"AM" is often used to refer to the mediumwave broadcast band. In contrast to the telephone, in radio communication what is modulated is a continuous wave radio signal (carrier wave) produced by a radio transmitter. In its basic form, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two adjacent sidebands. This process is known as heterodyning. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a mirror image of the other. Amplitude modulation that results in two sidebands and a carrier is often called double sideband amplitude modulation (DSB-AM). Amplitude modulation is inefficient in terms of power usage and much of it is wasted. At least twothirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal, which carries no useful information (beyond the fact that a signal is present); the remaining power is split between two identical sidebands, though only one of these is needed since they contain identical information. To increase transmitter efficiency, the carrier can be removed (suppressed) from the AM signal. This produces a reduced-carrier transmission or doublesideband suppressed-carrier (DSBSC) signal. A suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation scheme is three times more power-efficient than traditional DSB-AM. If the carrier is only partially suppressed, a double-sideband reduced-carrier (DSBRC) signal results. DSBSC and DSBRC signals need their carrier to be regenerated (by a beat frequency oscillator, for instance) to be demodulated using conventional techniques. What is modulation? Modulation is a fundamental requirement of a communication system .Modulation may be defined as the process by which some characteristics of a signal known as a carrier is varied as accordance with the instantaneous value of another signal known as modulating signal. The signals containing information or intelligence to be transmitted are called modulating signal. This modulating signal containing message signal is also called base band signals. Also the carrier frequency is greater than the modulating frequencies and the signal which results from the process of modulating is known as modulated signal. Modulation may be classified as continuous wave modulation and pulse modulation. If the carrier waveform is continuous in nature then modulation process is called as continuous-waveform (CW) modulation. The example of this type of are amplitude and angle modulation. On the other hand, if the carrier is a pulse type wave-form, then the modulation process is called as pulse modulation.

Types of modulation Sine wave (carrier) described by 3 parameters: Amplitude, frequency and phase. v (t) = A sin (t + ) So can have Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM) Am modulation

the information to be transmitted, is now, contained in the amplitude variation of the carrier signal. In other words, in amplitude modulation, the information is transmitted in the form of amplitude variations of the carrier signal. The resulting signal from the process is called amplitude modulated signal or simply AM wave. AM wave has a timevarying amplitude called as the envelope of AM wave consists of the modulating or baseband signal. This means that the unique property of AM is that the envelope of the modulated carrier has the same shape as the message signal or baseband signal. We know that the expression for AM wave is S (t) = [A+x (t)]

Basic definition: S (t) = E (t) cos wct Amplitude modulation may be defined as a system in which the maximum amplitude of the carrier wave is made proportional to the instantaneous value (amplitude) of the modulating or baseband signal. In this process the frequency and phase remains same.The frequency of the carrier signal is usually much greater than the highest frequency of the input message signal. E (t) = A+ x (t) E(t) is called the envelope of AM wave. This envelope consists of the baseband signal x(t). Hence, the modulating signal may be removed from AM wave by detecting the envelope.

Frequency Spectrum of AM wave: AM spectrum: Modulation produces two new components called sidebands, at frequencies above and below the carrier. For a fully modulated carrier (m=1), 2/3 of the power is in the carrier, the rest in the sidebands (Power Ac2 + m2 Ac2). The spacing in frequency between carrier and sidebands is equal to fm (the modulating frequency). Hence a bandwidth of 2 x fm is required to transmit the modulated carrier With a more complicated

The above figure shows the amplitude modulation. It may be noted that the carrier signal (c(t)=A cos(wct) is a fixed frequency having frequency wc. The modulating signal contains the information or intelligence to be transmitted. In the process of amplitude modulation, this information is superimposed upon the carrier signal in the form of amplitude variation of carrier signal. This means that

modulating signal (e.g. voice)the sidebands will be extended, so that a bandwidth oftwice the highest modulating frequency present is required.

the upper sideband (USB) and those below the carrier frequency constitute the lower sideband (LSB). In conventional AM transmission, the carrier and both sidebands are present, sometimes called double sideband amplitude modulation (DSB-AM). In some forms of AM the carrier may be removed, producing double sideband with suppressed carrier (DSB-SC). An example is the stereophonic difference (L-R) information transmitted in FM stereo broadcasting on a 38 kHz subcarrier. The receiver locally regenerates the subcarrier by doubling a special 19 kHz pilot tone, but in other DSB-SC systems the carrier may be regenerated directly from the sidebands by a Costas loop or squaring loop. This is common in digital transmission systems such as BPSK where the signal is continually present. If part of one sideband and all of the other remain, it is called vestigial sideband, used mostly with television broadcasting, which would otherwise take up an unacceptable amount of bandwidth. Transmission in which only one sideband is transmitted is called single-sideband transmission or SSB. SSB is the predominant voice mode on shortwave radio other than shortwave broadcasting. Since the sidebands are mirror images, which sideband is used is a matter of convention. In amateur radio, LSB is traditionally used below 10 MHz and USB is used above 10 MHz. In SSB, the carrier is suppressed, significantly reducing the electrical power (by up to 12 dB) without affecting the information in the sideband. This makes for more efficient use of transmitter power and RF bandwidth, but a beat frequency oscillator must be used at the receiver to reconstitute the carrier. Another way to look at an SSB receiver is as an RF-to-audio frequency transposer: in USB mode, the dial frequency is subtracted from each radio frequency component to produce a corresponding audio component, while in LSB mode each incoming radio frequency component is subtracted from the dial frequency. Sidebands can also interfere with adjacent channels. The part of the sideband that would overlap the neighboring channel must be suppressed by filters, before or after modulation (often both). In Broadcast band frequency modulation (FM), subcarriers above 75 kHz are limited to a small percentage of modulation and are prohibited above 99 kHz altogether to protect the 75 kHz normal deviation

Sideband

The power of an AM signal plotted against frequency. fc is the carrier frequency, fm is the maximum modulation frequency In radio communications, a sideband is a band of frequencies higher than or lower than the carrier frequency, containing power as a result of the modulation process. The sidebands consist of all the Fourier components of the modulated signal except the carrier. All forms of modulation produce sidebands. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave normally results in two mirror-image sidebands. The signal components above the carrier frequency constitute

and 100 kHz channel boundaries. Amateur radio and public service FM transmitters generally utilize 5 kHz deviation. Modulation Index: In AM system the modulation index is defined as the measure of extent of amplitude variation about an unmodulated maximum carrier. It is represented by ma. Modulation index ma= x (t)max/(maximum carrier amplitude) ma=x (t) /A

Modulation Index Measurement It is sometimes difficult to determine the modulation index, particularly for complex signals. However, it is relatively easy to determine it by observation. AM modulation index: m= (Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) Power content in AM wave: Total power of modulated signal is equal to the addition carrier signal power and lower sideband power and upper sideband power, therefore; Pt= Pc (1+m2/2) Bandwidth: In terms of the positive frequencies, the transmission bandwidth of AM is twice the signal's original (baseband) bandwidthsince both the positive and negative sidebands are shifted up to the carrier frequency. Thus, double-sideband AM (DSB-AM) is spectrally inefficient, meaning that fewer radio stations can be accommodated in a given broadcast band. The various suppression methods in Forms of AM can be readily understood in terms of the diagram in Figure 2. With the carrier suppressed there would be no energy at the center of a group. And with a sideband suppressed, the "group" would have the same bandwidth as the positive frequencies of The transmitter power efficiency of DSB-AM is relatively poor (about 33%). The benefit of this system is that receivers are cheaper to produce. The forms of AM with suppressed carriers are found to be 100% power efficient, since no power is wasted on the carrier signal which conveys no information.

Or,

Where x (t)max represents the maximum amplitude of modulating signal and A represents the maximum amplitude of carrier signal. the modulation index is also known as depth of modulation, degree of modulation or modulation factor. Also, the absolute value of ma multiplied by 100 is known as percentage modulation. %Modulation = [ x(t)100]A The modulating signal will be preserved in the envelope of the AM signal only if we have x (t)A; modulation index is less or equal to unity. In the other words the modulating signal is preserved in the envelope of AM signal if percentage modulation is less than or equal to 100 percent. On the other, if ma1 or the percentage modulation is greater than 100 percent ,the baseband signal is not preserved in the envelope. It means in that case the message signal will be distorted. This type of distortion is called envelope distortion and the AM signal with ma1 or ma 100% is called overmodulated signal.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: QAM, has fast become the dominant modulation mechanism for high speed digital signals. From the wireless 802.11 protocols to ADSL modems to personal communicators for the military, QAM has become a necessary part of our daily lives. With increases in processing power, QAM as a part of software dened radio (SDR) schema is now easily acheivable. This report details a Simulink implementation of a 4 and 16-QAM communication system which would be suitable for a SDR system.2

QAM background Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a modulation scheme which is carried out by changing (modulating) the amplitude of two carrier waves. The carrier waves are out of phase by 90 degrees, and are called quadrature carriers - hence the name of the scheme. Generation of Amplitude modulation: The method of AM generation may be broadly classified as follows: 1Low level AM modulation 2High level AM modulation Low level Here a small audio stage is used to modulate a low power stage; the output of this stage is then amplified using a linear RF amplifier. Advantages The advantage of using a linear RF amplifier is that the smaller early stages can be modulated, which only requires a small audio amplifier to drive the modulator. Disadvantages The great disadvantage of this system is that the amplifier chain is less efficient, because it has to be linear to preserve the modulation. Hence Class C amplifiers cannot be employed. An approach which marries the advantages of low-level modulation with the efficiency of a Class C power amplifier chain is to arrange a feedback system to compensate for the substantial distortion of the AM envelope. A simple detector at the transmitter output (which can be little more than a loosely coupled diode) recovers the audio signal, and this is used as negative feedback to the audio modulator stage. The overall chain then acts as a linear amplifier as far as the actual modulation is concerned, though the RF amplifier itself still retains the Class C efficiency. This approach is widely used in practical medium power transmitters, such as AM radiotelephones. High level With high level modulation, the modulation takes place at the final amplifier stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum Advantages One advantage of using class C amplifiers in a broadcast AM transmitter is that only the final stage needs to be modulated, and that all the earlier stages can be driven at a constant level. These class C

stages will be able to generate the drive for the final stage for a smaller DC power input. However, in many designs in order to obtain better quality AM the penultimate RF stages will need to be subject to modulation as well as the final stage. Disadvantages A large audio amplifier will be needed for the modulation stage, at least equal to the power of the transmitter output itself. Traditionally the modulation is applied using an audio transformer, and this can be bulky. Direct coupling from the audio amplifier is also possible (known as a cascode arrangement), though this usually requires quite a high DC supply voltage (say 30 V or more), which is not suitable for mobile units. Simulation: Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system. computer simulation: A computer simulation (or "sim") is an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works. By changing variables, predictions may be made about the behaviour of the system.[1] Computer simulation has become a useful part of modeling many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology[4], and human systems in economics and social science (the computational sociology) as well as in engineering to gain insight into the operation of those systems. A good example of the usefulness of using computers to simulate can be found in the field of network traffic simulation. In such simulations, the model behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment. Programming: The following steps describe how to build a VI which implements the longer of the two equations shown above for Amplitude Modulation. Open the AM Modulation Medium Exercise.vi. Inspect the front panel and block diagram that has already been created for you. When this VI is completed,

you will be able to select the amplitude and frequency of both the carrier and data signals as well as see the time and frequency domain representation of the signals. The graphs display the behavior of the carrier and sideband signals as modulation parameters (amplitude and frequency) change. The following front panel represents the operation of a completed VI:

The block diagram consists of a while loop which contains various controls and graphs to display and control the AM signal component information.

Advantage: The main advantage of using AM modulation is that it has a very simple circuit implementation (especially for reception), creating widespread adoption quickly. AM modulation however wastes power and bandwidth in a signal. The carrier requires the majority of the signal power, but actually does not hold any information. AM uses twice the required bandwidth by transmitting redundant information in both the upper and lower sidebands.